Trace Patterns Research Articles

Tracing Political Implications of the Color Red in China From 1919 to 1976

This study explores the political implications of the color red in China from 1919 to 1976, analyzing its usage and significance within published literature through the lens of historical events and ideological shifts. Utilizing the Google Book Ngram Viewer and Voyant tools, this research traces patterns in the frequency and context of the term "红色" (red) in Chinese texts. The analysis identifies significant peaks in usage corresponding to key historical moments, including the Nanchang Uprising, the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, the establishment of the People's Republic of China, and the Cultural Revolution. The study finds that the color red is uniquely intertwined with political discourse in China, contrasting with other politically charged colors such as black, white, and yellow. Despite the color’s symbolic prominence, its direct references in pivotal political texts like Mao Zedong’s Quotations are relatively sparse, suggesting a complex interplay between visual symbolism and textual representation. The findings highlight the color red’s profound role in reflecting and shaping political ideologies during this transformative period in Chinese history.

Peculiarities of forensic characterization in the investigation of criminal offenses committed by judges

The article is devoted to the analysis of the degree of scientific development of the issues of criminalistic characterization. The scientific approaches to determining the essence of the criminalistic characterization of crimes in the structure of the investigation methodology are considered. The importance of this scientific category is emphasized. It is noted that one of the most important components in the structure of the forensic methodology is the forensic characterization of a crime. The author reviews the literature in the field of criminal law, criminal procedure, forensics, and operational and investigative activities related to abuse of power or official position by a judge in the administration of justice, and also their detection and investigation. The author presents different approaches to the concept and structure of forensic characteristics in general and, in particular, to the structure of forensic characteristics of acceptance of an offer, promise or receipt of an unlawful benefit. Based on the results of the analysis of court practice on combating undue advantage in Ukraine in recent years, it is established that a significant share of such encroachments falls on the judiciary. The author analyzes the concept and components of the forensic characterization of criminal offenses committed by judges. It is found that its structure includes the following elements: identity of the offender, identity of the victim, method of commission, object of the offense, setting, time and place of commission, motive and purpose of the criminal offense, typical traces of the crime (“trace pattern”). The existence of interrelations between the elements of forensic characterization makes it possible to use a systematic approach in the study of this issue. It is stated that the subject of criminal encroachment is an unlawful remuneration; the author identifies the ways of committing and concealing a crime; the author proposes to divide the ways of direct receipt of unlawful benefit into certain types; the elements of the “trace picture” are revealed; it is emphasized that the most typical places of giving and receiving unlawful benefit by judges are the office, other premises of a particular institution or organization, and public places; the author also emphasizes the characteristic features of the offender and the victim. The analysis of monographs, dissertations and other scientific works on the outlined issues has shown that the fundamentals of the methodology for investigating criminal offenses committed by judges remain undeveloped.

Signals of Transition in Support Systems: A Study of the use of Social Media Analytics in Crisis Management

In crisis informatics, little attention is placed on how transitions occur between periods of crisis and non-crisis. The analysis of transition behaviors in public organizations could help in understanding the duality between the need for continuity of services provided to the community, and the cyclical nature of risk and crisis management. This study uniquely highlights the transitions occurring when organizations need to stop day-to-day activities to focus on responding to a crisis while continuing to provide services to their communities. We focus on the use of social media analytics as a support system to study transitions and, with the objective to gain an insight into how sociotechnical systems navigate through periods of crisis and non-crisis, we leverage individual experiences of use of social media as a source of information in public service organizations and developers of social media analytics support tools. In doing so, we employed a process study approach, conducted semi-structured interviews, and used thematic analysis to trace patterns of transitions between crisis and non-crisis states. Furthermore, we formulate five signals that public organizations exhibit to illustrate and guide organizational transition behaviors. The main contribution of this study is the explanation and conceptualization of how transitions happen by framing social media as a support information system. In addition, we highlight the return to a new steady state, an overlooked area of organizational transitions and continuity. Our study will help streamline processes of continuity in organizations and inspires the design and improvement of current and future support systems. Future research could apply and extend our propositions to other support systems such as geospatial technologies, robots, and even artificial intelligence.

Wild Species from the Family Apiaceae, Traditionally Used as Food in Some Mediterranean Countries.

