Toxicology Of Mixtures Research Articles

Toxicology of chemical mixtures: experimental approaches, underlying concepts, and some results

The toxicology of chemical mixtures will be the toxicology of the 1990s and beyond. While this branch of toxicology most closely reflects the actual human exposure situation, there is yet no standard protocol or consensus methodology for investigating the toxicology of mixtures. Thus, in this emerging science, experimentation is required just to develop a broadly applicable evaluation system. Several examples are discussed to illustrate the different experimental designs and the concepts behind each. These include the health effects studies of Love Canal soil samples, the Lake Ontario Coho salmon, the water samples repurified from secondary sewage in the city of Denver Potable Water Reuse Demonstration Plant, and the National Toxicology Program (NTP) effort on a mixture of 25 frequently detected groundwater contaminants derived from hazardous waste disposal sites. In the last instance, an extensive research program has been ongoing for the last 2 years at the NTP, encompassing general toxicology, immunotoxicology, developmental and reproductive toxicology, biochemical toxicology, myelotoxicology, genetic toxicology, neurobehavioral toxicology, and hepato- and renal toxicology. kwToxicology; Chemical mixtures; Experimental approach; Hazardous waste sites; Contaminated Great Lake salmon; Water reuse; Water recycle; Groundwater contaminants

Toxicology of Complex Mixtures of Indoor Air Pollutants

Toxicology of Complex Mixtures of Indoor Air Pollutants

Issues in Biochemical Applications to Risk Assessment: How Do We Evaluate Individual Components of Multistage Models?

Research ArticleOpen AccessIssues in biochemical applications to risk assessment: how do we evaluate individual components of multistage models? M W Anderson M W Anderson National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Search for more papers by this author Published:1 December 1987https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8776175Cited by:4AboutSectionsPDF ToolsDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InReddit FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited by Portier C and Sherman C (1994) Potential Effects of Chemical Mixtures on the Carcinogenic Process within the Context of the Mathematical Multistage Model Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures, 10.1016/B978-0-12-768350-8.50031-1, (665-686), . Rogan W, Blanton P, Portier C and Stallard E (1991) Should the presence of carcinogens in breast milk discourage breast feeding?, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 10.1016/0273-2300(91)90065-4, 13:3, (228-240), Online publication date: 1-Jun-1991. Kopp-Schneider A, Portier C and Rippmann F (1991) The application of a multistage model that incorporates DNA damage and repair to the analysis of initiation/promotion experiments, Mathematical Biosciences, 10.1016/0025-5564(91)90079-X, 105:2, (139-166), Online publication date: 1-Jul-1991. Sanders C, Lauhala K and McDonald K (2009) Tritiated Thymidine-Labeled Bronchioloalveolar Cells and Radiation Dose Following Inhalation of Plutonium in Rats, Experimental Lung Research, 10.3109/01902148909062859, 15:5, (755-769), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1989. Vol. 76December 1987Metrics About Article Metrics Publication History Originally published1 December 1987Published in print1 December 1987 Financial disclosuresPDF download License information EHP is an open-access journal published with support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. All content is public domain unless otherwise noted. Note to readers with disabilities EHP strives to ensure that all journal content is accessible to all readers. However, some figures and Supplemental Material published in EHP articles may not conform to 508 standards due to the complexity of the information being presented. If you need assistance accessing journal content, please contact [email protected]. Our staff will work with you to assess and meet your accessibility needs within 3 working days.

Toxicological studies of chemical mixtures of environmental concern at the National Toxicology Program: Health effects of groundwater contaminants

In cooperation with the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, the National Toxicology Program is participating in a Public Healt Service activity related to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (Superfund Act) by conducting toxicology studies on chemicals found in high-priority hazardous waste sites and for which adequate toxicological data are not available. As part of this effort, a project on the toxicology of chemical mixtures of groundwater contaminants was initiated. The first study, centered on the health effects of groundwater contaminants, is at the contractual stage. Nineteen organic and six inorganic chemicals, selected from more than 1000 known groundwater contaminants, will be given in drinking water to Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F 1 mice for 3 or 6 months. Controls and five dose levels, based on average concentrations (i.e., baseline level) of individual component chemicals, or 0.1-, 10-, 100-, or 1000-fold of the baseline level, will be used. Toxicological end points include mortality, clinical signs, water and food consumption, body and organ weights, clinical pathology analytes (e.g., hematology, clinical chemistry, and urinalysis), gross and histopathology, neurobehavioral tests, sperm morphology and vaginal cytology evaluations (SMVCE), and cytogenetics. This paper summarizes the rationale behind our experimental design and the factors one must consider when designing studies of complex chemical mixtures.

