Toxicity In Experimental Rats Research Articles

SUBACCUTE TOXICITY YELLOW FLOWER EXTRACT (Cananga odorata) ON HISTOPATHOLOGY OF WHITE RAT HEART (Rattus norvegicus)

Background: The inflammatory process is influenced by chemical mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), cytokines, and arachidonic acid metabolites. Currently, herbal treatment techniques are preferred by the public because they generally do not cause side effects. The therapeutic effect of herbal plants comes from the content of phytochemicals that have strong antioxidant activity. Objective of the study was to examine the phytochemical content and anti-inflammatory effects of Cananga odorata. Methodology: this research is a two-stage research, namely in vitro and in vivo tests. Many previous studies have proven that anti-inflammatory activity is not only related to antioxidant activity but also its ability to suppress the production of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This effect is still being developed using a variety of herbal plants. One of the plants whose effects have not been studied in the field of health-medicine is ylang flower. Cananga odorata (Annonaceae) or ylang flower plant is a tropical plant that has fragrant petals and thrives without requiring special care. Results of the study were total phenol 1,06 %w/w and antioxidant IC50 DPPH by spectrophotometric examination was 808.86 ppm. These results do not show good antioxidant activity of ylang flower extract. Research in rats showed a decrease in blood glucose levels but not in lipid profiles. Furthermore, the toxicity test did not show any toxicity in experimental rats. Histological appearances showed no differences in cardiovascular disease model mice with standard-feeding mice. Conclusions: Cananga odorata ethanol extract did not showed any toxicity on histopatology on white rat heart.

Evaluation of Hepatoprotective and Nephroprotective Effect of Α- Pinene on Wistar Albino Rat

Introduction: Hepato-renal toxicity is a devastating, non-communicable disease. Because of a lack of information on low-cost management to combat the disease, this study postulates the ameliorative effect of selected phytoconstituents against toxicity. Aim and Objective: The current study reveals an active phytoconstituent, α- Pinene, that has the ability to combat the degenerative effects of CCl4. Methodology: Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is an organic xenobiotic molecule as well as the most potent hepatotoxic agent used (1200 mg/kg body weight; i.p.) to induce hepato-renal toxicity in experimental rats. To determine in vivo hepato-renal toxicity, three different doses (0.05 ml/kg body weight, 0.1 ml/kg body weight, and 0.15 ml/kg body weight; intraperitoneally) were chosen. Vitamin C at the dose of 250 mg/kg/p.o. was used as a standard, due to its maximum ameliorative activity against oxidative damage in CCl4-induced hepato-renal toxicity in rats. For 7 days, the animals were pre-treated with α-pinene and Vitamin C. CCl4 was charged only on the 7th day. Result and Conclusion: The related biochemical tests were studied. CCl4 intoxication reduces mitochondrial membrane potential in liver and kidney cells, which accelerates excessive intracellular ROS production, but α-pinene pretreatment successfully restores it in both liver and kidney cells. Pretreatment with α-pinene and vitamin C for 7 days increased intracellular ameliorative capability in hepatic and renal cells significantly (p 0.01). In conclusion, α-pinene is capable of restoring antioxidant status by quenching intracellular ROS. As a result, α-pinene has the potential to provide hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects against CCl4-induced toxicity in rats.

Subchronic toxicity assessments of silymax complex capsules in wistar rats

It has recently become obvious that the prevalence of adults with diagnosed liver diseases has been rapidly increasing in Vietnam, as well as other countries, over the past two decades. There has been a current trend for researchers to discover new natural ingredients which were safe and still effective in the treatment of liver diseases. Silymax Complex was a herbal-derived product (Carduus marianus, Extractum Herba Phyllanthi urinariae, Extractum Fructus Schisandrae, Extractum Herba Adenosmatis caerulei and Curcuma longa L.) used as an oral medication. So far, the safety of this product has not been reported in Vietnam. Thus, this study was designed to assess the subchronic toxicity of Silymax Complex capsules in Wistar rats. The method used in this study followed the guidance of World Health Organization and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development in rats with 2 oral doses of 316.8 mg/kg b.w/day and 950.4 mg/kg b.w/day for 12 consecutive weeks. As a result, Silymax Complex capsules caused no significant changes in general condition, hematological indexes, hepato-renal functions and microscopic images of livers and kidneys. In light of our findings, Silymax Complex capsules did not cause subchronic toxicity in experimental rats. Moreover, this also revealed partly the safety of Silymax Complex capsules in clinical practice.

