Trace Amounts Of Aluminium Research Articles

Valorisation of bamboo stalk waste: eco-friendly synthesis and characterisation of activated carbon monolith

ABSTRACT In contemporary waste management, the escalating volumes of bamboo stalk waste present a pressing environmental challenge, necessitating innovative and sustainable solutions. This research examined the properties of activated carbon monolith (ACM) derived from bamboo stalk (BS) using a facile method. Polystyrene resin and KOH were employed as an eco-binder and activator in the monolith synthesis, respectively. Analytical methods were employed to characterise the mechanical, morphological, elemental, and textual profiles of the monolith obtained. The study's results indicated the creation of a monolith characterised by a rough, amorphous shape firmly secured by the binder. It revealed a BET surface area measuring 265 m2/g and a pore diameter of 2.8 nm. The monolith displayed various irregular void pores, forming a mesoporous morphological network, along with sporadically distributed slivery-white dot-like particles on its heterogeneous surface. EDX analysis also revealed the BS-ACM is largely composed of carbon (77%), potassium (11%), oxygen (8%), and trace amounts of aluminium, gold, iron, and plutonium. The compressive strength test indicated a peak force of 21,536 N before any significant signs of appreciable deformation were observed, with the subsequent estimation of Young's modulus at 8.34 MPa. Beyond advancing bamboo waste valorisation, the research aligns with circular economy principles and sustainable practices, presenting a promising pathway for developing eco-friendly materials and contributing to a more sustainable and resource-efficient future.

A Thorough Examination of the Solution Conditions and the Use of Carbon Nanoparticles Made from Commercial Mesquite Charcoal as a Successful Sorbent for Water Remediation.

Water pollution has invaded seas, rivers, and tap water worldwide. This work employed commercial Mesquite charcoal as a low-cost precursor for fabricating Mesquite carbon nanoparticles (MUCNPs) using a ball-milling process. The scanning electron energy-dispersive microscopy results for MUCNPs revealed a particle size range of 52.4-75.0 nm. The particles were composed mainly of carbon with trace amounts of aluminum, potassium, calcium, titanium, and zinc. The X-ray diffraction peaks at 26.76 and 43.28 2θ° ascribed to the (002) and (100) planes indicated a crystalized graphite phase. Furthermore, the lack of FT-IR vibrations above 3000 cm-1 showed that the MUCNPs were not functionalized. The MUCNPs' pore diameter, volume, and surface area were 114.5 Ǻ, 0.363 cm3 g-1, and 113.45 m2 g-1. The batch technique was utilized to investigate MUCNPs' effectiveness in removing chlorohexidine gluconate (CHDNG) from water, which took 90 min to achieve equilibrium and had an adsorption capacity of 65.8 mg g-1. The adsorption of CHDNG followed pseudo-second-order kinetics, with the rate-limiting step being diffusion in the liquid film. The Langmuir isotherm dominated the CHDNG adsorption on the MUCNPs with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. The thermodynamic studies revealed that CHDNG adsorption onto the MUCNPs was exothermic and favorable, and its spontaneity increased inversely with CHDNG concentration. The ball-milling-made MUCNPs demonstrated consistent efficiency through regeneration-reuse cycles.

Isolation of Antibacterial Nano-Hydroxyapatite Biomaterial from Waste Buffalo Bone and Its Characterization

Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were isolated from a biowaste, buffalo bone, via the thermal decomposition method. The resulting white powdered material was characterized by Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The FTIR spectra confirmed that a heat treatment of the bone powder at the temperature at or above 1223 K removed the organic moieties leading to the formation of a pure inorganic biomineral. The XRD analyses showed that the obtained material was nanocrystalline HAp (nano-HAp) with an average grain diameter of 25 nm, while their rod-shaped particles with their tightly agglomerated morphology were confirmed by the SEM analysis. Besides Calcium (Ca), Phosphorous (P), and Oxygen (O), trace amounts of Aluminum (Al), Magnesium (Mg), Copper (Cu), Zirconium (Zr) and Carbon (C) were also found by EDX analysis. Antibacterial activity of nano-HAp against six standard isolates was investigated by the agar well diffusion method and found to be more susceptible to Acinetobacter baumannii while other standard strains such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus showed lesser susceptibility and no antibacterial activity was noticed against Salmonella typhi and Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with the analysed concentration of nano-HAp suggesting its potential application in biomedical fields.

