TPP Agreement Research Articles

Small State Diplomacy in Action: The Real Origins of TPP

The TPP Agreement – now CPTPP (Comprehensive and Progressive Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement) – is, by any measure, a central part of the emerging global trade policy framework. To the author's surprise, it survived the decision of the United States to withdraw after USTR Mike Froman had signed the Agreement in Auckland 2015 on behalf of the US. Today, it incorporates 12 economies including leading G20 economies such as Japan, Mexico, Canada, Australia, and the UK, its most recent entrant. Six other economies, including most importantly, China, the world's second largest economy, are now applying for membership. What began between Singapore and New Zealand – a conscious strategic decision on their part to try to incentivize precisely this process of Asia-Pacific regional integration in 1999 – is now clearly a major part of the global geopolitical chessboard.

The Complex Mechanism of Construction of Interpretive Frameworks in TV News: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Reporting on the TPP Agreement

The Complex Mechanism of Construction of Interpretive Frameworks in TV News: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Reporting on the TPP Agreement

Two-level game analysis of Japan in the TPP negotiations

Starting his second term as Japanese prime minister in late 2012, Shinzo Abe regarded Japan’s participation in TPP negotiations as one of the top priority foreign policy issues. Abe successfully acquired a concession from President Barack Obama in order to enter the TPP negotiations without prior commitment to the total elimination of tariffs. After entry into the negotiations, Japan found a way to offer a tariff elimination on the politically sensitive agricultural products. Although the Japanese negotiation team was a latecomer in the TPP negotiation, its members played an instrumental role in reaching an agreement by helping other negotiating partners in the process. In addition, other factors including Japan-Australia FTA, the break-up of the Japan-US cabinet level meeting, and the Chinese initiative in AIIB motivated the American negotiators to reach an agreement. Japan’s role became even more important with the US withdrawal from the agreement, eventually contributing to a successful conclusion of the TPP agreement among 11 countries. Employing a two-level game framework, this study examines how Japan reached an important agreement with the United States in the original TPP negotiations, and then, after the American withdrawal, with other countries in the TPP 11 negotiations.

Impacts of the TPP Agreement on Beef Demand in Japan: An Analysis by Class

Impacts of the TPP Agreement on Beef Demand in Japan: An Analysis by Class

The Belt and Road Initiative and the Transformation of Globalization

Globalisation contributed to the economic, social, political and cultural development of the deve- loped and developing countries. At the same time, it had an adverse effect, which is in-creasing disparity of income between various social groups and countries. The continuation of such process will lead to the weakening of globalisation, so there is a need to transform globalisation. According to the Author, the initiative of China, entitled: New Belt and New Road is an example of such actions and will contribute to giving new impetus to the process of globalisation in the future. <b>Globalization is now facing one of the biggest challenges in the history: British exit from the EU (Brexit), USA’s quit from the Paris Agreement on climate change, USA also quitted from TPP agreement as well as from UNESCO. People start worry about the next moves of globalization. Therefore, we need to discuss the future of globalization seriously. </b> Clearly, globalization brought very positive impact on economic, social, political and cultural developments for all the countries including the developed as well as developing economies. However, globalization also brought some negative effects, such as the income disparity among different groups of people and different countries. It has been continually enlarging, not narrowing down in the process of globalization. How to deal with the continual globalization? Of course there are different ways. We have been seeing the rising of the nationalism, the protectionism in some of the countries, we have been seeing withdraws of some countries from the global governance institutions. At the same time, we find that China has been making great efforts not only pushing forward the continual globalization but also trying to transfer the old style globalization to the new style globalization which is what I called the transformation of globalization in the new era through the Belt and Road Initiative.