Hepatorenal Protective Effect of Fenugreek Aqueous Extract against Lead Toxicity in Experimental Rats

In this study, aqueous extract of germinated fenugreek seeds was investigated to assess its therapeutic effect on hepatorenal lead toxicity in experimental rats. After overnight fasting, rats were injected intraperitoneally with 0.5 mL of lead acetate at a dose of 35 mg/kg body weight for five consecutive days. Animals were divided into four groups of ten rats each: normal control; untreated negative control and rats treated with 200or 400 mg/kg body weight of the aqueous extract. Treatments were performed by intraperitoneal injection of 1mL of the extract once a day for 28 consecutive days. Results showed significant differences between treated and control groups during the whole period of the experiment. This was demonstrated by improving body weight and level of serum total protein, decreasing levels of serum ALT, AST, total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine. As well, histological analysis revealed a marked reduction in inflammation and structural alterations of liver and kidney organs of fenugreek-treated rats. This hepatoprotective effect can be attributed to the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and regenerative capacity of the high content of the phytochemical constituents in the extract.

Safety evaluation of mulberry powder: Assessment of subchronic toxicity in rats

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions globally, with at least 2.8 million people dying each year due to being overweight or obese. Because of the botamical's chemical diversity and the ability to act on various biological targets, plant products have long been a thriving source for discovering new compounds to treat obesity. MULBERRY powder was a herbal-derived product combined with Amorphophallus konjac K. Koch starch and mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves extract; these plants have long been used in Asia as food sources and as traditional medicines. So far, the safety of this product has not been reported yet in the world and Vietnam. Thus, this study was designed to assess the subchronic toxicity of MULBERRY powder in Wistar rats. The method used in this study followed the guidance of the World Health Organization and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development in rats with two oral doses of 1.2 g/kg b.w/day and 3.6 g/kg b.w/day for 12 consecutive weeks. As a result, MULBERRY powder at both doses caused no significant changes in body weight, hematological indexes, functions, and microscopic images of livers and kidneys, although MULBERRY powder at 3.6 g/kg b.w/day caused diarrhea at about 20% of rats. In conclusion, MULBERRY powder did not cause subchronic toxicity in experimental rats. However, this partly revealed the safety of MULBERRY powder in clinical practice.

Subchronic oral toxicity of Rabella powder in experimental rats

It has recently become obvious that the prevalence of obesity has been rapidly increasing in Vietnam, as well as other countries, over the past two decades. There has been a current trend for researchers to discover new natural ingredients which are safe and effective in the treatment of obesity. RABELLA powder was a herbal-derived product which contained Amorphophalus konjac (K. Koch starch). This plant was used as an oral medication for controlling body weight in the past as well as in the present. So far, the safety of this product, has not been reported yet in Vietnam. Thus, this study was designed to assess the subchronic toxicity of RABELLA powder in Wistar rats. The method used in this study followed the guidance of the World Health Organization and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development; 2 oral doses of 1.2 g/kg b.w/day and 3.6 g/kg b.w/day was administered to rats for 12 consecutive weeks. The results show that RABELLA powder caused no significant change in the general condition, hematological indexes, functions and microscopic images of livers and kidneys. We conclude that RABELLA powder did not cause subchronic toxicity in experimental rats. Moreover, this also revealed partly the safety of RABELLA powder in clinical practice.

Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Lipopolysaccharide from Rhodobacter sphaeroides against Ethanol-Induced Liver and Kidney Toxicity in Experimental Rats.

This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of lipopolysaccharide from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (LPS-RS) against ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in experimental rats. The study involved an intact control group, LPS-RS group, two groups were given ethanol (3 and 5 g/kg/day) for 28 days, and two other groups (LPS-RS + 3 g/kg ethanol) and (LPS-RS + 5 g/kg ethanol) received a daily dose of LPS-RS (800 μg/kg) before ethanol. Ethanol significantly increased the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the liver tissue and decreased anti-oxidant enzymes. Hepcidin expression was downregulated in the liver, with increased serum levels of ferritin and iron. Prior-administration of LPS-RS alleviated the increase in oxidative stress and inflammatory markers, and preserved iron homeostasis markers. In the kidney, administration of ethanol caused significant increase in the expression of NF-κB and the levels of TNF-α and kidney injury markers; whereas LPS-RS + ethanol groups had significantly lower levels of those parameters. In conclusion; this study reports anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and iron homeostasis regulatory effects of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonist LPS-RS against ethanol induced toxicity in both the liver and the kidney of experimental rats.