Sintering and thermomechanical behavior of a Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic

The thermoelastic, viscoplastic and sintering properties of a commercial Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC, ref. ESL 41111-G) were carefully characterized and correlated to its microstructural features. This LTCC was made of rhombohedral quartz and an amorphous phase composed of silicon, oxygen and some trace amounts of aluminum, carbon and potassium. The dependences of the elastic response vs. temperature and density were characterized by various techniques from nano- to macro-scales. A stable Young's modulus around 54.0 ± 3.5 GPa was measured up to 500 °C before a sharp fall. It was associated with the exceeding of the glass transition temperature (around 576 ± 4 °C). Based on constant heating rate and master sintering curve methodologies, it was shown that the apparent activation energy for free sintering was stable during the whole densification process, with an average value of approximately 291 ± 11 kJ mol−1. The uniaxial viscosity ranged from 0.1 to 2.0 GPa s for relative densities between 0.56 and 0.92. The activation energy identified for viscous flow was similar to the one for free sintering. Moreover, a low and stable value of viscous Poisson's ratio was determined, with an average value around 0.14 ± 0.01 during the initial and intermediate stages of sintering.

Determination of Trace Amounts of Aluminum in Environmental and Biological Fluids by Reversed-Phase Ion-Pair Liquid Chromatography with Fluorometric Detection Using 5-Sulfoquinoline-8-ol

Determination of Trace Amounts of Aluminum in Environmental and Biological Fluids by Reversed-Phase Ion-Pair Liquid Chromatography with Fluorometric Detection Using 5-Sulfoquinoline-8-ol

In‐vitro Aluminum Determination and Preconcentration in Blood of Dialysis Patients Based on Ionic Liquid Dispersive Liquid‐Liquid Biomicroextraction by 2‐Amino‐3‐(1H‐imidazol‐4‐yl)propanoic Acid

AbstractIn this study, trace amounts of aluminum in serum of dialysis patients were chelated with 2‐Amino‐3‐(1H‐imidazol‐4‐yl)propanoic acid (Histidine) and determined by electro‐thermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). A fast and efficient method based on ionic liquid dispersive liquid‐liquid bio‐micro‐extraction (IL‐DLLBME) was developed for the determination of Al cation in human blood serum samples. In this work, a small amount of 1‐Hexyl‐3‐methylimmidazolum hexafluorophosphate ([HMIM] [PF6]) as an extractant solvent was dissolved in acetone as a dispersant solvent and then the binary solution was rapidly injected by a syringe into the serum containing Al3+,Which have already in‐vitro chelated by Histidine amino acid (Al‐His) at pH = 6.5. After separation, the settled IL‐phase was dissolved in ethanol up to 200 μL and 20 μL of samples injected into the ET‐AAS by auto‐sampler. Various parameters have been studied and optimized for 10 mL of sample. Under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factor (EF), limit of detection (LOD) and working range (peak area mode) were obtained 53, 15 ng L−1 and 0.05‐4.1 μg L−1 respectively. In vitro Al chelation showed that His can significantly decrease aluminum concentration in serum of dialysis patients. Validation of methodology was confirmed by standard reference material (SRM).

Determination of Acceptor Ratio and Iron Concentration in Co-doped Silicon

Low-cost photovoltaic grade feedstock using multiple dopants - mainly Boron and Phosphorous but also Gallium and trace amounts of Aluminum - is currently establishing itself on the market. In this paper, the measurement of dissolved iron by lifetime spectroscopy introduced on the incumbent Boron-only doped Silicon is adapted to materials with several acceptors. A detailed theoretical description is given and pitfalls are identified. Since precise knowledge of the relative acceptor concentrations is necessary for a correct iron determination, a novel method for measuring acceptor concentration fractions in Silicon is proposed. It uses lifetime spectra analysis to determine the crossover point position. Using this simple method, it is possible to fully analytically characterize compensated silicon doped with two acceptor types.