Mediterranean countries are a cauldron of cultural exchange, with a strong emphasis on wild plants in cuisine traditions. Many of these plants belong to the family Apiaceae. The common climate determines the common range of distribution. While many plants have wide distribution, the range of distribution of others is restricted to Western Mediterranean or North Africa. This review investigates wild plants from the family Apiaceae traditionally used as food in 13 study sites-11 countries in the Mediterranean and adjacent territories-the mainland and 3 islands. The aim is to trace patterns of native distribution versus consumption. As a result, 81 wild umbellifers are listed, traditionally used as food. Their consumption and distribution patterns are described and discussed. Interestingly in 8 of the 13 study sites (61.5%) are recorded 50 plant taxa (66.7% of all wild umbellifers, traditionally used as food) which are consumed in only one particular country. These are as follows: 8 taxa in Morocco, 9 taxa in Spain, 2 taxa in Sicily, 3 taxa in Bulgaria 3 taxa in Crete, 8 taxa in Armenia, 14 taxa in Turkey, and 3 taxa in Jordan. However, these 50 restrictedly consumed plants are distributed in more than one country (except 15 taxa, which are endemics). Many of the plants that are used in certain countries are not consumed by the neighboring people. The results of the two statistical tests, namely Jaccard index and heatmap clustering (double dendrogram), are discussed. The presence of an outlier, such as Bulgaria, which shares borders, history, and culture with Greece and Turkey, emphasizes the importance of local climate for plant distribution and consumption over cultural interactions. The same was observed for some pairs of countries, such as Spain and Morrocco and Turkey and Armenia, although they had the highest number of common plants that are both distributed and consumed as food.

Structure and Content of Forensic Characteristics of High-Tech Crimes

The paper identifies the main classifying characteristics of the forensic group of high-tech crimes. The problems of developing a forensic characterization of crimes included in this group are considered. The most important structural elements of the forensic characteristics under consideration are described. The determining role of the high-tech method of committing crimes has been established and its features have been analyzed. Debating points related to the object and subject of high-tech criminal encroachment are noted. With regard to the subject of the crime, the author concludes that such is a group, while the accomplices of the crime have personal characteristics that prevent the construction of a single typical portrait. The specificity of the crime situation is considered, because the main cause-and-effect relationships are formed in cyberspace. Important features of the trace pattern, manifested in the formation of electronic digital traces, are noted. It is shown that the means of committing high-tech crimes are special software, hardware and software-hardware, the peculiarity of which is their novelty. The role of counteraction to the investigation of high-tech criminal acts on the part of criminals and persons associated with them is revealed. For the first time in criminological theory, the glocalization factor is noted, and the relevance of this element of criminological characteristics for the study of high-tech crimes is shown. The cause-and-effect and correlation relationships between the elements of the forensic characteristics are analyzed.

Abstract 6606: HK2 is conditionally essential for growth in human cancer cells

Abstract The genetic drivers of cell growth can depend on an interplay of intrinsic factors and environmental context. However, there is often little consideration into how nutrient availability affects the genetic dependencies of proliferating human cells. Moreover, efforts such as DepMap have catalogued cell fitness genes using in vitro CRISPR screens across hundreds of cancer cell lines cultured in traditional media, which poorly replicate nutrient conditions found in the body. We recently tested the hypothesis that the nutrient environment can affect gene essentiality in human cells. By performing CRISPR screens with blood cancer cell lines, we identified sets of genes differentially required for cells cultured in traditional (e.g., RPMI) versus Human Plasma-Like Medium (HPLM). Among the strongest HPLM-essential hits was HK2, which encodes for the glycolytic enzyme hexokinase 2. Notably, most cancer cell lines co-express two hexokinases (HK1; HK2) that can each catalyze the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. Interestingly, while these two HKs share high degrees of structural and biochemical similarity, only HK2 deletion had differentially stronger effects in HPLM. Further, both HK1 and HK2 contain an N-terminal region that permits association with the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). To investigate the conditional phenotype for loss of HK2, we generated HK2-knockout K562 leukemia cells, which displayed HK1 expression levels comparable to those measured in control cells. We also confirmed that our HK2-knockout cells showed a stronger relative growth defect in HPLM versus RPMI. Importantly, the expression of HK2 cDNA normalized this defect. By contrast, the expression of kinase-dead HK2 did not provide any rescue effects, suggesting that HK activity is required for the conditionally essential role of HK2. We also engineered a cytosol-restricted HK2 by truncating its N-terminal OMM binding region. When we expressed this cDNA in our HK2-knockout cells, we observed complete rescue of the relative growth defect, suggesting that subcellular HK2 activity contributes to conditional HK2 essentiality. We are now purifying mitochondria to ask how the subcellular distributions of HK1 and HK2 vary with nutrient conditions. In addition, we are also comparing the tracing patterns of 13C glucose in HK2-knockout and control cells to ask how HK2 deletion affects glucose utilization. Finally, given that we normalized glucose levels across our screening conditions, we are applying a systematic approach to determine the gene-nutrient interaction that underlies the conditional phenotype for HK2 deletion. Collectively, our data suggest that HK2 serves a non-redundant and conditionally essential role. We expect to generate novel insights into how HK2 supports human cell growth and why this role can further depend on nutrient availability. Citation Format: Kimberly S. Huggler, Kyle M. Flickinger, Jason R. Cantor. HK2 is conditionally essential for growth in human cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 6606.