Introduction: the comparative approach to mechanisms of pollutant toxicity

ArticlesOpen AccessIntroduction: the comparative approach to mechanisms of pollutant toxicity John B. Pritchard and David S. Miller John B. Pritchard Search for more papers by this author and David S. Miller Search for more papers by this author Published:1 April 1987https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.87713Cited by:4AboutSectionsPDF ToolsDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InReddit "Introduction: the comparative approach to mechanisms of pollutant toxicity." Environmental Health Perspectives, 71, pp. 3–4FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited by Huff J (1994) Carcinogenic Hazards from Eating Fish and Shellfish Contaminated with Disparate and Complex Chemical Mixtures Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures, 10.1016/B978-0-12-768350-8.50015-3, (157-194), . Weisburger J and Williams G (2018) Critical effective methods to detect genotoxic carcinogens and neoplasm-promoting agents., Environmental Health Perspectives, 90, (121-126), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1991.Huff J, Bucher J and Yang R (2018) Carcinogenesis studies in rodents for evaluating risks associated with chemical carcinogens in aquatic food animals., Environmental Health Perspectives, 90, (127-132), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1991.Dawe C (2018) Implications of aquatic animal health for human health., Environmental Health Perspectives, 86, (245-255), Online publication date: 1-Jun-1990. Vol. 71April 1987Metrics About Article Metrics Publication History Originally published1 April 1987Published in print1 April 1987 Financial disclosuresPDF download License information EHP is an open-access journal published with support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. All content is public domain unless otherwise noted. Note to readers with disabilities EHP strives to ensure that all journal content is accessible to all readers. However, some figures and Supplemental Material published in EHP articles may not conform to 508 standards due to the complexity of the information being presented. If you need assistance accessing journal content, please contact [email protected]. Our staff will work with you to assess and meet your accessibility needs within 3 working days.

The 1984 Henry F. Smyth Jr. lecture. When one plus zero is more than one.

A lecture is presented which discusses the bridge between the chemical interactions and the toxicology of sulfur dioxide-aerosol mixtures. The physiological effects on the lungs are examined as a measure of response to sulfur dioxide.

Best-Estimate Low-Dose Extrapolation of Carcinogenicity Data

Research ArticleOpen AccessBest-estimate low-dose extrapolation of carcinogenicity data. H A Guess, and K S Crump H A Guess Search for more papers by this author and K S Crump Search for more papers by this author Published:1 February 1978https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7822149Cited by:8AboutSectionsPDF ToolsDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InReddit FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited by Goodman J (2018) Goodbye to the bioassay, Toxicology Research, 10.1039/C8TX00004B, 7:4, (558-564) Nielsen G and Øvrebø S (2008) Background, approaches and recent trends for setting health-based occupational exposure limits: A minireview, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.04.002, 51:3, (253-269), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2008. Houk V and Waters M (2008) Genetic Toxicology and Risk Assessment of Complex Environmental Mixtures, Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 10.3109/01480549608998234, 19:3, (187-219), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1996. Johannsen F (2008) Risk Assessment of Carcinogenic and Noncarcinogenic Chemicals, Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 10.3109/10408449009089869, 20:5, (341-367), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1990. Brown C (1987) Approaches to Intraspecies Dose Extrapolation Toxic Substances and Human Risk, 10.1007/978-1-4684-5290-7_10, (237-268), . Berenbaum M (1985) Consequences of synergy between environmental carcinogens, Environmental Research, 10.1016/0013-9351(85)90095-7, 38:2, (310-318), Online publication date: 1-Dec-1985. Davidson I, Sumner D and Parker J (2008) Chloroform: A Review of Its Metabolism, Teratogenic, Mutagenic, and Carcinogenic Potential, Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 10.3109/01480548209017822, 5:1, (1-87), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1982. Fishbein L (2009) Overview of some aspects of quantitative risk assessment, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 10.1080/15287398009529947, 6:5-6, (1275-1296), Online publication date: 1-Sep-1980. Vol. 22February 1978Metrics About Article Metrics Publication History Originally published1 February 1978Published in print1 February 1978 Financial disclosuresPDF download License information EHP is an open-access journal published with support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. All content is public domain unless otherwise noted. Note to readers with disabilities EHP strives to ensure that all journal content is accessible to all readers. However, some figures and Supplemental Material published in EHP articles may not conform to 508 standards due to the complexity of the information being presented. If you need assistance accessing journal content, please contact [email protected]. Our staff will work with you to assess and meet your accessibility needs within 3 working days.

