TRA Model Research Articles

The Secondary Home Furnishing Consumer: An Investigation into Psychological Motivations and Purchase Intention

Due to an increased interest in the circular economy, there has been a gradual shift to purchase used items including home furnishings by consumers. The secondhand home furnishing industry is gaining traction in the market and therefore, it is imperative to understand what is driving consumers to shop for these used pieces and adding them to their personal spaces. The purpose of this study was to explore psychological motivations for secondhand home furnishing consumption, including environmental sustainability, functionality, aesthetic style, and economics, and their impact on purchase intention. Guided by the theory of reasoned action, an online survey was administered to home furnishing consumers and data were analyzed quantitatively. Findings supported that the psychological motivations of environmental sustainability, functionality, and aesthetic style positively influenced consumer attitudes with purchase intentions of secondary home furnishing items. The results of this study expand the applicability of the TRA model specifically to secondhand home furnishing consumers. Practically, this study gives insights into secondary home furnishing consumers and their interest in environmental sustainability, functionality, and aesthetically appealing pieces.

The Mediation Role Of Attitude Applied To The TRA Model And TPB Model In Environmentally Friendly Products Of Food Industry Sector In Indonesia Smes

Purpose: to the explore the Theory Reaction Action model and Theory Planned Behavior model in Environmentally Friendly Products of Food Industry Sector in Indonesia SMEs. Design/methodology/approach: This research uses a qualitative-exploratory and quantitative research, with analysis of factors affecting the purchase of environmentally friendly products by emphasizing the enrichment aspect in the field as the strength of research. As a study that not only comes to describe the problem only but this research will come to the stage of drafting the development model, and applicative by conducting observations and evaluation in the field. Findings: 1) the hypothesis that customer knowledge has a positive and significant effect on purchase intentioncan be accepted. 2) the hypothesis that customer knowledge has apositive and significant effect on Environment Friendly Products can be accepted. 3) the hypothesis that the influence of consumer attitudes on the environment has a positive and significant effect on purchase intention of environmentally friendly products can be accepted. Originality: The Mediation Role of Attitude Applied to the TRA Model and TPB Model in Environmentally Friendly Products.

Exploring the role of learning goal orientation, instructor reputation, parasocial interaction, and tutor intervention in university students' MOOC retention: A TAM-TRA based examination.

While MOOC platforms allow universities to implement various strategies such as brand promotion and student recruitment, the alarmingly low retention rate suggests a need to explore the critical factors that influence students' course retention. So far, studies on MOOC platforms focus either on the students' individual factors (i.e., students' personal factors such as perceived value) or situational factors (i.e., external influences shaping students' behavior, such as system quality) for students' learning, thus lacking a complete view of those determinant factors. This study integrates the TAM model with the TRA model to analyze the roles of three important antecedents (learning goal orientation; LGO, instructor reputation; IR, & parasocial interaction; PI) on university students' perceived value (PU) and learning attitude (LA), two critical predictors of MOOC retention (CR). Using data from an online survey of 449 Chinese university students, the hypothesis model was tested using PLS. We found that LGO, IR, and PI each positively affect PU; LGO, IR, and PI each positively affect LA; PU and LA each positively influence course retention (CR), with each impact enhanced by tutor intervention (TI). The theoretical and practical implications of such findings are presented.

Factors Influencing Behavioural Intention to Embrace Sustainable Mobile Payment Based on Indian User Perspective

Objective: The present study aims at developing an integrated model to identify assorted factors and also investigates the influence of identified factors on consumers’ behavioral intentions to use or not to use one particular M-wallet for payment. Method: A conceptual model is proposed and validated. Besides this, 600 questionnaires were distributed and 482 were deemed usable. Structural equation modeling was used to demonstrate the stability of the proposed model and to test research hypotheses. Results: The results showed that behavioural intention is significantly influenced by perceived value, trust, compatibility and social influence while consumers’ is less optimistic to use M-wallet with regard to perceived enjoyment. The study also showed that trust followed by compatibility has a more powerful influence on the behavioural intention of consumers in the context of M-payment. Conclusions: This study impacts researchers and India's mobile payment sector. Financial and banking institutions, entrepreneurs, retailers, policymakers, government, and telecommunications sectors benefit from research. This research could help policymakers plan and develop tactics to help m-wallet service providers achieve a cashless society. Empirical results demonstrate the value of the TAM, TRA, and TPB model in understanding youth mobile wallet use.