Understanding the competitive advantage of TPP-related nations from an econophysics perspective: Influence caused by China and the United States

A new analytical framework of relatively competitive advantages of economies is established in this paper, which involves distinguishing functions of industrial sectors on the global value chain with bipartite graph theory and extracting inter-sector competitive relations through resource allocation process. Furthermore, it introduces network-based quantitative indices to measure the competitive advantage on the level of industrial sector and country respectively, taking scarcity of industrial resources into consideration. Finally, it carries out scenario simulation to analyze impacts on 13 TPP-related countries’ competitiveness under four kinds of scenarios. Results show that a TPP without both the United States and China will undermine the two countries’ competitiveness, and China’s impact on GVC will be truly weaken if a TPP agreement led by the United States is reached and vice versa. Anyway, A TPP including both these two countries would serve the mutual interests

The impact of Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement on the Canadian economy

The Trans-Pacific Partnership is the most comprehensive trade agreement in the world. The TPP will help deepen Canada’s trade ties in the dynamic and fast growing Asia-Pacific region while strengthening existing economic partnerships with NAFTA partners and across Americas. The TPP will eliminate tariffs on almost all of Canada’s key exports and offer access to new opportunities in the Asia-Pacific region. Tariffs and other barriers on a wide range of Canadian products from various sectors will be reduced, including in agriculture and agri-food, fish and seafood, forestry and wood products, metals and mining and industrial goods. These benefits can only be derived if USA ratifies it. However, the US president has already signed a presidential memorandum confirming the US withdrawal from the TPP agreement. With this background, the current study evaluates the economic impacts of the Trans-Pacific Partnership agreements on the Canadian economy by the year 2030 using a global CGE framework. The study undertakes a number of simulations based on the level of tariff reduction across selected commodities between Canada and other TPP Nations. The GTAP 9 Data Base with the reference year of 2011 is used for the study. Results show that Canada stands to benefit significantly from improved access to the TPP region. Canada expects a considerable increase in agricultural export. Canola, processed food and beverages, seafood, beef and pork sectors are expected to benefit from the deal. Industrial goods like farming and construction equipment, metal and mineral, transport equipment, machinery would gain from TPP agreements. The agreement would help increase Canada’s manufacturing and exporting output. The banking sector is also expected to benefit from the deal. Additionally, a significant number of skilled and unskilled employment is likely to generate in Canada.

A Requiem for the Trans-Pacific Partnership: Something New, Something Old and Something Borrowed?

On 4 February 2016, after almost seven years of negotiations, the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (‘TPP’) was signed by 12 negotiating countries. The TPP was then labelled by all signatory countries as a ‘new’, ‘high standard’, and ‘21st century agreement’. However, the ratification process of the agreement was stalled and most likely in a definitive way, after the United States decided to withdraw from the TPP in January 2017. Before regretting this development, looking back to the halt of the ratification process of the TPP one can ask how much innovation this treaty really had and the usefulness of mourning the failure of having a TPP agreement, either in terms of future usage of TPP text, or in terms of political relevancy. This article aims to describe the level of novelty of the TPP, specifically in comparison with existing trade and investment agreements between TPP signatory countries, notably the United States. For that purpose, we have focused on the core disciplines of the agreement that were highlighted as novelty parts of the TPP, or that generated debate during the negotiation of the treaty. As a benchmark, we have compared the texts of the previous treaties concluded between TPP signatory states, with the TPP chapters on investment, government procurement, regulatory coherence, sustainable development, intellectual property, cross-border trade in services, telecommunications, electronic commerce, competition, and state-owned enterprises, small and medium-sized enterprises (‘SMEs’), transparency and anti-corruption. The article concludes that the TPP was largely ‘Made in America’ — the same country that triggered its demise — as the structure and content of the treaty clearly follow the texts of previous agreements concluded by the United States. However, the influence of other TPP signatories is also perceived in the final text, notably Australia, Canada, Chile and Peru. We also conclude that some parts of the TPP were not particularly novel for signatory countries, as the treaty built on existing trade and investment agreements, offering a consolidation of commitments already present in treaties in force between TPP signatories. However, the TPP also delivered innovation, by including certain disciplines that have not been traditionally established in preferential trade agreements (like regulatory coherence and e-commerce) and others that have benefited from a larger development compared to existing agreements (like intellectual property and sustainable development). Both consolidation and innovation features can be useful for a TPP 11 or for future preferential trade agreements.

Understanding TPP Agreement and Prospect for Ratification in Japanese Diet

Understanding TPP Agreement and Prospect for Ratification in Japanese Diet

Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement and Its Impact on Accessibility and Affordability of Medicines: A Meta-synthesis.