The antioxidant effect of Jumbolan ethanolic extract seeds against carbon tetra chloride induced kidney toxicity in experimental rats.

Abstract Abstract: The present work investigated the effects of Syzgium cumini L seeds ethanolic extract against carbon tetrachloride induced kidney toxicity in Sprague–Dawley male rats. Twenty four adult male albino rats were divided into two main groups: The first main group (6 rats) fed on basal diet as control negative group (C-ve). The second main group (18 rats) fed on basal diet for 28 days. At 27th and 28th days all rats were administrated ccl4 by gavage (1ml/kgb.w). The second main group was divided into 3 groups each group contained 6 rats as follows: Group 1: positive control, rats fed on basal diet only (C+ve). Group 2&3: fed on basal diet and received jumbolan seeds extract (250 and 500 mgkg) orally. At the end of the experiment biological data were calculated, blood samples were taken, kidney collected, weighted. Serum was separated to biochemical analysis. Tissue lipid peroxidation (LPX) and activity of antioxidant enzymes in kidney were also performed. Also histopathological examination for kidneys were performed. Results showed that CCl4 caused elevation in serum levels of creatinine, urea, uric acid, serum potassium, sodium, glucose and liver function. MDA level was also increased significantly whereas SOD, and CAT levels were decreased in the kidney tissue homogenates of CCl4 treated rats. Ethanolic extract of jumbolan seeds successfully improve the alterations of these effects in the experimental animals. Our study demonstrated that the ethanolic extract of jumbolan seeds could protect kidney tissues against CCl4-induced oxidative stress by increasing ant oxidative defense activities. الملخص العربى التأثير المضاد للأکسدة لبذور مستخلص الجامبوزا الإيثانولي ضد رابع کلوريد الکربون الذي يسبب التسمم الکلوي في فئران التجارب تبحث هذه الدراسة تأثير المستخلص الإيثانولي لبذور الجامبوزا ضد السمية الکلوية التي يسببها رابع کلوريد الکربون في ذکور فئران الألبينو. استخدم في هذه الدراسة عدد 24 فأرا بالغا تم تقسيمهم إلى مجموعتين رئيسيتين : المجموعة الرئيسية الأولى ( 6 فئران) تم تغذيتها على غذاء أساسي و استخدمت کمجموعة ضابطة سالبة. المجموعة الأساسية الثانية (18 فأرا) تم تغذيتها على غذاء أساسي لمدة 28 يوما , و في اليوم السابع و العشرون و الثامن و العشرون تم حقن کل فئران هذه المجموعة بمادة رابع کلوريد الکربون (1 مللي|کجم وزن) ويخلط مع البارافين السائل بنسبة (1: 1 ، حجم / حجم) . المجموعة الرئيسية الثانية تم تقسيمها إلى ثلاث مجموعات , کل مجموعة تحتوي على 6 فئران کالتالي:- المجموعة الأولى: مجموعة ضابطة إيجابية تم تغذيتها على غذاء أساسي. المجموعة الثانية و الثالثة : تم تغذيتهم على غذاء أساسي مع إعطاء فئران هذه المجموعات (250 و 500 ملجم مستخلص ميثانولي لبذور الجامبوزا کجم وزن) عن طريق الفم. فى نهاية التجربة تم حساب التقديرات البيولوجية واخذت عينات الدم وفصل الکلى ووزنها ثم اجراء التحاليل البيوکمائية وکذلک الانزيمات المؤکسه مثل MDA والانزيمات المضاد للأکسدة فى نسيج الکلى . کما تم إجراء الفحص التشريحي للکلى.أظهرت النتائج ان رابع کلوريد الکربون تسبب في ارتفاع ملحوظ في مستويات مصل الدم من الکرياتينين واليوريا وحمض البوليک وبوتاسيوم الدم والصوديوم والجلوکوز ووظائف الکبد. کما أحدثت ارتفاعا في مستوى MDA بشکل ملحوظ بينما انخفضت مستويات SOD و CAT في أنسجة الکلى للفئران المعالجة بـرابع کلوريد الکربون. نجح المستخلص الإيثانولي لبذور الجامبوزا في تحسن أنسجة الکلى . أظهرت الدراسة أن تقليل المستخلص الإيثانولي لبذور الجامبوزا يمکن أن يحمي أنسجة الکلى من الإجهاد التأکسدي الناجم عن CCl4 عن طريق زيادة أنشطة الدفاع ضد الأکسدة. الکلمات المفتاحية: الجامبوزا - الکلى- الکرياتينين- اليوريک اسيد –اليوريا –الکتاليز.