Curbing vehicular urban pollution in China: Investigating the usage intentionof public electric buses

Public electric bus (PEB) usage remains critical in reducing carbon emissions, traffic congestion, energy consumption, resource exhaustion, and environmental pollution. PEB usage revolves around consumer acceptance, and assessing the psychological factors accounting for using PEBs is essential in mitigating these challenges for a sustainable environment. The study extends the reasoned action theory (TRA) with environmental awareness, convenience, and personal norms in investigating residents’ intention to use electric buses in Nanjing, China. 405 responses were gathered through an online survey and evaluated using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Statistical analysis showed that the structural model (66.4%) explained public electric bus use better than the original TRA model (20.7%). Attitude, subjective norms, personal norms, environmental awareness, and convenience directly influenced the intention to use PEBs. Personal norms related to attitude positively. Environmental awareness related to personal norms in PEB use. Subjective norms partially mediated the impact of personal norms on the intention to use PEBs. Convenience moderated the interaction between personal norms and intention to use PEBs. Respondents differed in income level, educational level, and employment but not gender in their inclinations to use PEBs. The current study recommends potent policy implications to enhance and ensure the maximum use of PEBs.

합리적 행동이론을 적용한 스마트 헬스 의도 연구: 연령의 조절효과를 중심으로

This study examined behavioral intention of each age group through a TRA model to resolve the information gap between generations about the intention to use smart health. This study emphasized an exogenous variable and whether it had a strong impact on intention to use and perceived usefulness. 300 survey respondents participated in the study and were divided into the lower-aged and the elderly groups. It was discovered that the elderly group was more sensitive to perceived interactivity, perceived usefulness, and intention to use. This research can provide a base for the development of digital technology and smart health services in an aging society in the future.

Determinants of Customer Attitude and Behavioral Intention for Online Food Delivery: A Study from Karachi

Technology diffusion and COVID-19 pandemic have changed consumers’ attitudes toward online food purchasing. At the same time, the fast food sector has also transformed to attract and retain online food customers. Thus this study, by extending TRA and TAM model, investigates the impact of “perceived usefulness, online trust, time-saving orientation, purchase orientation” on attitudes toward online food purchase intention. It also examines the impact of attitudes and purchase intention and the mediating role of attitudes. Based on the data set of the five leading universities of Karachi, the study found that “perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, time[1]saving orientation, and perceived saving orientation” significantly affect attitudes toward online food purchasing. The study also found a significant association between attitudes and online food purchase intention. However, we did not find any support for the association between trust and online purchase intention. Our study supported all the mediating effects except the mediating effect of attitudes on trust and online food purchase intention.

Factors influencing the adoption of Cryptocurrency in Jordan: An application of the extended TRA model

Factors influencing the adoption of Cryptocurrency in Jordan: An application of the extended TRA model

Sustainable Marketing: Studying the Effects of Environmental Consciousness and Involvement Degree on Purchasing Behavior of Consumers

Concerns and consumers’ awareness of the environment has increased significantly, and their perception of environmental concerns now represents one of the major factors in consumer decision making. The main aim of this study is to determine the relationship of environmental consciousness and involvement degree on consumers’ purchasing behavior. Factors affecting environmentally friendly behaviors will be explained within the context of attitude, intention, and behavior with a holistic approach. TRA Model (Theory of Reasoned Action) will be expanded by adding variables that express individual consumer characteristics. Besides, the data will be gathered via an online survey from various participants who live in Metro Manila, where people from different socio-economic backgrounds are thought to be heavily dispersed and located. Partial Least Squares - Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM) was used to study the relationship and analyze the connection between variables. Results of PLS-SEM revealed that environmental consciousness (ß = 0.38; p = 0.001) and involvement degree (ß = 0.311; p = 0.001) have significant effects on respondent’s attitude in purchasing eco-friendly products. Moreover, both the environmental consciousness (ß = 0.423; p = 0.001) and involvement degree (ß = 0.46; p = 0.001) have direct significant effects in respondent’s behavior in purchasing eco-friendly products. Based on the statistical analyses, this paper offers some further research directions to advance the extent of the literature. This study offers valuable insights for eco-friendly brands that offer products by indicating two important dimensions, which are the environmental consciousness and involvement degree of consumers upon purchasing.

