Traces Of Alcohol Research Articles

Destabilizing Predictive Copper‐Catalyzed Click Reactions by Remote Interactions with a Zinc‐Porphyrin Backbone

AbstractIn order to obtain new supramolecular ligands that build up around a zinc‐porphyrin scaffold, we envisioned to access sulfonyl triazole intermediates by well‐known copper‐catalyzed click reactions. Unexpectedly, these triazole intermediates do not form due to the presence of the zinc‐porphyrin moiety at close proximity of the active copper species. Indeed, the copper catalyst undergoes a different chemo‐selective reaction pathway reacting with traces of alcohols or water from the media that behave as effective nucleophiles leading to sulfonyl imidates or sulfonyl amides covalently connected to the zinc‐porphyrin. We show that copper‐catalyzed click reactions can follow different reaction mechanisms when the catalytic events occur at close proximity of a zinc‐porphyrin unit which likely acts as a Lewis acid to stabilize otherwise inaccessible reaction intermediates.

Alcohol, drugs, and road traffic injuries in an emergency department in Mexico City

There have been no studies reporting on the use of biological specimens in Mexico to analyze the prevalence of alcohol and drug use among Emergency Department (ED) patients with a road traffic injury (RTI). We report here on a sample of 304 adult patients, admitted to the ED of a public hospital in Mexico City from January to April 2022, after being involved in an RTI. Patients gave informed consent for a breath test measuring breath alcohol concentration (BAC) and a saliva screening test for six classes of drugs (amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cannabis, cocaine, and methamphetamine). We found that at least one in every four patients (27.6%) had traces of alcohol or drugs in their body upon arrival in the ED. The breath test found a positive BAC in 16.1% of the sample; the most common substances detected in saliva were amphetamines or methamphetamine (8.6%), followed by cocaine (7.0%) and cannabis (6.9%). Only a few variables differentiated those with positive BAC from those with negative BAC (male, arriving on a weekend day or night, and arriving by ambulance), and even fewer variables differentiated those testing positives for drugs than those testing negative (less than 13 years of education and drivers of cars, bicycles, or other vehicles). While alcohol continues to be the single most used substance, our findings indicate that stimulants are of great concern. Since those testing positives for alcohol or drugs are so similar in their demographic pattern to those testing negative, the introduction of biological testing as a routine practice in the ED is highly recommended. Routine testing makes it possible to provide the patient with the best treatment and is also the best way to assess substance use.

Physicochemical Analysis of Different Brands of Chocolates and Their Comparative Studies

There is no metaphysics on earth like chocolate.” Chocolate is a blessing which contain almost all nutrients necessary for the growth of human health. In this study, composition of different branded chocolates available in Pakistan including Dairy milk, Chocolate chip, Toblerone (black), Toblerone (sweet), Nutella, Smarties, Now, Sonnet, Novella and Snickers were qualitatively analyzed in triplicate. We successfully study proteins, fats, carbohydrates, sugar, alcohol, caffeine, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron and nickel in different branded chocolates. From the results it is confirmed that pH of all chocolates are 6-9 depend on the concentration of cocoa which is same as reported in literature. All the chocolates contain high amount of fats, sugar and carbohydrates. Protein is present in excess amount in Chocolate chips and Snickers while Smarties, Sonnet and Novella contain small amount of protein but absent in rest of chocolate samples. None of the chocolate sample contain traces of alcohol. All chocolates contain calcium except Nutella, Now and Toblerone (black) while magnesium is only present in Smarties. All chocolates contain nickel except Sonnet and Now, zinc is absent in Sonnet, Now, Smarties and Nutella whileiron is only present in Dairy milk and chocolate chips. Some samples like Dairy milk, Chocolate chip, Toblerone (black), Snickers and Toblerone (sweet) contain traces of caffeine which act as stimulant and reduced liver damage. From the given results it is also confirmed that chocolates contain important ingredients which are helpful for proper body functioning.