Antioxidant and anti-Inflammation Potentials of Moringa oleifera Aqueous Extract Against breast cancer chemotherapy drug Induced Kidney and Liver Toxicity in Experimental Rats

Breast cancer is the most common causing death in women. Tamoxifen, 1-[4-(2-dimethyl-aminoethoxy) phenyl]-1,2-diphenyl-1-butene), is a nonsteroidal antiestrogen breast cancer prevention drug causing liver toxicity. This study was carried out to elucidate the efficacy of Moringa oleifera aqueous extract against carcinogenic effect of Tamoxifen in male rats. 50 male albino rats were divided equally into five groups: control group (I); Moringa oleifera aqueous group (II) of dose (300mg/Kg/day for 6 weeks); group (III) received Tamoxifen (3mg/Kg/3 days for 6 weeks); rats received orally Tamoxifen and Moringa oleifera aqueous extract together for 6 weeks group (IV) and rats pretreated with Moringa oleifera aqueous extract then Tamoxifen with the same dose and period group (V). In group (III) there were elevate in serum activities of ALT, AST, LDH, and serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, Il-10, cholesterol, TG, LDL, HDL, Urea, Creatinine also liver MDA; NO; ATPase. There were decrease in serum Total protein, Albumin and liver antioxidants markers (TAC and GSH) compared to control. In conclusion, oral administration of Moringa oleifera aqueous extract improved the biochemical markers and provided antioxidant activity against the toxicity of Tamoxifen in liver tissues.

Role of Citrus medica L. Fruits Extract in Combatting the Hematological and Hepatic Toxic Effects of Carbofuran.

Citrus medica L. is rich in numerous vital bioactive constituents, though it is an underutilized among the citrus genus. Therefore, the aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the protective role of the C. medica fruit (CMF) methanol extract against carbofuran (CF)-induced toxicity in experimental rats. In addition, this work aims at detecting and measuring polyphenolic compounds by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and evaluation of the antioxidant activity of this extract. For this, studies dealing with serum hematological and biochemical parameters, liver endogenous antioxidants, as well as hepatic histo-architectural features have been carried out to assess the protective ability of CMF against CF-induced toxicity. Additionally, total phenol, flavonoid, and antioxidant capability were measured and the antioxidant action was investigated using DPPH and nitric oxide radical scavenging assays as well as reducing power assessments. HPLC results revealed the presence of benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, gallic acid, quercetin, and salicylic acid in CMF extract. Furthermore, results showed that CMF has considerable total phenol, flavonoid, and antioxidant capability and exhibits significant free radical scavenging and reducing potentialities. On the other hand, CF intoxication of rats significantly altered the hematological and serum biochemical parameters with hepatocytes disruption. Carbofuran also caused an upsurge in malondialdehyde (MDA) level and a decline in hepatic cellular antioxidant enzymes levels in rats compared to the control group. Co-administration of CMF amended the anomalies and improved the histo-architectural arrangement of hepatocytes in treated groups. CMF also inhibited the alteration of endogenous antioxidant enzymes and MDA levels as compared to the carbofuran treated group and returned them to their normal state. Taken all together, results from this investigation highlight the protective role of CMF against CF-induced toxicity which might be attributed to the polyphenolic constituents of the extract.