An Analytical Framework Considering Factors Affecting the Change of Learning Methods at Universities in Vietnam in the Context of Digital Transformation

Digital transformation is a process whose results can give a completely new look to education, with new methods, ways, techniques, tools and media. This study aims to review the factors affecting the change of learning methods at universities in Vietnam in the context of digital transformation. Through applying the TAM model and TRA model to eveluate the factors affecting the change of learning methods at universities in Vietnam in the context of transformation, it can be expected to get better the learning methods at universities in Vietnam. Keywords : learning methods, university, digital transformation DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/14-5-06 Publication date: March 31 st 2022

An Analysis of the Impact of Online Banking on Customer Satisfaction in Commercial Banks Based on the TRA Model (A Case Study of Stanbic Bank Lusaka Main Branch)

The convenience, easy access, and acceptable means of transacting in the customers day-to-day business operations is making more banks’ customers satisfied with their service delivery. However, about 65% of Stanbic bank’s customers do not use the bank’s internet banking services and are dissatisfied with the bank’s customer service delivery. This study analyzed the impact of online banking on customer satisfaction in commercial banks based on the TRA model using Stanbic Bank as a case study. This study employed the cross-sectional study design conducted at Stanbic Bank’s headquarters in Lusaka district targeting bank customers. The sample size for the study was 196. Stratified Sampling was employed, respondents were selected by circular systematic random sampling, and a questionnaire was used to collect data. Kendall’s tau-b correlation was used to determine the relationship between online banking and customer satisfaction of banking services. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the influence of online banking on the outcome variable (customer satisfaction). A weak positive correlation between the use of online banking and customer satisfaction was established [(τb = .169, p = .012)]. Interacting gender of “being male”, having secondary education or below, negative behavioral belief, negative attitude, negative behavioral intention, and none usage of online banking reduces customer satisfaction [(p = .046); (CI: 95%)], [(p = .039); (CI: 95%)], [(p = .019); (CI: 95%)], [(p = .018); (CI: 95%)], [(p = .036); (CI: 95%)] respectively. Therefore, in the quest increase to increase customer satisfaction, the bank needs to consider these parameters in their strategic planning if it is to maintain or grow its customer base.

Purchase Intention of Grooming Products: The Value-Attitude-Behaviour (VAB) Model

Grooming products are now one of the daily necessities needed in human life. Not only women who use grooming products, but the majority of men also need grooming products to improve their appearance. The urgency of this research is to explore the values ??that influence the attitudes of men in Indonesia towards grooming products and their intention to purchase these grooming products, using the Value-Attitude-Behaviour (VAB) model. The research instrument used a questionnaire that was distributed online via WhatsApp and Telegram groups during June-July 2021, which resulted in 111 responses. Hypothesis testing was carried out using a variant-based Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) called Partial Least Square (PLS) and the SmartPLS application version 3.0 as a tool to analyze it. The results showed that self-concept (self-image and self-consciousness) and product involvement had a positive and significant effect on men's attitudes towards grooming products and their intention to purchase these products. Furthermore, the effect of men's attitudes towards grooming products on their intention to purchase products also obtained significant result. The results of this study illustrate that self-concept and product involvement have an important role in determining men's attitudes towards grooming products, which in turn will have an impact on their intention to purchase care products to improve their appearance. For further research, it is better to increase the number of samples that are able to represent the entire population and also refer to other factors that influence the purchase intention of grooming products and the use of other approaches in predicting purchase intention such as the TRA model. This study is expected to contribute to the development of male grooming product industry in the country by providing an overview to marketers about the important role of self-concept and product involvement in determining men's attitudes towards grooming products, which in turn will have an impact on their intention to purchase these products to improve their appearance.

Attitudes and Behaviors of Egyptians Towards E-Payment Services

Because of the increasing prevalence of e-payment services across the globe, it is vital to understand what affects how and to what extent people utilize them. A survey was distributed to students and staff at Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Theoretically, the TAM model, TRA model, and social norms play a role in technology adoption. Most of the survey results are found to be consistent with those of western societies. Specifically, six constructs relating to adoption and four demographic backgrounds were tested. Usage was measured by three questions. A bivariate analysis indicates all constructs, i.e., incentive, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, social influence, perceived risk, and perceived trust, are significant. Regarding demographic variables, it is also found that age, working status, education, and gender relate to e-payment usage. However, gender and perceived usefulness are most important from the multivariate analysis. Since the study was conducted in a university environment and in English, a larger, more diverse sample is recommended for further research in Egypt.