Trace metal contents of three tricalcium silicate materials: MTA Angelus, Micro Mega MTA and Bioaggregate

To investigate the levels of nine metals [aluminium (Al), antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), lead (Pb) and molybdenum (Mo)] in MTA Angelus, Micro Mega MTA and Bioaggregate using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Each material (0.2 g) was digested using a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids and then filtered. The levels of nine metals in the resulting filtrates were measured by ICP-OES. The results were statistically analysed using one-way anova and the Bonferroni test. MTA Angelus contained more aluminium, beryllium and chromium than Micro Mega MTA (P < 0.05), whilst their levels of arsenic, cadmium and iron were similar. Antimony, lead and molybdenum were not detected in any of the three tested cements. Bioaggregate contained trace amounts of aluminium. MTA Angelus and Micro Mega MTA contained small amounts of seven tested metal oxides. Bioaggregate only contained trace amounts of aluminium.

Sensitive Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Trace Aluminium in Water Samples by Morin

The chromogenic reaction of Al (III) with morin was studied in the presence of cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide(CTMAB), Al (III) was capable of reacting with morin to form a stable yellow complex in 0.17 mol l-1 glacial acetic acid media. The complex had a 1∶2 molar ratio for Al (III) and morin . In the presence of cationic surfactant CTMAB, the sensitivity of chromogenic reaction was largely improved. At the maximum absorption wavelength of 425nm, the apparent molar absorptivity was 1. 59×105l·mol - 1·cm- 1 .Beer′s law was obeyed in the range of 0 to 8μg/ 25ml Al (III) . The method has been applied successfully to the determination of trace amount of aluminium in tap and river water samples.

Interaction of aluminium with bacteria isolated from wounds

Abstract The effect of aluminium as metal foil and as a weak solution of potassium aluminium sulphate on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris, has been examined over a range of pH values. Aluminium foil, and an aluminium metal film deposited by evaporation on a bonded cellulose fabric, failed to inhibit the growth of the organisms on agar plates. In contact with saline metal foil yielded trace amounts of aluminium in solution but no detectable amounts of aluminium were found in human serum which had been in prolonged contact with aluminium metal. Staph, aureus and Ps. aeruginosa were adsorbed from aqueous suspension by aluminium surfaces. Below pH 5 the growth of these organisms was inhibited by low concentrations of aluminium in aqueous solution. Preliminary measurements of the uptake of aluminium by these sensitive organisms have been made.

Fluorimetric Analysis of Aluminum in Diluted Hemodialysis Solutions by Using a Novel Schiff Base

A spectrofluorimetric method has been developed for trace amount of aluminum(III) by using a novel Schiff base, N,N′-bis(salicylidene)-1,4-diaminobuthane (BUTAS), and 4-methyl-2-aminophenol (OAP). Since the aluminum complexes are generally fluorescent, aluminum(III) increases the fluorescence intensity of BUTAS-OAP by formation of Al-BUTAS-OAP complex. The fluorescence of the complex is measured at an excitation wavelength of 410 nm with an emission at 526 nm. Aluminum(III) can be detected within a concentration limit of 0.11–1.62 ppb and the lowest detection limit being 0.07 ppb. The proposed method was applied to diluted hemodialysis solution and spectrofluorimetric data was compared with data of standard pharmacopoeia method.

Determination of Aluminum in Water Samples and Its Speciation Approach by Fluorophotometric Flow Injection Analysis with 8-Quinolinol Coupled with Micelle Sensitization

Trace amounts of aluminum in water samples were determined by fluorophotometric flow injection analysis. Less harmful 8-quinolinol and Triton X-100 were used as a fluorophotometric derivatizing reagent for Al 3+ and a micelle sensitizer, respectively. Even with the traditional and conventional reagents, a linear calibration graph was obtained for Al 3+ at the concentration range of 10 −7 mol/l level with a limit of detection at 2.8x10 −9 mol/l. The sample throughput was 60 h −1 . The proposed method was applied to the analysis of a standard reference substance, and the analytical result agreed well with the certified value. The proposed system was also applied to the speciation analysis of tap water and river water samples; aluminum species of free Al 3+ , hydrolyzed Al species, and Al in suspended particles were fairly evaluated. The recovery test of Al 3+ to the water samples was in the ranges of 92–106%.