Lactoferrin Ameliorates Azithromycin-induced Cardiac Injury: Insight into Oxidative Stress/TLR4 /NF-κB Pathway

Introduction: Azithromycin, a widely used antibacterial agent, is also considered the cornerstone of the management protocols for COVID-19 infection, particularly in Egypt, due to its antiviral impact and preventive effects against secondary bacterial infections. However, even at pharmacological doses, azithromycin develops rapid cardiac toxicity. Objectives: Our study here aims at investigating the cardioprotective potentials of lactoferrin, a natural compound used primarily for boosting intestinal iron absorption, to counteract azithromycin-induced cardiac toxicity in experimental rats when administered concurrently. Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats received either lactoferrin (200 mg/kg/day, orally) or saline for 10 days. Induction of cardiac toxicity was initiated on the 6th day via oral administration of azithromycin (20mg/kg/day, orally) for 5 successive days, concurrently with either lactoferrin or vehicle. Cardiac injuries were confirmed via Electrocardiogram (ECG) recording, assessment of cardiac function biomarkers, assessment of cardiac expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-10, measurement of cardiac oxidant/antioxidant balance, immunohistochemical staining against toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and histopathological examination of HE-stained cardiac specimens. Results: Administration of azithromycin denoted a significant cardiac tissue injury as demonstrated by upregulated serum levels of cardiac biomarkers, namely total creatine Kinase (CK), Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Furthermore, it upregulated cardiac content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) and cardiac inflammatory markers, such as TLR4, NF-κB, and IL-1β. Similarly, azithromycin-downregulated reduced glutathione (GSH) cardiac content and the anti-inflammatory protective indicators, IL-10 and Nrf2. Additionally, azithromycin-induced cardiotoxicity was evinced by ECG pattern and histopathologic deterioration. Oral Lactoferrin showed cardioprotective potentials and counteracted the azithromycin-induced cardiac toxicity, downregulating cardiac biomarkers. Moreover, it restored cardiac oxidant/antioxidant balance, decreased cardiac TLR4, NF-κB, and IL-1β expression, and increased IL-10 and Nrf2 expression. Lactoferrin Cardioprotective potentials were also evinced by enhanced ECG pattern and histopathological examination. Conclusion: Finally, we support the use of lactoferrin with azithromycin intake that induced cardiac toxicity.

The effect of dried bottle gourd and pumpkin as hepatoprotective agent from acrylamide toxicity in experimental rats

Acrylamide (ACR) is found in foods containing carbohydrates and proteins, where it is formed during the thermal processing. It is classified as neurotoxic and probably carcinogenic to humans. The present study investigated the effect of dried pumpkin and bottle gourd versus acrylamide induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in male albino rats. The rats were divided into equal six groups. The first group (6 rats) were fed on basal diet and served as negative control. The all other groups were injected intraperitoneal (i.p.) with acrylamide (50 mg/kg body weight) for 28 days. The second group fed on basal diet and served as a positive control group. The third and fourth groups fed on basal diet supplemented with bottle gourd fruits powder (5%) and (10%). The fifth and sixth groups fed on basal diet added with pumpkin fruits powder (5%) and (10%). The chemical composition and phenolic compounds of both fruits were done. At the end of the experiment biological data were calculated, blood samples were taken to biochemical analysis. In addition, liver tissues were analyzed for antioxidant markers, malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as histological examination was done. The results revealed that acrylamide group increased liver weight, liver functions, serum lipid profile, liver MDA and NO, decreased in serum HDL-C, Liver GPX, SOD and CAT. All treated groups with two fruits showed improvement previously parameters compared with positive control group. In conclusion, the consumption of pumpkin and bottle gourd fruits powder can lower the side effects of acrylamide toxicant.

Pomegranate Seeds Extract Possesses a Protective Effect against Tramadol-Induced Testicular Toxicity in Experimental Rats.