Predicting contract cheating intentions: Dark personality traits, attitudes, norms, and anticipated guilt and shame

Contract cheating is a critical emerging threat to academic integrity in higher education. Although some situational predictors of student engagement in contract cheating are known, little is known about the psychological predictors of contract cheating. Intentions are a key predictor of future behavior. Thus, in this study, students' (N = 459) intentions to engage in contract cheating were examined in an extended Theory of Reasoned Action (TPR) model via a cross-sectional survey. Psychopathy and Machiavellianism were included in the TRA model as precursors of attitudes and subjective norms, and anticipated guilt and shame were included as mediators between attitudes and norms, and intentions. Structural equation modeling and analysis of mediation paths revealed that psychopathy and Machiavellianism did not directly predict contract cheating intentions. Psychopathy and Machiavellianism predicted contract cheating intentions via simple and serial mediation paths. These results suggest that contract cheating intentions may be reduced by modifying students' attitudes, subjective norms, or their anticipated moral emotions.

Factors Affecting Retailers' Adoption of the Cash on Delivery (COD) Payment Model for e-Commerce Transactions: Case of Vietnam

Along with the development of the commercial e-commerce market, Cash on Delivery has been increasingly used by many retailers. According to the International Finance Corporation in 2014, COD is accepted by 24 of the 33 (73%) of the surveyed e-commerce companies in Vietnam. Through the evaluation and analysis of retailers' opinions, the study has learned to clarify the factors that influence a retailers' intention to use the COD payment method and intention to use COD services. Research results show that perceived risks (TPR model) such as Financial risks, Performance risks, Time risks, and Psychological risks with Attitude towards behavior, Subjective Norms (TRA model) significantly affect the retailers' intentions in electronic trading transactions. Based on these results, our study gives an answer to the question of why COD is still a payment method with wide coverage despite many potential risks. Our work also points out solutions and recommendations towards the development of cash payment in particular and Vietnam’s e-commerce market in general.

SNS 이용자의 휴리스틱 선택행동이 스포츠용품 구매의도에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the heuristic choice behavior of SNS users affects the purchase intention of sporting goods. To achieve the purpose of the study, research subjects were selected through the convenient sampling method, and questionnaires were collected from Instagram users among SNS users. 445 questionnaires were collected, and 401 copies were used for the analysis of the results, excluding the unfaithful questionnaires. Through the SPSS 21.0 program, frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, and hierarchical regression analysis were performed.<BR> The results are as follows. First, it was found that TRA had a positive effect on the purchase intention of sports goods. Second, TRA with heuristics had higher explanatory power than the existing TRA model, and all variables had a positive effect on the intention to purchase sports goods. Third, it was found that TPB had a positive effect on the purchase intention of sports goods. Fourth, the explanatory power of TPB with heuristic was higher than that of existing TPB, and attitude, subjective norm, and heuristic variables excluding perceived behavioral control were found to have a positive effect on the purchase intention of sports goods of SNS users. Fifth, attitudes and heuristics were found to have a positive effect on the intention to purchase sports goods. Sixth, it was found that subjective norm and heuristics had a positive effect on the intention to purchase sports goods. <BR> It was found that heuristic variables supplemented the lack of explanatory power of the existing TRA and TPB, which explained and predicted behavior based on rationality.

The acceptance of mobile advertising: a social or personal matter

This paper contributes to the extant literature on mobile advertising acceptance by extending the current TRA-based model to include the personal relevance of this form of advertising. The aim of this research was to investigate how social influence, represented by the subjective norms in the TRA model, and personal relevance play respective roles in influencing an individual's decision to embrace mobile advertising. The study involved male and female college students in Bandung aged between 18 and 25 years old (young millennials), which were reported by the Association of Advertising Companies in Indonesia to be the most attractive segment for mobile advertising. The findings indicate that millennials are attracted by the social trends of mobile advertising, but demonstrate independence in arriving at their final assessment of mobile advertising based on the personal relevance of this form of publicity.

Experimental Assessment of Inhalation and Dermal Exposure to Chemicals During Industrial or Professional Activities in Relation to the Performance of ECETOC TRA.