Sudden Death of a Child due to Unidentified Chronic Myocarditis: Autopsy Findings

Objective – In this paper, we present the case of the sudden cardiac death of an apparently healthy 15-year-old adolescent, as well as the autopsy findings, with histopathology. Case report – A 15-year-old boy was found unconscious in his brother’s room. The boy had not been diagnosed with any disease and was apparently healthy. Preliminary autopsy findings indicated the predominance of cardiac pathology in relation to his death. All the cardiac cavities were dilated and enlarged. The trabeculae were more pronounced and thicker, with deepened spaces between them. In the anterior wall and almost the entire upper half of the posterior wall of the left ventricle, as well as the interventricular septum, with almost the entire thickness of the wall, the myocardial tissue was densely imbued with fibrous tissue. Microscopic analysis of cardiac sections showed large fields of hypocellular (scarring) fibrosis, as well as smaller fibrosis focuses of moderate cellularity, with fibroblasts, fibrocytes, and lymphocytes present. Toxicological analysis of blood taken from the femoral vein during autopsy was also performed, and the results showed that there were no traces of alcohol or psychoactive substances. Conclusion – Myocarditis is not uncommon in the pediatric population and has a relatively good prognosis, with most cases resulting in complete recovery. Extensive chronic inflammation with severe fibrosis in an apparently healthy boy leading to death makes our case particularly significant.

A Thermodynamic Study of Rice Husk (Oryza Sativa) Pyrolysis

Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the major agricultural products of tropical West Africa in general and Nigeria in particular. In this study ASPEN plus V8.8 was used to develop a thermodynamic model for the pyrolysis of rice husk. The model was validated and found to be accurate especially on the domain of oil and gas yields. It was used to study the effect of temperature on the product yield and oil composition. The fluid products increase with temperature and an optimum of 60% can be obtained from rice husk. The optimum oil yield was 44.2% obtained at 400°C. The synthesis gas was composed basically of hydrogen gas, methane and traces of higher hydrocarbons, the char consisted of carbon and silicon oxide ash while the oil was made-up of acidic organic compounds, aldehydes, pyrolytic water and others. At 600°C, the predictions revealed an oil composition of 84.7% acids, 7.9% pyrolytic water, 7.42% aldehyde and traces of alcohol and other compounds. The results from the thermodynamic predictions showed that rice husk is an excellent feedstock for the biofuels production via the thermo-chemical energy conversion route. The study has provided a useful framework for proper comparisons of the energy potential between different biomass feedstock.

Ethanol traces in natural waters checked using a new DMFC enzymatic device.

The use of fuels with strong percentage of ethanol that is done in countries such as Brazil and Australia causes a more and more relevant presence of traces of ethanol in natural waters. The ethanol present in these fuels seems to contribute to increase, through various mechanisms, the concentration of hydrocarbons in the same waters and soil. The ethanol content in natural waters must therefore be monitored frequently. It was therefore proposed a very simple innovative method, based on a catalytic fuel cell with the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme immobilized in the anodic compartment of the device. The analytical performances of this new device were then evaluated by checking traces of alcohol in different types of natural waters (rain, river, and groundwater), with a good degree of precision and with an acceptable level of accuracy.

A complex suicide by vehicle assisted ligature strangulation and wrist-cutting

Background: Complex suicide defines the type of suicide involving using more than one suicide methods to lead to death. Second method is used to escape from pain or to prevent failure of the first method. Here we present a case of unusual complex suicide case by vehicle assisted ligature strangulation and wrist-cutting.Case: A 38year-old male was found dead in his automobile at roadside out of his hometown. At crime scene investigation, driver side window was open and a ligature surrounding the victim’s neck was attached to a tree 8m behind the car. The victim’s shirt and trousers were blood soaked due to bleeding from wrist cuts. There was a suicide note on the front panel of the car. At external examination there was a ligature mark, 1cm in width, gently sloping upward toward the notch at left side of occipital region. Additionally, multiple wrist-cuts of approximately 5cm in length were noticed on anterior side of both wrists. There was no injury of thyroid cartilage or hyoid bone, in internal examination. There was a soft tissue hemorrhage with 0.5cm diameter around left greater horn of the thyroid cartilage. There was no injury of ulnar or radial vessels. No traces of alcohol or drugs were detected in toxicological analyses. Death was attributed to vehicle assisted ligature strangulation.Conclusion: A complete forensic investigation revealed the case was an unusual complex suicide by vehicle assisted ligature strangulation and wrist-cutting. The case was interesting in terms of involving car assisted ligature strangulation.