Best-estimate low-dose extrapolation of carcinogenicity data.

Research ArticleOpen AccessBest-estimate low-dose extrapolation of carcinogenicity data. H A Guess, and K S Crump H A Guess Search for more papers by this author and K S Crump Search for more papers by this author Published:1 February 1978https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7822149Cited by:8AboutSectionsPDF ToolsDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InReddit FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited by Goodman J (2018) Goodbye to the bioassay, Toxicology Research, 10.1039/C8TX00004B, 7:4, (558-564) Nielsen G and Øvrebø S (2008) Background, approaches and recent trends for setting health-based occupational exposure limits: A minireview, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.04.002, 51:3, (253-269), Online publication date: 1-Aug-2008. Houk V and Waters M (2008) Genetic Toxicology and Risk Assessment of Complex Environmental Mixtures, Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 10.3109/01480549608998234, 19:3, (187-219), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1996. Johannsen F (2008) Risk Assessment of Carcinogenic and Noncarcinogenic Chemicals, Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 10.3109/10408449009089869, 20:5, (341-367), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1990. Brown C (1987) Approaches to Intraspecies Dose Extrapolation Toxic Substances and Human Risk, 10.1007/978-1-4684-5290-7_10, (237-268), . Berenbaum M (1985) Consequences of synergy between environmental carcinogens, Environmental Research, 10.1016/0013-9351(85)90095-7, 38:2, (310-318), Online publication date: 1-Dec-1985. Davidson I, Sumner D and Parker J (2008) Chloroform: A Review of Its Metabolism, Teratogenic, Mutagenic, and Carcinogenic Potential, Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 10.3109/01480548209017822, 5:1, (1-87), Online publication date: 1-Jan-1982. Fishbein L (2009) Overview of some aspects of quantitative risk assessment, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 10.1080/15287398009529947, 6:5-6, (1275-1296), Online publication date: 1-Sep-1980. Vol. 22February 1978Metrics About Article Metrics Publication History Originally published1 February 1978Published in print1 February 1978 Financial disclosuresPDF download License information EHP is an open-access journal published with support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. All content is public domain unless otherwise noted. Note to readers with disabilities EHP strives to ensure that all journal content is accessible to all readers. However, some figures and Supplemental Material published in EHP articles may not conform to 508 standards due to the complexity of the information being presented. If you need assistance accessing journal content, please contact [email protected]. Our staff will work with you to assess and meet your accessibility needs within 3 working days.

2021. Toxicity of mixed alcohols and their phthalates: Brown, V. K. H., Muir, Catherine, M. C. & Thorpe, E. (1970). A contribution to the toxicology of some alcohol mixtures containing 7 to 9 and 9 to 11 carbon atoms and the corresponding phthalate esters. Arch. Tox.26, 84

2021. Toxicity of mixed alcohols and their phthalates: Brown, V. K. H., Muir, Catherine, M. C. & Thorpe, E. (1970). A contribution to the toxicology of some alcohol mixtures containing 7 to 9 and 9 to 11 carbon atoms and the corresponding phthalate esters. Arch. Tox.26, 84

A contribution to the toxicology of some alcohol mixtures containing 7 to 9 and 9 to 11 carbon atoms and the corresponding phthalate esters.

The acute oral toxicity of mixed alcohols in the range 7 to 9 and 9 to 11 carbon atoms derived from a novel synthetic process has been shown to be of a low order. The corresponding dialkyl phthalates were also found to be relatively non-toxic. Neither the alcohols nor the phthalates are likely to represent a hazard to the skin of persons handling them. Care must be exercised to avoid splashing the alcohols into the eye although the phthalates are non-irritant.