Tramadol is a centrally acting opioid analgesic that is extensively used. The chronic exposure to tramadol induces oxidative stress and toxicity especially for patients consuming it several times a day. Previously, we and others reported that tramadol induces testicular damage in rats. This study was conducted to investigate the possible protective effect of pomegranate seed extract (PgSE) against tramadol-induced testicular damage in adult and adolescent rats. Male rats were orally treated with tramadol or in a combination with PgSE for three weeks. Testes were then dissected and analyzed. Histological and ultrastructural examinations indicated that tramadol induced many structural changes in the testes of adult and adolescent rats including hemorrhage of blood vessels, intercellular spaces, interstitial vacuoles, exfoliation of germ cells in lumen, cell apoptosis, chromatin degeneration of elongated spermatids, and malformation of sperm axonemes. Interestingly, these abnormalities were not observed in tramadol/PgSE cotreated rats. The morphometric analysis revealed that tramadol disrupted collagen metabolism by elevating testicular levels of collagen fibers but that was protected in tramadol/PgSE cotreatment at both ages. In addition, DNA ploidy revealed that S phase of the cell cycle was diminished when adult and adolescent rats were treated with tramadol. However, the S phase had a normal cell population in the cotreated adult rats, but adolescent rats had a lower population than controls. Furthermore, the phytochemistry of PgSE revealed a high content of total polyphenols and total flavonoids within this extract; besides, the DPPH free radical scavenging activity was high. In conclusion, this study indicated that PgSE has a prophylactic effect against tramadol-induced testicular damage in both adult and adolescent ages, although the tramadol toxicity was higher in adolescent age to be completely protected. This prophylactic effect might be due to the high antioxidant compounds within the pomegranate seeds.

In-vivo and In-vitro Antioxidant Activity of Troxerutin on Nickel Induced Toxicity in Experimental Rats.

Tumour cells may be resistant to radiotherapy that results in unsuccessful cancer treatment in patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitizing effect of atorvastatin (ATV) on breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) and non-small cell lung cancer (A-549) cells following exposure to ionizing radiation (IR). These cells were treated with ATV and exposed to X-ray at dose 4 Gy. The radiosensitizing effects of ATV were evaluated by flow cytometry and anti-proliferation assays. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined in irradiated and treated cells with ATV. The findings of this study showed that ATV increased the percentage of apoptotic cells in irradiated breast and lung cancer cells. ATV exhibited anti-proliferative effect on cancer cells and increased cell death induced by IR. ATV increased ROS production in irradiated cells. The present study demonstrates that ATV has radiosensitizing effect on breast and lung cancer cells through increasing apoptosis, ROS production and cell death induced by IR.

Alleviation of Tramadol-Induced Liver Toxicity in Experimental Rats by Using Kiwifruit, Turmeric Extract or Their Combination

This work was designed to study the potential effect of kiwifruit, turmeric extract or their combination in alleviation of the liver toxicity induced by tramadol intake. Thirty rats were fed on a basal diet, six of them continued on the basal diet (negative control). The remaining rats were given tramadol daily and divided into four groups, one of them served as positive control, while the other three groups were treated daily with kiwifruit juice, turmeric water extract and their combination for four weeks. The results revealed that the positive control exhibited significant decreases in serum triglycerides, total cholesterol and HDL-c levels and a significant increase in serum LDL-c as compared to the negative control. In comparing with the positive control, the serum cholesterol, triglycerides, VLDL-c and HDL-c values increased while LDL-c value decreased significantly in the three treated groups which reached the normal values of the negative control. The findings revealed significant decreases in serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, GGT and total bilirubin and significant increases in total protein and albumin of the treated groups in comparing with the positive control. An improvement of the antioxidant parameters was observed where the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor- α, acetylcholine esterase and total oxidative capacity decreased significantly while the levels of superoxide dismutase and total antioxidants capacity increased in all the treated groups in comparing with positive control group. It is recommended by using kiwifruit and turmeric extract in the diets of those who addicted to tramadol intake.

Effect of Zingiber officinale on some biochemical parameters and cytogenic analysis in lead-induced toxicity in experimental rats

Exposure to toxic elements is greatly unavoidable in our daily activities due to several routes of coming in contact with these elements. Thus lead (Pb), is one of the major causes of health hazard in human. In this study, evaluation of Zingiber officinale as mitigating measure against Pb induced biochemical and cytogenic toxicity in albino rats was investigated. Experimental rats were grouped into five with five animals per group, group I serves as control and groups 2–5 were induced intraperitoneal with lead acetate dissolved in distilled water at 3 mg/kg body weight whereas group 3–5 were orally administered with 200 mg/kg vitamin C, 200 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg of Z. officinale, respectively for 7 d. The obtained results show that aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lipid peroxidation, urea, creatinine, bilirubin, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were significantly increased (p < 0.05) and catalase (CAT) were reduced progressively in Pb alone induced rats. Hematological parameters showed a progressive reduction (p < 0.05) in lead acetate alone rats. There were significant changes in micronuclei (MN), chromosomal aberrations (CA) frequency, and oxidative damages in the bone marrow cells from lead acetate alone induced rats, although, mitotic index scores in these cells were reduced gradually (p < 0.05). The altered parameters were significantly reversed toward the levels observed in normal control rats administered with vitamin C and aqueous extract of Z. officinale. Hence, these results suggest that Z. officinale roots might contain therapeutic potential that can ameliorate the hazard effect of lead acetate poison.