This article aims to discuss the main consequences of the implementation of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TTPA) in the pharmaceutical sector in regard to public health, focusing on the accessibility and affordability of medicines. This paper also looks at the likely impact of the TPP agreement on access to affordable medicines. The potential effects of provisions in the final text are explored based on the context of developed and developing countries. A meta-synthesis study design was used. The thematic analysis technique was used to generate themes and a decision tree of the TTPA meta-synthesis. PubMed, EBSCOhost, Ovid, and Scopus databases from inception until the first week of January 2016 were used. Only peer-reviewed journals that discussed TPPA's impact on the pharmaceutical sector were included. Data were extracted by 2 reviewers and then verified by 3 senior researchers. The extracted data were imported into Excel spreadsheets and coded line by line. Codes were organized into descriptive themes. The identified themes were cross-checked against original articles to ensure consistency. A total of 85 full articles and reports were reviewed and, finally, 32 of them were used in the meta-synthesis. Two central themes to the TTPA emerged: intellectual property rights and transparency. Five subthemes were identified under intellectual property rights: patent subject matter (representing scope of patentability), patent term adjustment for patent office delays (representing patent term extension), protection of undisclosed test or other data (representing data exclusivity), protection of undisclosed test or other data (representing patent linkage), and compulsory licensing. Meanwhile, transparency and anti-corruption-procedural fairness, which presents restriction of coverage program and reimbursement, were identified as the subthemes of transparency. Findings indicate that the TPPA could potentially hinder the affordability and accessibility of medicine, which could increase risks to public health.

Challenges of Global Economic Integration

Economic integration is facing threat throughout the world. Brexit (2016) is the biggest blow to the European Union as well as to the global concept of economic integration. Endless calculation is going on to measure positive and negative impact of Brexit on British economy and rest of the world. On the other hand US President Donald Trump calls for 20% tax on Mexican imports to help pay for the border wall. Further such initiative of the new American President could lead the NAFTA agreement into inactive position. Similarly he has canceled the potentials of TPP agreement with an executive order. Sri Lanka and Nepal is going to reconsider their existing trade regime with India due to their protectionist feelings. Thus a global movement of protectionism could be weaved further and hit the multilateral system of economic integration and free market economy.

Analysis of the Proposed TPP-Related Patent Linkage System in Taiwan

The Trans-Pacific Partnership (“TPP”) Agreement mandates member states to implement a patent linkage system vested in Article 18.53. To successfully join the TPP Agreement, Taiwan has begun the legislation of a patent linkage system by proposing an amendment for the Pharmaceutical Affairs Act. Article 18.53 requires a member either to adopt a notification mechanism under Paragraph 1 or to stay the issuance of marketing approval under Paragraph 2. But, Taiwan’s proposal includes both measures. Taiwan’ patent linkage system allows a pioneer drug company to register patents claiming (a) a material; (b) a combination or formula; or (c) pharmaceutical use. The scope of patentees who may benefit from the mechanism is larger than what is required. In addition, the system requires a generic drug company to notify the patentee at the time of filing the drug application if the generic drug company asserts invalidity or non-infringement which the generic drug company must prove. Furthermore, the health authority is allowed to stay the issuance of a generic drug permit while the patentee is suing the generic drug company in the court.

Learning from Past Mistakes The US Patent System and International Trade Agreements

To ensure that the TPP agreement works properly in practice with regard to patents and the governance of pharmaceuticals and semiconductors, strong mechanisms for enforcement and for rooting out system abuse are needed. To make this happen, regulators should learn from past mistakes of the U.S. patent system: the proliferation of non-practicing entities (NPEs), and strategic behavior that blocks or delays generic competition in the pharmaceutical industry. This Think Piece presents key findings of the author’s research on the complexity of the U.S. litigation and regulatory frameworks that have provided fertile ground for strategic behavior that can have negative effects on innovation, and may distort the expected gains from trade for innovation.

Shaping the discourse: What has the food industry been lobbying for in the Trans Pacific Partnership trade agreement and what are the implications for dietary health?

