TPR Methods Research Articles

IMPROVING STUDENTS’ VOCABULARY MASTERY THROUGH TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE METHOD AT SEVENTH GRADE STUDENTS OF MTS HIDAYATUSSALAM BANDAR KHALIPAH

<p>This research was conducted to describe the improvement of students’ vocabulary mastery through Total Physical Response method at seventh grade students of MTs Hidayatussalam in 2020/2021 academic year. The research design used was Classroom Action Research (CAR). The participants of this research consisted of 25 students of VII-1. In this research, the English teacher of MTs Hidayatussalam act as the observer. The research conducted in two cycles, each cycle consisted of two meetings. The research was carried out through four steps; planning, acting, observing, and reflecting. There are two kinds of data, qualitative and quantitative data. The qualitative data were taken from by the interview and observation sheet result, diary notes, and documentation. Meanwhile, quantitative data were obtained from the students' score of vocabulary test, include pre-test, post-test I, and post-test II. The result of data analysis indicated that there was the improvement of students’ vocabulary mastery through Total Physical Response method. The students achieved better score in every cycle. The minimum passing grade (KKM) in this school was 75. From the data analyzing, it showed the mean of the pre-test was 56,3, the mean of post test I was 79,4, and the mean of post test II was 83,2. It can be seen that the mean improved in each cycle. The percentage of students’ score also increased. In the pre-test, there were just 5 students who achieved score ≥75 or passed the test (20%). In the post-test I, 17 students successfully passed the test (68%). From the pre test to post test I the increase was 48%. In the post-test II, there were 23 students who passed the test (92%). The increase from the post test I was 24%. The percentage of students’ score improved and getting higher in every cycle. In conclusion, the students’ vocabulary mastery improved by the implementation of the TPR method. Based on qualitative data analysis, it showed that the students give positive responses to this research. The students enjoy and enthusiast in teaching learning activity. It was found that the implementation of Total Physical Response method can make students easier to memorize the vocabulary, and it makes them can improve their vocabulary mastery. In other words, the Total Physical Response method effective to improve the students’ vocabulary mastery.</p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><strong>: Vocabulary, Total Physical Response method</strong></p>

Implementasi Metode Total Physical Response (TPR) Dalam Pembelajaran Maharah Kitabah

Writing skills (maharah al-kitabah) are the highest of the four language skills. Writing is an activity that is related to the thinking process and expression skills in written form. Maharah Kitabah or also known as applied writing has a very important role in human life. Even in educational institutions, learning a foreign language is the main aim of writing skills. In general, writing skills have unique characteristics compared to other types of skills that have an impact on teaching methods. Therefore, every educator needs to look for effective writing teaching methods to improve student achievement. The most effective is the Total Physical Response method or known as Perfect Physical Response (TPR). In the 1960s, American psychologist James Asher developed the TPR method. This research uses a qualitative method, descriptive research type. In other words, this method provides comprehension practice through the use of physical drawing techniques during foreign language teaching at the initial level. This method has the following principles: First, teaching must reduce productive skills in language learning (spoken and written). Second, delay teaching speaking before the child's understanding has developed. Third, language skills acquired through hearing transfer to other skills (speaking, reading and writing). Fourth, teaching must emphasize the meaning of form.

Using Total Physical Response Method in Teaching Speaking at A Primary School in Sumedang

The purposes of this research are to investigate how the teacher uses TPR Method in teaching speaking skill to young learners, to find out challenges in using TPR method to young learners, and to figure out the advantages and disadvantages of using TPR method in teaching speaking skill to young learners. The descriptive qualitative research design was used for this study. The data were collected through classroom observation, questionnaire, and documentation. The subjects were A-2 Class students at Al-Ma’soem Primary School in Sumedang which consists of 23 students. The result of the researches are the challenges in the application of the TPR Method are more about how we can continue to be creative in providing material. Then, the advantages in implementing the TPR Method are making them feel fun, enthusiasm, more active, and made them easily to remember the words. The disadvantages the material must be creative in every lesson, must be able to manage young learners, must be patient. The use of the TPR Method is very helpful for teachers in maintaining the mood of young because based on the characteristics of young learners they prefer to be active, the TPR Method is a suitable method.