Effects of aluminum incorporation on hafnium oxide film using plasma immersion ion implantation

The effects of aluminum implantation on HfO 2 thin films using plasma immersion ion implantation (Al–PIII samples) are investigated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements reveal that most of the implanted aluminum atoms accumulated near the surface region of the oxide film. The greatly reduced leakage current, smaller flatband shift and steep transition from the accumulation to the depletion region in the capacitance–voltage characteristics for Al–PIII samples indicate that both bulk oxide and interface traps are significantly reduced by aluminum incorporation. Even though the aluminum concentration at the Si/HfO 2 interface is very low the results indicate that trace amount of aluminum at the interface leads to significant improvements in both material and electrical characteristics of the thin HfO 2 films.

Extraction with Toluene and HPLC Determination of Aluminum in the Form of an 8‐Hydroxyquinoline Derivative

A reversed‐phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of trace amounts of aluminum has been developed using 8‐hydoxylquinoline (8‐HQ) as the precolumn reagent, and low‐volatile toluene as the extraction reagent for the first time. The 8‐HQ complex of Al was formed in weak basic medium and extracted to toluene. The separation was achieved on a PC8‐10 column with the mobile phase of 40:40:20 methanol:acetyl acetate:25 mmol/L lithium lactate (pH 8.0) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Excellent sensitivity was obtained by spectrophotometric detection at 390 nm and the detection limit was 0.08 ng. The response of Al is linear from 0.04 µg/mL to 1.0 µg/mL with a 10 µL injection. The extraction efficiency and precision of analyses were significantly improved. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the direct determination of Al in drinking and natural waters with the recoveries of 92.7–101.0%.

STEPWISE DETERMINATION OF ALUMINUM AND CHROMIUM IN WATER AND BIOMEDICAL SAMPLES BY HPLC-UV, BASED ON THEIR DIFFERENT KINETICS WITH 8-HYDROXYQUINOLINE

ABSTRACT A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method, with spectrophotometric detection for determination of trace amounts of aluminum (Al) and chromium (Cr) in water and biomedical samples, has been developed using 8-hydroxylquinoline (8-HQ) as a precolumn reagent based on the differential chelation kinetics of these two ions. The analysis is achieved with a Spherisorb ODS 2 column, with an eluent consisting of 4.0 mmol L−1 acetate buffer (pH 6.0) and 3.2 mmol L−1 8-HQ in 57% (v/v) methanol–water, at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min−1. On the basis of the fact that the peaks of Al and Cr chelates appear at the same retention time, the procedure is divided into two stages: 1. (1) determining Al concentration by peak area after precolumn chelation at ambient temperature; 2. (2) measuring total peak area of Al and Cr after reaction at 90°C for 30 min, and the concentration of Cr being determined by the difference between Al peak area and the total area. The response of both Al and Cr is linear from 0.002 to 0.6 µg mL−1 with a detection limit of 0.001 µg mL−1. The analysis is free from interference from common ions except 10-fold excess of cobalt. The values obtained by this method are in good agreement with those of ICP-AES or GF-AAS. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the direct determination of Al and indirect determination of Cr in natural water, serum, synthetic renal dialysate, parenteral solution, and pharmaceutical-grade organic acid with the recoveries of over 90%.

Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Aluminium Using Arsenazo III

A new analytical method for the indirect determination of trace amounts of aluminium(III) is based on the adsorptive accumulation of an azo dye, Arsenazo III, on the hanging mercury drop electrode. In the presence of Al(III) forming complexes with the dye, its peak occurring at -330 mV decreases. Optimized experimental conditions were found as follows: supporting electrolyte, acetate or chloroacetate-acetate buffer (pH 3.6); accumulation potential, -50 mV vs SCE; accumulation time, 120 s; Arsenazo III concentration, 5 · 10-7 mol l-1; scan rate, 20 mV s-1; initial potential, -500 mV; final potential, 0 mV; FSDPV mode; pulse amplitude, 50 mV; pulse duration, 100 ms; pulse interval, 10 ms. Under these experimental conditions, the calibration dependence was linear in the concentration range 0-6 μmol l-1 with a detection limit of 3.7 · 10-8 mol l-1 (1 ppb, calculated as 3σ for n = 10). Interference of iron(III) can be suppressed by addition of L-ascorbic acid, the effect of numerous divalent metal ions is negligible. Serious interfering effects were observed for U(VI) as UO22+, both Cr(III) and Cr(VI), and F-. The method developed was verified using a certified reference material (SRM 1575 Pine Needles); no statistically significant differences between the determined and declared contents were found.