Cryoanesthesia in tambaqui Colossoma macropomum: Behavioral and electrocardiographic responses

Cryoanesthesia is a low-cost procedure that has advantages for use in fish, however, there are only a few studies dealing with the electrophysiological evaluation and its safety-related aspects. The relationship between behavior and electrocardiographic activity allows for the monitoring of functional changes in cardiac activity in fish submitted to low temperatures. This study aimed to describe the behavior and cardiac effects of cryoanesthesia in juvenile tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) through electrocardiographic assessment. For this purpose, 27 juveniles of tambaqui (28.9 ± 4.2 g) were used and essayed into two experiments. Experiment 1: behavioral evaluation (n = 9) and Experiment 2: electrocardiographic recordings with control group (n = 9), and fish submitted to water at 5 °C in baths followed by subsequent recovery at a temperature of 26 ± 2 °C (n = 9). Each cardiac activity recording lasted 1200 s, after which fish were immediately transferred to a bath in water at 26 ± 2 °C, for 600 s. Heart rate, QRS amplitude, QRS complex duration and RR, PQ and QT intervals were analyzed. The results showed that four tracing patterns emerged which characterized the induction phases of cryoanesthesia throughout exposure to water at 5 °C. In phase 1, there was a decrease in the amplitude of the QRS complex. In phase 2, there was an increase in the amplitude of the QRS complex and maintenance of sinus rhythm. Phase 3 showed a gradual loss of cardiac function with the onset of an atrioventricular blockade. In phase 4, a cardiac arrest occurred, albeit reversible. Heart rate decreased as exposure time was longer at low temperatures. The fish recovered completely from cryoanesthesia after the increase in temperature, showing normal heartbeats, and QRS complex duration, QT, RR, and HR intervals being restored with maintenance of sinus rhythm, indicating recovery of fish hemodynamics. Overall, tambaqui juveniles at 5 °C showed a time-dependent and gradual reduction of motor activity with loss of postural reflex and immobility. Cardiac response was a function of temperature and progressed to a reversible cardiac arrest. During recovery, stages similar to those of induction were observed, but in the opposite direction, until recovery of the postural reflex. Cryoanesthesia can be used as an alternative method for the immobilization of C. macropomum.

Budapester Topografien in den Romanen von Richard Wagner, Cătălin Dorian Florescu und Peter Rosenthal

Abstract This article traces patterns of engaging with Budapest‘s topographies in the auto-fictional works by Richard Wagner, Cătălin Dorian Florescu und Peter Rosenthal. Through a dialogical reading of their novels, the article highlights the links and overlaps between the genre of autofiction and space. The article argues that through mapping fictional settings and routes on a real map of Budapest, one may explore the intersection of literature and geography and the ways in which space influences the movement and behavior of the characters.