Bifunctional cobalt catalyst for the synthesis of waxy diesel fuel by the Fischer–Tropsch method – from development to introduction. Part 2. Optimization of the catalyst component composition

The effect exerted by the content of metallic (Co-Al2O3/SiO2 catalyst) and acidic (ZSM-5 zeolite in the H-form) components on the properties of bifunctional catalyst for the integrated synthesis of waxy diesel fuel by the Fischer–Tropsch method was studied. Catalysts represented by a composite mixture with a boehmite binder were characterized by XRD, BET and TPR methods. The testing was performed in a flow reactor with a fixed catalyst bed at a pressure of 2.0 MPa, temperature 240 °С and gas hourly space velocity 1000 h–1. Activity and selectivity of the catalysts as well as the fractional and hydrocarbon composition of the products were investigated in dependence on the ratio of components. It was found that productivity of the synthesis for С5+ hydrocarbons and selectivity for the С11–С18 diesel fraction products with a high content of isomeric products correlated with the ratio of metallic and acidic components in the catalysts. The composition of the catalyst recommended for the diesel fuel production has the 1.17 ratio of metallic and acidic components.

Novel Cu and Pd-Cu Catalysts Supported on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Steam Reforming and Decomposition of Methanol

In this study, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were prepared by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) using acetylene as a carbon source over an iron catalyst. As-prepared MWCNTs were used to support modern mono-copper, palladium, and bimetallic palladium-copper catalysts, and their feasibility for hydrogen production was tested during steam reforming of methanol (SRM) and methanol decomposition (DM). The structural characteristics of the MWCNTs were evaluated using the SEM and XRD methods. The physicochemical properties of the monometallic and bimetallic catalysts were analysed using the TPR and XRD methods. The promotion effect of palladium on methanol conversion rate and H2 productivity in the case of the copper catalysts was demonstrated. The enhanced activity of the Cu/MWCNTs after palladium promotion was due to the formation of Pd-Cu alloy compound.

Performance of the ρ- Al2O3 based Ag promoted Pd/ Al2O3 catalyst during Acetylene hydrogenation with an ideal feed

Catalytic hydrogenation of acetylene was studied with an ideal feed with a catalyst prepared from different alumina support and with varying quantities of promoter addition. Silver promoted palladium alumina catalysts were prepared on the transition alumina, ρ-alumina and the catalyst performance was compared with the traditional palladium alumina catalyst based on α-alumina. The catalyst supports were prepared using the granulation technique and sequential impregnation method was used for the catalyst preparation. The silver metal loading was varied in the catalysts and the impact of varied promoter quantity was also studied. The supports were characterized for the acidity, alumina phase, and catalyst characterization was done using TEM, TPR, and BET method to understand the difference between catalysts prepared on different types of alumina support. A fixed bed catalyst reaction was used for the performance evaluation and an ideal gas with acetylene and nitrogen was used as the feed. The catalyst evaluation gives the comparative performance of the catalysts at different temperature conditions. Acetylene conversion and ethylene selectivity in the product were evaluated. The spent catalyst analysis was done using TGA and CHN analysis was performed to understand the carbon deposition and by-product formation during the reaction with different types of catalysts.