Chemical and physicochemical characterization of porous hydroxyapatite ceramics made of natural bone

The properties of a porous hydroxyapatite ceramic produced by sintering of bovine bone were investigated by using a number of physicochemical methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), SEM in combination with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), mercury intrusion porosimetry, krypton-adsorption, contact angle measurements, wide angle X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, inductively coupled plasma optical atom emissions spectroscopy and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results indicate that there are considerable differences between the ceramic and native bone. However, the most important properties with respect to the use of such ceramics as a biomaterial for filling bone defects namely the high porosity (⩾57±2%) and the interconnecting pore system are maintained. While macropores with an average diameter of approx. 300 μm contribute 97% to porosity, micropores with an average diameter of 1.3 μm account for only 3% of the total porosity. The surface area was found to be approx. 0.1 m 2/g. The contact angles of water (44.6±15.4°, n=5) and tetrahydrofurane (10°) allow the processing of the ceramic to a drug carrier by incubation with aqueous or organic drug solutions. The ceramic is highly crystalline with crystal sizes of 1–7 μm and contains crystal bridges. The investigation of its chemical composition revealed small amounts of other inorganic compounds such as Ca 4O(PO 4) 2, NaCaPO 4, Ca 3(PO 4) 2, CaO, and MgO. Besides trace amounts of aluminum, iron, magnesium, potassium, silica, sodium, vanadium and zinc it contains probably carbonated apatite.

Flow-through analysis of Al in seawater by fluorometric detection with the use of lumogallion

A flow-through analytical method has been developed for the determination of trace amounts of aluminum in seawater with the use of Lumogallion fluorometric detection. Because iron was selectively removed by passing the sample through an 8-quinolinol immobilized chelating resin column (MAF-8HQ), this method could be applied to samples collected at the hydrothermal oceanic regime. Several known organic complexing agents were studied as a model group to examine the effect of naturally occurring organic ligands on the detection of aluminum in seawater. The detection limit was 0.17 nM for 10 ml of sample. The standard deviation was 2.7% at 2 nM of aluminum. This method permitted the sensitive, precise, and rapid determination of subnanomolar Al in seawater without contamination onboard ship. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 4: 274–282, 2000

Chronopotentiometric Determination of Aluminum by Solochrome Violet RS

A reliable and very sensitive derivative adsorption chronopotentiometric method for the determination of trace amounts of aluminum, based on the adsorptive accumulation of its solochrome violet RS complex on the HMDE, was developed in this paper. Experimental conditions were optimized including solution pH value, ionic strength, concentration of solochrome violet RS, preconcentration potential and preconcentration time. The linear working range was 0.27 ± 27 μg/1. The detection limit was 0.14 μg/1 and the relative standard deviation was 1.7% μg/1 Al. This method was applied to the determination of Al in real water samples. Comparison of the proposed method to the voltammetric mode and other ligands is presented.

Automatic preparation of milk dessert slurries for the determination of trace amounts of aluminium by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

A method for the direct determination of aluminium in milk desserts is proposed. The method uses a flow injection system connected semi-on-line to a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer through an autosampler for preparation of the slurries, addition of a chemical modifier and dilution–homogenization in a mixing chamber. Calibration is performed with aqueous standards. The flow system can be used to implement the standard additions method and investigate the effect of potential interferents in parallel by using two injection loops and the merging-zones mode. The slurries prepared contained up to 10% m/v. Aluminium was determined in various milk desserts at concentrations between 0.007 and 0.121 mg per 100 g.