Prevalence of Out-of-Hospital Sudden Cardiac Death in Moscow in 2005–2009

Background. The sudden out-of-hospital cardiac death (SOHCD) in Russia is poorly investigated. The aim of study was to determine structure of SOHCD in Moscow. Methods. SOHCD were analyzed according to data for 2005–2009 from the 2nd Thanatology Department of Forensic Medicine of Moscow that serves 2502836 citizens in Moscow. Results. Prevalence of SOHCD was 49.1% of autopsies for all age groups and in 8.9% in the group aged 1–45 (22.3 cases per 100000 population/year). The frequency of SOHCD progressively increased with age. Most SOHCD victims (82%) were males. The diagnosis of cardiomyopathy was prevalent (80–96%) in the age 1–45 group; in 11–15 more 30% had normal heart; after 35 years of age, the role of ischaemic heart disease increased. In 67% of the people aged 19–25 SOHCD was associated with traces of alcohol (0.3–3.0 promile). Conclusion. The proportion of SOHCD in the Moscow population over all age groups has reached 123.2 per 100000 citizens annually. In the age group 1–45, the prevalence of SOHCD was 22.3 cases per 100000 citizens per year. The risk of SOHCD was greater in males. Possibly the role of alcohol in SOHCD in people older than 20 increased.

Thermally assisted sensor for conformity assessment of biodiesel production

Although biodiesel can be intentionally tampered with, impairing its quality, ineffective production processes may also result in a nonconforming final fuel. For an incomplete transesterification reaction, traces of alcohol (ethanol or methanol) or remaining raw material (vegetable oil or animal fats) may be harmful to consumers, the environment or to engines. Traditional methods for biodiesel assessment are complex, time consuming and expensive, leading to the need for the development of new and more versatile processes for quality control. This work describes a refractometric fibre optic based sensor that is thermally assisted, developed to quantify the remaining methanol or vegetable oil in biodiesel blends. The sensing relies on a long period grating to configure an in-fibre interferometer. A complete analytical routine is demonstrated for the sensor allowing the evaluation of the biodiesel blends without segregation of the components. The results show the sensor can determine the presence of oil or methanol in biodiesel with a concentration ranging from 0% to 10% v/v. The sensor presented a resolution and standard combined uncertainty of 0.013% v/v and 0.62% v/v for biodiesel–oil samples, and 0.007% v/v and 0.22% v/v for biodiesel–methanol samples, respectively.

Investigation of different silica precursors: Design of biocompatible silica gels with long term bio-activity of entrapped thylakoids toward artificial leaf

Active thylakoids were encapsulated into a three-dimensional silica network to design a photosynthetic bioreactor suitable for harvesting light and splitting water to oxygen. Since these photosynthetic structures are very sensitive to ionic strength and osmotic pressure as well as traces of alcohols, a biocompatible synthesis pathway has been designed to allow the formation of a robust hybrid silica gel without releasing any by-product during its construction. In these conditions, the photochemical activity of thylakoids can be preserved for more than 40 days. This method has successfully been applied to encapsulate more voluminous organelles such as chloroplasts. The present work can be considered as a step forward and comprehensive advance in the field of encapsulation of biological materials from plant systems.

Prevalência do beber e dirigir em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil

Problems resulting from alcohol consumption by drivers have been studied worldwide, and epidemiological research points to high injury and death rates related to drinking-and-driving. However, equivalent data are limited in Brazil. In this study, 913 drivers were stopped on public roads with heavy traffic and high concentrations of bars, restaurants, and nightclubs in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, and asked to answer a questionnaire and submit to an active breathalyzer test. The study was done in December 2005 and December 2006. The study adopted the internationally accepted sobriety checkpoint method. In the sample, 38.0% of drivers showed some trace of alcohol in their exhaled air, and 19.6% were at or above the legal limit (0.6 g/l). These figures were five times those found in similar surveys in other countries. The findings suggest a critical drinking-and-driving problem in Belo Horizonte (and probably elsewhere in Brazil) and the need for on-going research, the development of specific public policies to deal with the problem, and effective enforcement of the existing law.