Low-Temperature Decomposition of Nitrous Oxide on Cs/MexCo3−xO4 (Me: Ni or Mg, x = 0–0.9) Oxides

Mixed oxides MexCo3−xO4 (Me: Ni or Mg, x = 0–0.9) with a spinel structure were synthesized by precipitation from Me, Co nitrate solutions using (NH4)2CO3 as the precipitating agent with subsequent modification of the dry precipitate with cesium by the Pechini method and calcination. The samples were studied by XRD, TPR, and TPD methods. Their catalytic activity was studied in the low-temperature (150–350 °C) nitrous oxide decomposition process. It was shown that an increase in the degree of substitution of cobalt (x) leads to a significant decrease in the degree of crystallization of the oxides, an increase in the specific surface area, and the formation of surface weakly bound oxygen species. The highest activity was shown by the catalysts with a degree of substitution x = 0.1, especially by the nickel-substituted sample, which contained the maximum amount of weakly bound surface oxygen species. The difference in the influence of Mg and Ni on the MexCo3−xO4 properties is discussed.

Comparison of Wound Surface Area Measurements Obtained Using Clinically Validated Artificial Intelligence-Based Technology Versus Manual Methods and the Effect of Measurement Method on Debridement Code Reimbursement Cost

Background. Evidence shows that ongoing accurate wound assessments using valid and reliable measurement methods is essential to effective wound monitoring and better wound care management. Relying on subjective interpretation in measuring wound dimensions and assuming a rectilinear shape of all wounds renders an inconsistent and inaccurate wound area measurement. Objective. The authors investigated the discrepancy in wound area measurements using a DWMS versus TPR methods and compared debridement codes submitted for reimbursement by assessment method. Methods. The width and length of 177 wounds in 56 patients were measured at an outpatient clinic in the United States using the TPR method (width × length formula) and a DWMS (traced wound dimensions). The maximal allowable payment for debridement was calculated for both methods using the reported CPT codes based on each 20-cm2 estimated surface area. Results. The average wound surface area was significantly higher with the TPR method than with the DWMS (20.20 and 12.81, respectively; P = .025). For patients with dark skin tones, ill-defined wound edges, irregular wound shapes, unhealthy tissues, and the presence of necrotic tissues, the use of the DWMS resulted in significantly lower mean differences in wound area measurements of 14.4 cm2 (P < .008), 8.2 cm2 (P = .040), 6.8 cm2 (P = .045), 13.1 cm2 (P = .036), and 7.6 cm2 (P = .043), respectively, compared with the TPR method. Use of the DWMS for wound surface area measurement resulted in a 10.6% lower reimbursement amount for debridement, with 82 fewer submitted codes, compared with the TPR method. Conclusions. Compared with the DWMS, TPR measurements overestimated wound area more than 36.6%. This overestimation was associated with dark skin tones and wounds with irregular edges, irregular shapes, and necrotic tissue.

KOMPARASI SISTEM PINDAH TANAM DAN TANAM BENIH LANGSUNG BUDIDAYA TANAMAN PADI (Oryza sativa L.) DI DESA RANTEWARINGIN-KEBUMEN, JAWA TENGAH

Rice is a strategic commodity for Indonesia and needs to increase its production with an efficient cultivation system to face limited water and labor in the future. The transplanting system (TPR) was a popular method for rice cultivation in Indonesia, and it needed too much input. On another side, direct seeding (DSR) has long been known and considered more efficient in labor and water used. This study aims to determine the comparison of cultivation methods of TPR and DSR, which are more profitable among farmers in Rantewringin village, and to determine an efficient cultivation system. This research was carried out in August-September 2020. The methods used were qualitative and quantitative, sampling was purposive sampling, and the analysis tools used farm analysis and SWOT. The results of the feasibility analysis that has been carried out, the acceptance value of the Tapin system is greater than the Tabela system, but the profit of the Tabela system is higher than the Tapin system. The results of the farming analysis show that the feasibility of farming, the Tapin system, and the Tabela system are feasible (R/C ratio > 1). Analysis of the IFAS and EFAS shows that the Tapin system has the power to produce better growth in water-sufficient conditions but is threatened in a water- and labor-constrained position. Meanwhile, Tabe cultivation has the power to be carried out in limited water conditions and is efficient in using labor. The analysis results indicate that Tabela cultivation can be an efficient and profitable alternative technology in conditions of lack of water. The development of the Tabela system is still needed for broader application.