Identifying non-anthropogenic accumulation in zooarchaeological assemblages using naive Bayesian classifier: A trace-oriented actualistic taphonomic approach in the hyperarid coasts of the Atacama desert

The taphonomic evaluation of zooarchaeological assemblages is paramount for compelling interpretations of past subsistence strategies, palaeoecological interactions and overall biasing of the anthropogenic bone deposition and modification by non-anthropogenic agents. A recent trend in this field, has focused on bone surface modifications (BSM) to successfully generate reference frameworks for critical evaluation of the interpretive potential of selected zooarchaeological samples by examining BSM patterns produced by known agents in experimental settings. These approaches compare anthropogenic and non-human generated patterns using different machine learning (ML) algorithms, classifying and assigning sets of traces to specific processes such as gnawing, scoring or intentional fracture. We propose a simplification in two key aspects to make this new arising area of ML assisted taphonomic interpretation more accessible for zooarchaeologists. First, we encourage a trace oriented multivariate data recording protocol for taphonomic analysis including the most commonly recorded BSM plus others such as shape modification, penetrative modification and element or tissue loss modifications thus expanding comparative potential. Second, we offer a ML approach based on Naïve Bayes Classifier (NBC) that discriminates each given observation by comparing to actualistic taphonomic patterns to determine the average percentage of non-anthropogenic modification within zooarchaeological samples. To illustrate the potential value of these proposals for taphonomical interpretation, we analyzed seven different Mid to Late Holocene assemblages containing avian and mammal remains from the coastal platform in the hyperarid core of the Atacama Desert. We compared their alteration with a local sample of actualistic data recovered to characterize regional taphonomic patterns. A NBC was trained with a 75% random selection of the total archaeological and actualistic samples. Afterwards we tested the remaining sample, achieving over 90% accuracy in determining whether a random specimen from any sample corresponded to an actualistic or an archaeological context implying key differences in taphonomic trace patterns.

Russian equivalents of the English over

Abstract The article deals with a comparative analysis of the English over and the Russian language items that serve as its approximate translation equivalents. The main attention is on such Russian equivalents of over as the prepositional phrases nad with the instrumental case, čerez with the accusative case, za with the accusative case and po with the dative case, as well as the prefixes pere- and pro-. The research is undertaken using the Cognitive linguistic framework or, more precisely, the theory of conceptual metaphor. The aim of the article is to analyse the Russian language means of coding the spatial relations that are similar to those expressed by the English over and to trace patterns of extension of spatial meanings into non-spatial domains in these languages. The study reveals that although English is an analytic language and Russian is a synthetic (fusional) language and, therefore, they use different means to express meanings, similar conceptual-metaphorical motivations of semantic extensions can be traced in both languages.

Strategies and Policy Frameworks for Low Carbon Mobility in Indian Cities

This paper endeavours to illuminate the challenges and issues that need to be addressed to achieve sustainable urban transportation system in Indian cities. This paper will try to trace pattern of urbanization, motorization and their impact on mobility, environment, health and road safety. Further, the paper will explain various efforts taken by government authorities to address the transportation issues and their outcomes. The paper also explains various strategies which if be adopted will ensure low carbon growth of urban areas. Low carbon cities will help in enhancing India's energy security and lower its carbon footprint.

Technical, forensic and organisational aspects of work with Monero cryptocurrency

The forensic, organisational and technical features of law enforcement agencies' work with the Monero cryptocurrency in the context of pre-trial investigation and operational search activities are analysed. The development of the Monero system is described. The reasons and trends of Monero use by offenders are identified, and the scheme of operation of this payment system, which ensures its increased confidentiality, is shown. Examples of criminal offences in which Monero is used are presented. The functionality of OpenAlias to facilitate the work with Monero addresses is disclosed. The possibility of identifying participants in Monero transactions is studied. It is stated that there are currently no effective ways of such identification without knowledge of the public address and the corresponding keys, especially if users use additional security mechanisms such as connection to the TOR network.
 The features of forensic investigation of computer equipment used to work with Monero are revealed. It is established that the most effective is the study of traces of work with Monero, which are removed from the relevant computer equipment of the person of interest. Useful information can be stored in RAM, on a disc, and partially in network traffic. The article identifies artefacts that should be taken into account during inspection and search. Atomic Swaps of XMR are modelled to determine the trace pattern and identify artefacts of increased attention during forensic procedures. The fact that an atomic swap was carried out to obfuscate traces may be evidenced by the presence of specific software files on the disc used for this purpose.
 The algorithm for XMR withdrawal using multisig addresses has been proposed, from which funds can be withdrawn only when digital signatures of several persons are superimposed. The work of this algorithm in the test network Stagenet is modelled. It has been concluded that law enforcement agencies should focus on classical investigative measures to identify Monero users of interest. At the same time, there are effective mechanisms for documenting traces of work with the Monero payment system and proven methods for extracting passphrases to crypto-wallets and other sensitive information on the movement of funds in the Monero system from computer equipment.