For many work situations only insufficient exposure data are available to perform proper risk assessment. Because measuring worker exposure can be time consuming and resource intense, the availability of reliable exposure models is important when performing risk assessments. However, the development and improvement of exposure models are hampered by scarcity of sound exposure data as well as by lack of information on relevant exposure factors and conditions of exposure. This paper describes a study where inhalation and dermal exposure data were collected under defined conditions. Exposure scenarios examined included tasks that have not been investigated in previous validation studies. The results of these measurements were compared with ECETOC TRA model version 3.1 predictions. In this study, five exposure scenarios were selected, namely 'use in a closed batch process' (PROC 4), 'mixing or blending in a partly open batch process' (PROC 5), 'rolling' (PROC 10), 'immersion' (PROC 13), and 'stirring' (PROC 19). These PROCs stem from the descriptors that Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals has established to depict the identified uses of chemical substances. These exposure scenarios were selected mainly because little or no data are available for these situations, or ECETOC TRA is likely to underestimate exposure for these situations. Experiments were performed by volunteers for the selected exposure scenarios, in which tasks were performed aiming to represent real workplace situations. In total 70 experiments were performed, during which 70 dermal exposure measurements (5 volunteers × 2 repeats × 7 scenarios) and 32 inhalation exposure measurements (4 volunteers × 2 repeats × 4 scenarios) were collected. Two formulations were used, namely pure Tinopal SWN powder (solid product, a fluorescent tracer) and 0.5% Tinopal SWN dissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE). DCE is considered a moderate volatile liquid. For exposure scenarios using the liquid formulation, both inhalation and dermal measurements were performed, while for exposure scenarios using the pure powder only dermal exposure measurements were performed. In addition, photographs were taken under ultraviolet light to qualitatively assess exposure patterns on hands and body. Volunteers repeatedly performed a selection of tasks under standardized conditions in a test chamber for each exposure scenario. Results show that ECETOC TRA overestimated dermal hand exposure for all PROCs included in the study, and was considered to be conservative. Additionally, ECETOC TRA overestimated inhalation exposure for closed and partially closed processes, but underestimated inhalation exposure for rolling and handling of immersed objects. Qualitative assessment of the hands and body showed mainly the hands were exposed for tasks involving closed and partially closed processes and when handling of immersed objects. Exposure to other body segments were also observed for rolling and stirring. In conclusion, this study gave insights into dermal and inhalation exposure levels during selected task scenarios, and showed that ECETOC TRA is conservative when dermal exposure is estimated. Inhalation exposure estimates for PROCs 10 and 13 tasks with the moderate volatility liquid were underestimated in this study. It may be therefore necessary to re-evaluate base model predictions for these scenarios when medium fugacity liquids are involved.

Sustainable marketing: The effects of environmental consciousness, lifestyle and involvement degree on environmentally friendly purchasing behavior

ABSTRACT The main aim of this study is to determine the roles of environmental consciousness, lifestyle and involvement factors on purchasing behavior. Factors affecting environmentally friendly behaviors were explained within the context of attitude, intention and behavior with a holistic approach. TRA Model (Theory of Reasoned Action) was expanded by adding variables that express individual consumer characteristics. Data were gathered via face to face survey from 900 participants who live in Istanbul where people from different socio-economic backgrounds are thought to be located. The proposed model was analyzed by means of Structural Equation Modelling. According to results, environmental consciousness, lifestyle and involvement factors have significant impacts upon attitude and intention towards buying. Also, behavioral dimension of environmental consciousness (such as recycling) and purchasing intention have the greatest impact upon buying behavior.

An extensive comparison of CB-SEM and PLS-SEM for reliability and validity

Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) includes measurement and structural model for hypothesis testing. The results yielded from structural model is unlikely to be valid if a poor loading of an indicator is selected. The impact of these erroneous result on standardized loading is disregard. Thus, knowing how poor loading can affect the validity of measurement model is a crucial issue. This paper attempts to compare the standardized loadings result between two prominent SEM methods (CBSEM and PLS-SEM) using three varied of simula-tion models (TRA, Loyalty and UTAUT model) to investigate their effects on reliability and validity of measurement model. The data for each model were generated using R software by setting the value of standardized loading and the construct correlations (N=50, 100, 200 and 500). The value of standardized loadings was set to 0.60 for each construct in the model while the construct correlations were set in the range between 0.45 to 0.65. Then, the AMOS 21.0 and ADANCO 2.0 were used to perform the statistical analysis. It shows that good standardized loading can increase the reliability and validity of construct representation. CBSEM is particularly yielded valid and unbiased estimation under confirmatory condition (established theory) compared with PLS-SEM. The results are illustrated with empirical examples. This paper provides updated evidence about CBSEM and PLS-SEM when assessing the measurement model.