APPLICATION OF THE TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE METHOD IN ARABIC LEARNING TO IMPROVE UNDERSTANDING IN CHILDREN EARLY

Arabic is a foreign language which is quite difficult to understand for children who are just learning another language, besides their mother tongue. There are many obstacles encountered by educators in the introduction of Arabic to children. It is very important for the teacher to choose the right method to make learning more fun and easy to understand. Therefore in this study the researcher has the goal of increasing children's understanding of learning Arabic using the Total Physical Response method. This research was conducted at MIN 14 Hulu Sungai Tengah. This study uses a qualitative descriptive field research method. The results of this study indicate that the TPR method: easy to understand and apply, does not require more power, does not require additional fees, contains elements of game movement so that it can relieve stress on children, learning time becomes more efficient, communication between teachers and children becomes more effective the child becomes more expressive

Effect of Cr on a Ni-Catalyst Supported on Sibunite in Bicyclohexyl Dehydrogenation in Hydrogen Storage Application

A comparison of the activity of mono- and bimetallic Ni-Cr/C catalysts deposited on a carbon carrier (sibunite) in the bicyclohexyl dehydrogenation reaction as a stage of hydrogen evolution in hydrogen storage systems is carried out. The interaction of Ni and Cr supported onto the carbon carrier—sibunite in bimetallic NiCr systems affects the change in the parameters of the crystal lattice of nickel, compared with the FCC lattice of Ni, as shown by the methods of XPS, TPR, XRD, high-resolution TEM and electron diffraction.

APPLICATION OF THE TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE METHOD IN ARABIC LEARNING TO IMPROVE UNDERSTANDING IN CHILDREN EARLY

Arabic is a foreign language which is quite difficult to understand for children who are just learning another language, besides their mother tongue. There are many obstacles encountered by educators in the introduction of Arabic to children. It is very important for the teacher to choose the right method to make learning more fun and easy to understand. Therefore in this study the researcher has the goal of increasing children's understanding of learning Arabic using the Total Physical Response method. This research was conducted at MIN 14 Hulu Sungai Tengah. This study uses a qualitative descriptive field research method. The results of this study indicate that the TPR method: easy to understand and apply, does not require more power, does not require additional fees, contains elements of game movement so that it can relieve stress on children, learning time becomes more efficient, communication between teachers and children becomes more effective the child becomes more expressive.

THE IMPACT OF DIRECT METHOD AND TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE ON TEACHING BIPA 2 AT KJRI BERN

This research is based on the author's awareness that language is a basic thing that is needed by humans as social beings to be able to communicate with each other in order to complete the needs of human life itself. The main focus of this study is to observe the responses of BIPA learners to the BIPA teaching method conducted at the Indonesian Consulate General in Bern. This research uses the direct method combined and matched with the TPR teaching technique. The data was carried out by taught and observing the BIPA program class, then the author was evaluating the teaching (research) program in order to see the scores received by students as an illustration of the success or failure of the research carried out. The results showed that the combination of the Direct and the TPR method can make BIPA students quickly master the learning material.

English Language Teaching at Kindergarten: What Happens in The Classroom

This study aims to describe the English teaching and learning process for young learners in kindergarten. It used the descriptive qualitative research method. An observation checklist and field notes were used as the instruments to collect the data. The observation covers aspects of language teaching activities such as the students’ role, the teacher’s role, classroom management strategy, approach, technique, materials, tasks, language used, teacher-student interaction, and students’ participation. This study suggested that the English teaching and learning process at Pertiwi Kindergarten can be considered sufficient. It has satisfactorily met 62% of the aspects measured. Some of the highlights of this study are that the TPR method and songs are highly recommended as teaching techniques. Moreover, understanding the characteristics of the young learners is very important for the success of the teaching and learning activities.