Water-Soluble Tripodal Phosphane Ligands and Their Rhodium Complexes

The synthesis of the water-soluble tripodal phosphane ligand cis,cis-1,3,5-(PPh2)3-1,3,5-[CH2(OCH2CH2)xOCH3]C6H6 (x = 30−160) (5) has been achieved in a four-step reaction sequence. The alcohol Mo(CO)3[cis,cis-1,3,5-(PPh2)3-1,3,5-(CH2OH)3C6H6] (1) is converted to the corresponding alcoholate 2, which forms the polyethylene glycol derivative 3 in a polyaddition reaction with oxirane. After methylation of the end groups of 3, the ligand 5 is obtained by a combined photochemical/oxidative demolybdenation reaction. The water-soluble tripodal phosphane 5 and the methoxymethyl functionalized tripodal ligand 6 react with Rh(PPh3)3(CO)H to form the water-soluble and water-insoluble rhodium carbonyl hydrido complexes 5a and 6a, respectively. The catalytic activity of the rhodium complex 5a in the hydroformylation of 1-hexene was found to be comparable in a single-phase system (1-hexene/methanol) with that in the biphasic system (1-hexene/water). Only traces of alcohol were found, which demonstrates that the catalyst 5a displays higher selectivity in hydroformylation than in hydrogenation.

Complexes of the platinum metals. Part 43. N,N′-diphenylamidinato derivatives of ruthenium, osmium and iridium

N,N′-Diphenylamidines PhNC(R)–NHPh (R = H, Me, Et or Ph) reacted with the precursors [MH2(CO)(PPh3)3], [MH(Cl)(CO)(PPh3)3] and [M(O2CCF3)2(CO)(PPh3)2]·nMeOH (M = Ru, n= 0.75; or Os n= 0.33) in boiling benzene to afford the amidinato complexes [MH{PhNC(R)NPh}(CO)(PPh3)2], [MCl{PhNC(R)NPh}(CO)(PPh3)2] and [M(O2CCF3){PhNC(R)NPh}(CO)(PPh3)2] respectively. The hydrides [MH{PhNC(R)NPh}(CO)(PPh3)2] have also been obtained by oxidative addition of amidines to [Ru(CO)3(PPh3)2] and by treatment of the precursors [MH(Cl)(CO)(PPh3)3] with amidines in the presence of an excess of base (NEt3). The trifluoroacetates [M(O2CCF3)2(CO)(PPh3)2]·nMeOH reacted with amidines in the presence of NEt3 to afford the hydrides [MH{PhNC(R)NPh}(CO)(PPh3)2](M = Ru, R = H; M = Os, R = H, Me, Et or Ph) or the bis(amidinato) complexes [M{PhNC(R)NPh}2(CO)(PPh3)](M = Ru; R = Me, Et or Ph). Reactions of the dichlorides [MCl2(PPh3)3] with amidines and base (NEt3) in boiling toluene containing traces of alcohol were accompanied by a carbonyl-abstraction reaction leading to formation of [MH{PhNC(R)NPh}(CO)(PPh3)2] and/or [MCl{PhNC(R)NPh}(CO)(PPh3)2]. The hydrides [MH{PhNC(R)NPh}(CO)(PPh3)2] are also obtained when [RuH2(PPh3)4] or [OsH4(PPh3)3] reacts with amidines in boiling toluene (containing a trace of alcohol) or in 2-methoxyethanol. The carbonyl abstractions are remarkable in that they have no parallel in the corresponding reactions involving the related triazenide (PhNNNPh–) and carboxylate (RCO2–) ligands even when neat alcohols are used as solvents. Reactions of mer-[IrH3(PPh3)3], [IrHCl2(PPh3)3]–NEt3 and [IrHCl2(PPh3)3] with amidines in boiling benzene or toluene afforded [IrH2{PhNC(R)NPh}(PPh3)2], [IrH(Cl){PhNC(R)NPh}(PPh3)2] and [IrCl2{PhNC(Ph)NPh}(PPh3)2] respectively.