Slope instabilities and evolution of tectonic geomorphology along the strike of the Main Boundary Thrust zone in the western Himalaya, India

The Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and Main Boundary Fault (MBF) zones of the southeast Himachal Himalaya are susceptible to various types of mass movement. Several active and in-active landslides are observed along the strike of the MBT. The landslides are mainly controlled by the brecciated and highly fractured nature of the bedrocks, and the intersecting joint sets form wedges. The movements are taking place along the fault planes, fracture planes, and bedding planes; and the types of failure are wedge failure, planar failure, toppling, rock falls, and complex landslides. The various morphotectonic features observed in the study area include fault traces, fault scarps, strath terraces, paleochannels and structurally controlled channels. Fault traces and their associated deformed landforms are the most spectacular tectonic landforms in the area. Along the strike length of the fault traces several linearly arranged sag ponds have formed, in the western segment the fault trace is observed along the MBF and the fault scarp dips south, with a maximum height of about 34 ​m. In the eastern segment the fault trace cut across the MBT, the fault trace is also displaced by transverse faults. Paleochannels and multiple levels of strath and fill terraces collectively indicate the river channel's disequilibrium state concerning the ongoing tectonic activity. The cross-cutting relation and displacement pattern of fault traces indicate later phases of tectonic activity.

Enhancing texture representation with deep tracing pattern encoding

Texture representation is a challenging problem due to the complex underlying physics of texture as well as the variations caused by changes in viewpoint. Recent progress in texture analysis has been made by the power of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in feature learning. However, most current methods aggregate the features from the last convolutional layer of the CNN to obtain a global feature vector, which fails to leverage shallow low-level visual cues and cross-layer feature patterns, limiting their performance. In this paper, we propose to trace the features generated along the convolutional layers via a histogram of local 3D invariant binary patterns, called deep tracing patterns. This leads to a highly discriminative yet robust global feature representation module. Building such a module into a CNN backbone, we develop an effective approach for texture recognition. Extensive experiments on six benchmark datasets show that the proposed approach provides a discriminative and robust texture descriptor, with state-of-the-art performance achieved.

The Relative Dose Intensity Changes during Cycles of Standard Regimens in Patients with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma.

No studies have focused on the trajectory of the average relative dose intensity (ARDI) during cycles of first-line chemotherapy for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. To evaluate the impact of attenuating ARDI during cycles on overall survival, we conducted a multi-centre, longitudinal, observational retrospective study. A total of 307 analysable patients were enrolled. Multivariate Cox hazards modelling with restricted cubic spline models revealed prognostic benefits of higher ARDI up to, but not after, cycle 6. According to group-based trajectory modelling, patients were classified into five groups depending on the pattern of ARDI changes. Among these, two groups in which ARDI had fallen significantly to less than 50% by cycles 4-6 displayed significantly poorer prognosis, despite increased ARDI in the second half of the treatment period (log-rank p = 0.02). The Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index offered significant prediction of unfavourable ARDI changes (odds ratio 2.540, 95% confidence interval 1.020-6.310; p = 0.044). Up to cycle 6, maintenance of ARDI in all cycles (but particularly in the early cycles) is important for prognosis. Malnutrition is a significant factor that lets patients trace patterns of ARDI changes during cycles of chemotherapy associated with untoward prognosis.

Deformation of a Two-Dimensional Trace Pattern of a Detonation Flow with a “Continuous” Change in the Width of a Flat Channel

Deformation of a Two-Dimensional Trace Pattern of a Detonation Flow with a “Continuous” Change in the Width of a Flat Channel

AMMUNITION, EXPLOSIVES AND EXPLOSIVE DEVICES AS OBJECTS OF CRIMINAL ATTACKS IN THE COMMISSION OF A CRIMINAL OFFENSE UNDER ARTICLE 263-1 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE OF UKRAINE