Comparative Analysis of Rice and Weeds and Their Nutrient Partitioning under Various Establishment Methods and Weed Management Practices in Temperate Environment

A research trial was conducted at Agronomy Farm (SKUAST-K, Wadura, Jammu & Kashmir), during kharif 2017 and 2018 to evaluate nutrient removal in rice under various rice establishment methods and weed control measures. The study comprised of two factors: rice establishment techniques {Transplanting (TPR); Direct seeding (DSR) and System of rice intensification (SRI)} as main plot treatments and weed control measures {Butachlor @ 1500 g a.i ha−1 (B); Penoxsulam @ 22.5 g a.i ha−1 (P); Pyrazosulfuron ethyl + Pretilachlor @ 15 and 600 g a.i ha−1 (PP); Bensulfuron methyl + Pretilachlor @ 60 and 600 g a.i ha−1 (BP); 2 Conoweeding/Hand Weeding (CW/HW); Weed free (WF) and weedy check (WC)} as sub-plot treatments meant to evaluate the best establishment method and weed management practice for rice. Over DSR and transplanted rice, the SRI technique yielded a significant increase in dry biomass accumulation (17.04 and 17.20 t ha−1) and grain (7.92 and 8.17 t ha−1) and straw (9.60 and 10.17 t ha−1) yields. Penoxsulam herbicide significantly showed higher grain and straw yield of 8.19 and 8.28 t ha−1 and 10.13 and 10.44 t ha−1, respectively, than other weed management measures by comparing the means using critical difference. TPR excelled in reducing dry weed biomass more than other established methods. All herbicides considerably reduced dry weed biomass, but Penoxsulam herbicide showed the greatest reduction in dry weed biomass and proved superior against complex weed flora. Weeds showed maximum contribution towards total Biomass under DSR, among rice establishment techniques. In contrast, among different weed control measures, it was maximum in weedy check treatment (Untreated Control) and minimum in penoxsulam treatment. SRI significantly excelled in crop (grain and straw) nutrient uptake compared to the DSR and TPR method, although different crop establishment techniques non-significantly influenced nutrient concentrations. Furthermore, penoxsulam treatment demonstrated higher crop (grain and straw) nutrient uptake among the various weed management measures. However, available soil nutrients were observed among establishment techniques, highest in DSR and lowest in SRI. Moreover, direct-seeded rice excelled SRI and transplanted rice in weed nutrient uptake, and among the different herbicidal treatments, penoxsulam recorded the lowest uptake in weeds. Nutrient budgeting demonstrated that DSR showed the maximum percentage of nutrient removal by weeds, and the minimum ratio was in TPR. In contrast, the lowest rate of nutrients removed via weeds were seen in penoxsulam application under various weed management measures.

Effect of oxygen species and catalyst structure on the performance of methane activation over Pd–Pt catalysts

This paper investigates C–H bond activation in methane over monometallic Pd, Pt and bimetallic Pd–Pt catalysts via a differential reactor, chemisorption system, HAADF-STEM, TPR and XPS methods.

High Catalytic Activity of Pt/Al2O3 Catalyst in CO Oxidation at Room Temperature—A New Insight into Strong Metal–Support Interactions

The concept of very strong metal–support interactions (VSMSI) was defined in regard to the interactions that influence the catalytic properties of catalysts due to the creation of a new phase as a result of a solid-state chemical reaction between the metal and support. In this context, the high catalytic activity of the 1%Pt/Al2O3 catalyst in the CO oxidation reaction at room temperature was explained. The catalyst samples were reduced at different temperatures ranging from 500 °C to 800 °C and characterized using TPR, O2/H2 titration, CO chemisorption, TPD-CO, FTIR-CO, XRD, and TOF-SIMS methods. Based on the obtained results, it was claimed that with very high temperature reduction (800 °C), nonstoichiometric platinum species [Pt(Cl)Ox] strongly anchored to Al2O3 surface are formed. These species act as the oxygen adsorption sites.