Oxidative degradation of β-carotene and β-apo-8′-carotenal

In the self-initiated oxidation of β-carotene with molecular oxygen the rate of oxygen uptake was shown to depend on the oxygen partial pressure. Epoxides, dihydrofurans, carbonyl compounds, carbon dioxide, oligomeric material, traces of alcohols, and probably carboxylic acids were formed. The main products in the early stage of the oxidation were shown to be 5,6-epoxy-β-carotene. 15,15′-epoxy-β-carotene, diepoxides, and a series of β-apo-carotenals and -carotenones. As the oxidation proceeded uncharacterised oligomeric material and the carbonyl compounds became more important and the epoxides degraded. In the final phase of the oxidation the longer chain β-apo-carotenals were themselves oxidized to shorter chain carbonyl compounds, particularly β-apo-13-carotenone, β-ionone, 5,6-epoxy-gb-ionone, dihydroactinidiolide and probably carboxylic acids. The effect of iron, copper and zinc stearates on the product composition and proportions was studied, as was the effect of light. The oxidation was inhibited by 2,6-di- t-butyl-4-methylphenol and α-tocopherol. The oxidations of β-apo-8′-carotenal and retinal under similar conditions were studied briefly, and the main products from the former compound were characterized. The initiation, the formation of the epoxides, the β-apo-carotenals and -carotenones, the successive chain shortening of the aldehydes to the ketones, and the formation of dihydroactinidiolide are explained in terms of free radical peroxidation chemistry.

A viscometric study of the interaction of polybutadienyllithium with N, N, N′, N′-tetramethylethylenediamine in benzene

Moderately concentrated solutions of polystyryllithium in benzene were prepared under high vacuum conditions in an Ubbelohde viscometer and the active chain ends were ‘capped’ with a few molecules of butadiene. The flow times of these solutions were determined before and after the addition of small aliquots of N, N, N′, N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) and finally following protonation of the carbanions with a trace of alcohol. The addition of the TMEDA caused a decrease in the viscosity that was slightly greater than that predicted on the basis that two molecules of TMEDA cause the disaggregation of a dimeric polybutadienyllithium associate.

Oxidation of N-alkyl-N'-tosylhydrazines with bromine

Oxidation of N-alkyl-N'-tosylhy”razines with bromine yield alkyl bromides, vicinal alkyl dibromides and traces of alcohols. The main products of primary hydrazines are monobromides whereas secondary hydrazines preferably produce dibromides. The reaction proceeds with evolution of nitrogen and hydrobromic acid and by the formation of intermediate sulfinic ester which may be isolated. Various substrates were examined under different conditions to confirm the validity of the reaction mechanism hypothesized.

An Easy Method for the Preparation of en face View of Small Nematodes

The study of the cephalic structures has recently become very important in taxonomic study of nematodes. For such study one has to cut the head part of the worm and mount it under a cover slip, orientating it so that the mouth opening points upwards. Such an en face preparation is almost impossible to make with a microtome. Therefore recourse had to be taken for preparing it by cutting it by hand. Cobb (1920) described a method of preparing an en face mount of the head of nematodes for study. Chitwood and Wehr (1934) have amplified it and described it in greater detail. The present note is based on the same method, but is specially modified a little for dealing with small nematodes and nematode larvae. Small nematodes are best fixed in 70 per cent alcohol or in glycerine alcohol (70 per cent alcohol, 95 parts+glycerine, 5 parts) which is heated to near boiling point and either the worms are dropped into it or it is poured over the worms. If fixed in alcohol only, they should be transferred to glycerine alcohol a short time after fixation. The alcohol is then allowed to evaporate, till the worms are left in pure glycerine. To make sure that there is no alcohol left, it is always better to transfer the worms in fresh pure glycerine and keep them in it for some time. Time required for the evaporation of alcohol from the glycerine depends on the atmospheric conditions. It is best to give sufficient time. Sometimes a week may be required. For good preparations slow evaporation is essential. If all traces of alcohol have not been removed, shrinkage will occur in mounting the worms in glycerine jelly. In the case of large worms, the head may be cut on a transparent celluloid slide in a drop of glycerine, and the decapitated portion then transferred on a glass slide in a drop of melted glycerine jelly, which is then covered with a round coverslip and orientated properly. But in small nematodes and nematode larvae which are also usually small, the whole process becomes a little difficult. In most cases when the knife edge has to be placed on the head of the worm, it has to cut first through the glycerine or glycerine jelly surface, depending on the medium in which the worm is placed for this purpose. Due to surface tension, the layer of the glycerine is first pressed before being cut and the position of the worm is disturbed. Moreover it becomes difficult to place the knife edge at the right place, and once a small worm is wrongly cut, the section cannot be possibly improved by cutting