One of the subjects of criminal encroachment in the commission of a crime under Art. 263-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine are ammunition, explosives and explosive devices. Such objects are capable of causing destruction, have the ability to cause bodily injury or death to a person and form significant material harm. At the present stage, in the absence of a basic law on weapons, in practice, there are certain problems with the qualification of the acts of persons as the illegal manufacture of ammunition, explosives and explosive devices. The article presents the concepts and types of these elements of the forensic characteristics of a crime under Art. 263-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The classification of ammunition, explosives and explosive devices makes it possible to differentiate a specific object as the subject of a crime under Art. 263-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, to determine its forensically significant properties and characteristics. Particular attention is paid to traces that appear at the site of careless handling of ammunition, explosives and explosive devices. To inspect the sites of these incidents, it is imperative to involve specialists in ballistics, explosives specialists, as well as other persons with special knowledge in the field of ballistics and explosives. The presence of these specialists also ensures the safety of other participants in this investigative action. Ammunition, explosives and explosive devices as objects of criminal assault have a close relationship with the personality of the offender, the method of committing a criminal offence and the pattern of traces. Therefore, the establishment of the objects of criminal encroachment and their study allow you to correctly select the methods, techniques and means of investigation, determine the optimal sequence of investigative actions, and also properly ensure the investigation of a crime under Art. 263-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The article concludes with the importance of ammunition, explosives, and explosive devices for establishing the elements of a forensic characterization of a crime under Art. 263-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, and the need to use the special knowledge of experts involved in the relevant criminal proceedings.

The structure of the forensic characteristics of offences under Article 200 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine

The article is devoted to determining the structure of the forensic characteristics of crimes under Article 200 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine “Illegal actions with the documents for transfer, payment cards and other means of access to bank accounts, electronic money, equipment for their production”. The theoretical foundations of developing forensic characteristics of a particular type of crime have been analysed and the grounds for forming its structure have been highlighted. These grounds include criminal law elements of a crime, a list of circumstances to be proved in criminal proceedings, and elements of the mechanism of committing illegal actions with payment instruments. Significant elements for the forensic methodology of the criminal law characteristics of the crime under investigation are its subject matter, method of commission and subjective features. Among the elements of the subject matter of proof, the most important are also the object, method and identity of the offender, as well as the time, place and other circumstances of the crime.
 In turn, the mechanism of illegal actions with payment instruments determines the need to study these elements in their broadest sense, i.e., taking into account all stages of criminal activity (preparation, direct commission and concealment), means and conditions of its implementation. Based on the analysis of the above theoretical foundations for the formation of a forensic characteristic of this type of crime, the author identifies the following elements which should be included in its structure: the subject matter of the crime; the method of the crime and its links with other criminal offences; typical traces (trace pattern); the setting (conditions) of the crime; and the identity of the perpetrator. This structure is the most optimal one, allowing for a comprehensive analysis of the typical features of the crime mechanism and building its qualitative information model as the basis for further development of the relevant separate forensic methodology.

DEFORMATION OF A TWO-DIMENSIONAL TRACE PATTERN OF A DETONATION FLOW WITH A “CONTINUOUS” CHANGE IN THE WIDTH OF A FLAT CHANNEL

A numerical study of two-dimensional cellular detonation of a hydrogen-air mixture in channels of various widths was carried out and data were obtained on the process of formation of a cellular structure, on the number, shape, and size of cells depending on the channel width. Based on the results of calculations, a classification of two-dimensional cellular detonation structures was carried out. The study was carried out at the facilities of the JSCC RAS. The flow model of a multicomponent reacting mixture was implemented using a customized opensource solver of the OpenFoam framework based on the Kurganov–Tadmor scheme.

Experience in using computer programs as part of the bloodstain

Bloodstain examination is performed when it is necessary to assess the trace pattern at the scene of the incident and determine the features of the mechanism of their formation. Examining multiple blood traces is a time-consuming and lengthy process. Simultaneously, in foreign countries, it has already been partially switched to automatic mode using computer programs. The development of the computer program Autodesk AutoCAD in Russia has enabled the use of a specialized application, Elcovision Forensic, with which the location of the blood source, distance to it, and size are evaluated using marked traces of blood recorded at the scene, as well as three-dimensional models that can be built in software or used objects already built in other three-dimensional reconstruction programs.
 This study presents the experience of using the computer program Elcovision Forensic on two expert practice examples. In both cases, according to the traces of blood recorded at the scene, it was necessary to reconstruct individual stages of the incident. In one of the cases, the possibilities of working with three-dimensional models produced from photographs of the scene are shown. In the second case, blood traces were analyzed directly from digital photographs.
 The main stages of work and functions of the computer program are shown in the examples of bloodstain examinations. The use of Elcovision Forensic in the framework of specific examinations enabled solving of situational issues and establishing individual damage circumstances.