The Effect of Total Physical Response Method on Vocabulary Learning/Teaching: A Mixed Research Synthesis

This aim of this study is to determine the effect of the TPR method on students' vocabulary learning and the factors affecting the effectiveness of this method by combining the findings obtained from both qualitative and quantitative studies. For this purpose, a primary study with 13 quantitative and 7 qualitative findings was included in this study using mixed research synthesis. The data obtained from the studies with quantitative findings were combined with the meta-analysis method and the studies with qualitative findings were separately combined with the thematic synthesis method. Then, using the analytical themes obtained from the thematic synthesis, the variance among the studies included in the meta-analysis was attempted to be explained. As a result of the meta-analysis, it was determined that instruction based on the TPR Model had a “strong” effect size (ES=1.131, 95% CI: -0.705 to 3.729) on academic achievement. As a result of the thematic synthesis, four descriptive themes were formed: "Learning-teaching process in TPR method", "Learning outcomes in TPR method", "motivation" and "Implementation suggestions/requirements". It has been determined that teaching based on the TPR method has significant contributions to the learning process (increasing active participation, learning by having fun, cooperative learning, etc.) and learning outcomes (word learning, correct use, creativity, etc.), motivation in learning, and some requirements (according to teacher and feature) have been determined. According to the descriptive themes obtained from the thematic synthesis, 10 analytical themes were developed. It was observed that all analytical themes were made in the experimental studies, and two of the 10 analytical themes explained the variance among the studies included in the meta-analysis significantly (p<.05).

English language teaching for Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) learners during pandemic era

An Autistic child is a child who has special needs and developmental disorders. Therefore, in the teaching learning process, teachers who teach ASD learners need to have some knowledge of students’ needs. The objections of this study are to explain the implementation of English language teaching for ASD learners during the pandemic era and parents’ role in helping ASD learners understand English. This research employed qualitative research. The researchers applied observation, depth interview and documentation in data collection. The results showed that 1) the English language teaching process for ASD at RBA during the pandemic era applied offline and online learning mode. The material of English language teaching for ASD learners was based on the level of ASD diagnosis. The teachers used direct method, TPR, and Lexical method in offline learning, but for online learning, they used Direct and lexical methods. The teachers also utilised pictures or flashcards in offline learning whereas for online learning they gave the students worksheets and did a video call. In giving assessment, the teachers carried out anecdotal notes, checklists, interviews, and retelling stories 2) During the pandemic era, the role of ASD parents was to accompany their child at home pronouncing English vocabularies that had been given by the therapist at RBA. On the other hand, in on-line learning, the role of parents was as a teacher/therapist who gave treatment to their children at home based on therapists’ instructions.

MODERN APPROACHES TO TEACHING AND LEARNING ENGLISH

The article deals with methods of interactive learning of English, ways how to use it at different stages of learning, increasing scientific interest in understanding global trends in the methodology of teaching English. Based on the analysis of the scientific literature as well as a comprehensive analysis of the practice of teaching and learning English in Ukraine and abroad, certain problems and challenges facing the methodology of teaching English today have been identified. The various methods and approaches developed today are an attempt to answer these questions.The United States and Europe became the founders of the so-called Epoch of Methods. During that period, such teaching methods as Total Physical Response, Suggestopedia, as well as Community Language Learning, Audio Lingual Approach were developed. The suggested approaches and methods differ in terms of their principles, understanding of the nature of language and features of the educational process, the role of teachers and students, learning goals, the ratio of target and native language. The list of methods and approaches is by no means exhaustive and reflects only a part of all variety of teaching English methodology.Among the most interesting methods we distinguish the TPR method (Total Physical Response). Nowadays, there are many published works of TPR and studies, which create an understanding of its long-term prospects. The most important skill is to understand new sentences when learning a foreign language.It was concluded that there is a need to diversify approaches to learning, focused on keeping students’ attention, encouraging them to active cooperation and ensuring student-centeredness in the process of teaching and learning, as well as stress-free educational environment.
 Keywords: teaching methods; interactive learning; suggestive approach; student-oriented learning; English language; pedagogy; teaching; audio-lingual approach.