Rubber, Polyisoprenes, and Allied Compounds. VI. The Mechanism of Halogen-Substitution Reactions, and the Additive Halogenation of Rubber and of Dihydromyrcene

Abstract The chlorination of cyclohexene by chlorine or by sulfuryl chloride (in the absence of a peroxide catalyst) yields substituted as well as additive chlorination products, and the former retain in full the original olefinic unsaturation, as indicated by iodine-value determination ; but whereas sulfuryl chloride forms only the additive dichloride and a monochloroölefin which is substituted exclusively in the 3-position, chlorine yields a mixture of saturated trichloro derivative (chloro-substituted addition product) and isomeric monochloroolefins (3- and 4-substituted), with some additive dichloride. No evidence of substitution at the ethylenic methine carbon atom has been obtained in the chlorination of cyclohexene, dihydromyrcene, and rubber by chlorine. The diminished unsaturation of the chloro-substitution products of the last two hydrocarbons is attributed to cyclization—a process which is complete in the case of rubber, but affects only a minor proportion of the molecules of dihydromyrcene. The same cyclizing tendency appears in the substitutive bromination of rubber by N-bromosuccinimide, but not to any appreciable extent in the similar bromination of dihydromyrcene. Additive chlorination products are formed when rubber is brought into reaction with chlorine liberated by the thermal dissociation of phenyliododichloride, or of sulfuryl chloride in the presence of a peroxide. The mode of reaction of bromine with rubber, about which many contradictory statements have been made, is found to be entirely additive if the solvent contains a trace of alcohol and the temperature is 0°. A method based on bromine addition may be used for estimating rubber hydrocarbon. Additive bromo and chloroderivatives of rubber are comparatively stable, and give no indication of the spontaneous elimination of halogen acid, either through cyclization reactions or the reformation of double bonds at temperatures up to 80°. The provision of chlorine in free-radical form appears to be an essential condition for obtaining the wholly additive chlorination of rubber and allied olefins. The reaction of molecular chlorine or bromine, on the other hand, follows a course which can be adequately explained by the initial formation of an activated dihalide, the fate of which is determined by the nature of the olefinic system and the experimental conditions.

EXPLOSION OF SILVER FULMINATE IN HISTOPATHOLOGIC LABORATORY

An explosion occurred Tuesday, March 11, which has jeopardized the eyesight of a research worker in one of the laboratories at the University of California. Sections of bone and teeth with their contained soft tissues had been stained by the so-called silver nitrate method. 2 The stender dishes containing the ammoniacal silver oxide solution were inadvertently left standing in the sun from Saturday noon until Tuesday morning. There were traces of alcohol in the silver solutions carried there by the sections of tissue. The sunlight hastened a chemical reaction between the silver, the ammonia and the alcohol and there resulted from it a highly explosive, very sensitive and unstable compound, silver fulminate (C=N-O-Ag), to be distinguished from the so-called fulminating silver, which explodes on drying. When the dish was taken up to be emptied and cleaned, it was warm from the sun. The mere movement of the liquid was responsible

The Fermentation of Xylose by Bacteria of the Aerogenes, Paratyphoid B. and Typhoid Groups

In previous papers we have recorded results which show that xylose is fermented by Lactobacillus pentoaceticus with the production of almost equal amounts of acetic acid and lactic acid, and traces of alcohol and carbon dioxide. Approximately 80-9C^ of the sugar consumed may be accounted for by the two acids, acetic and lactic. Toward the aldohexose sugars, we noted these organisms behaved in a different manner; the end products are chiefly alcohol, lactic acid, carbon dioxide, and a small amount of acetic acid. Studies have since been made on the products of the fermentation of xylose by bacteria of the aerogenes-typhoid group, the results of which are presented in this report.