The Trans Pacific Partnership agreement (TPP), emblematic of the new generation of free trade agreements, is a regional agreement among 12 Pacific Rim countries. This paper reports on a study into how the food industry has framed issues in an effort to influence the TPP. We undertook a thematic analysis of the issues raised in publicly available submissions by the food industry to the trade negotiating bodies of four TPP countries: Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States of America (USA). The food industry is an active player in trade negotiations, mainly through food industry associations and other business associations. The submissions assumed that trade liberalization would result in more exports and investment, as well as raise living standards and benefit the economy and country. There was little mention of food as anything other than a commodity, focusing on types and quantities of food traded and what this meant for revenue generation, with no connection to nutritional health. The TPP could affect food systems and population health in ways that are not readily apparent to governments, policy makers or the public. The written submissions mechanism is one way in which the food industry could have shaped the agreement by framing the issues, influencing the content and direction of the TPP negotiations and agreement itself. If coherence between trade and health goals is to be strengthened, the public health community needs to engage with industry arguments and build a strong counter-argument that gives more prominence to health concerns.

El Perú en el Tratado de Asociación Transpacífico (TPP): beneficios y mitos

The Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) is the first mega-regional trade agreement of the XXI century. It is composed of twelve economies of three continents, all members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC).Peru’s participation in this exceptional agreement means winning five new markets in a single trade agreement: Australia, Brunei Darussalam, New Zealand, Malaysia and Vietnam. The potential increase in non-traditional Peruvian exports to those markets by the entry into force of the TPP Agreement is estimated in US$ 2,250 million. The country also gains by improving in TPP the conditions of access and trade rules of previous bilateral agreements.One of the biggest gains from TPP for developing economies like Peru is the access to global value chains, as a result of the application of a mechanism known as «origin accumulation». This mechanism will particularly benefit SMEs, as inputs they export can be introduced in a value chain of the TPP trading bloc.Regarding myths about negative impacts of the TPP, specifically about a supposed rise in prices of medicines, alleged millionaire losses in Investor-State Dispute Settlement arbitrations, and alleged restrictions on freedoms in the Internet, it is not true that the TPP Agreement generates adverse effects in these areas The same myths were spread during of the US-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement negotiations, and none of it happened in reality.

【シンポジウム報告：論文】／TPP合意における日本の農産品自由化の規定要因

【シンポジウム報告：論文】／TPP合意における日本の農産品自由化の規定要因

Impacts of the TPP Agreement on Beef Demand in Japan: An Analysis by Class

Impacts of the TPP Agreement on Beef Demand in Japan: An Analysis by Class

The study on the data exclusivity related to pharmaceutical marketing authorization -Focusing on the relevance to TPP agreement-

The study on the data exclusivity related to pharmaceutical marketing authorization -Focusing on the relevance to TPP agreement-

Trade Potentials of the TPP: A Gravity Estimation

This study sought to approximate trade potentials of the TPP Agreement with a special consideration at the level of complementarity. To accomplish the objective, we utilized an augmented gravity model on agriculture and manufacturing sectors, spanning the period 2000-2010. Our results suggested that for manufacturing sector, level of unexhausted inter-regional trade potentials were higher than intra-regional ones. In addition, this paper disclosed that level of complementarity in trading products have implemented its maximum impacts on trade flows within each continental region. Nevertheless, for inter-continental relationships, there is an uncaptured potential to strengthen bonds by taking degree of complementarity into account.

Asia–Pacific integration within a broader Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement

The current progress and status of regional trade arrangements worldwide reveals competition between countries for dominance of new global trade rules. To a great extent, safeguarding the interests of China in the post-crisis era will be a significant political project that will enable China to participate in the new round of global economic governance. This paper uses the updated GTAP CGE framework to describe potential outcomes for the different choices of the Chinese government. First, if the TPP Agreement, which includes China, clearly promotes the economies of the U.S. and Japan. Second, Southeast Asian countries that mainly undertake the transfer of general labor-intensive manufacturing from China can benefit more if the TPP Agreement excludes China, whereas the countries that mainly undertake the transfer of processing manufacturing from China can obtain more benefits if the TPP Agreement includes China. Finally, the TPP Agreement with China is conducive to further strengthening China’s influence on the process of economic integration in the Asia–Pacific region.