Catha edulis-induced skeletal muscle toxicity in experimental rats via regulation of rhabdomyolysis biomarkers

Background: Recently, there are clinical reports on the potential of Catha edulis (khat) to induce muscular toxicity. C. edulis (khat) is an evergreen shrub and a well-known controversial plant due to the content of natural stimulant, cathine and cathinone. Objective: The main objective of the study is to evaluate the possible effect of C. edulis leaves extract to induce rhabdomyolysis in vivo. Materials and Methods: Sprague Dawley rats were grouped and treated with khat extract at two different doses (250 and 500 mg/kg), while atorvastatin was used as positive control for 28 days. Body weight was measured throughout the study period. Overnight urine was collected from each rat at the 28th day for myoglobin (Myo) analysis. Terminal blood samples were collected from sacrificed animals for the measurement of serum biomarkers and clinical chemistry. The standard clinical pathology assays aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and serum creatinine (CR) were monitored. Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and kidney were collected for histopathological examination. Results: Animals received 250 mg/kg khat extract had shown mild-to-no gait disorders, while at higher dose extract (500 mg/kg) had reduced the body weight of rats with marked increase of gait disorders compared to control. CR, AST, and ALT were elevated in high-dose administration and in rats received ethanol. The tested biomarkers such as heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (HFABP) 3, Troponin I Type 1 slow skeletal (TNNI1), and Myo were significantly increased in khat high dose and statin treatment, but not in low-dose extract and alcohol. The increase in HFABP and TNN1 results were well reflected in histopathological findings of skeletal myofiber degeneration and in the hemorrhages and pyknosis of nucleus observed in the cardiac muscle. Conclusion: These results provide evidence that khat chewing contributes to the development of muscle toxicity and probable rhabdomyolysis. The current subject thus warrants detailed studies which could emphasize on the cardiac complications and muscular toxicity mechanisms.

Hepatoprotective Effect of Aqueous Seed Extract of Moringa Oleifera Against Cadmium and Lead Toxicity in Experimental Rats

Moringa oleifera&nbsp;also was known as horseradish tree is a rapid growing deciduous shrub. It is widely cultivated in the East and Southeast Asia, Africa and the West Indies. Different parts of this plant are important sources of proteins, vitamins, phenolics and important minerals, hence the high range of nutritional value and medicinal uses. Almost all parts of Moringa oleifera tree have been used for the treatment of various ailments. This study is aimed at finding out the potential hepatoprotective effect of aqueous seed extract of the plant. The effect of daily administration of aqueous seed extract of Moringa oleifera for two weeks on the serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was studied. The treatment involved oral administration of 100mg/ml of Lead and Cadmium to all the animals with exception of control group in order to induce toxicity and followed by oral administration of low dose (189mg/Kg) and high dose (378mg/Kg) of aqueous seed extract of Moringa oleifera to evaluate its antitoxic effect. The control group was found to have AST, ALT and ALP activities of 23.33 ± 6.35, 20.33 ± 1.53 and 32.22 ± 3.85IU/L respectively. The serum levels of AST, ALT and ALP,&nbsp;when compared with control at p=0.05 significantly increased after administration of Lead and Cadmium solutions which indicated hepatotoxicity. Upon administration of both doses of the extract, there was a slight and sharp decrease in the serum activities of ALT and ALP respectively w, although AST level did respond to the extract treatment. The result revealed that the aqueous seed extract of Moringa oleifera posses hepatoprotective potential against Lead and Cadmium toxicity in experimental rats at the doses administered.

PROTECTIVE ROLE OF HONEY AFTER LEAD TOXICITY EFFECT ON ALBINO RATS LINGUAL PAPILLAE

INTRODUCTION: Studies concerning exposure of human to lead during daily activities are sometimes leading to many complications. Lead is a poisonous heavy metal, it’s toxicity can change the antioxidant balance in biological tissues. Honey is rich in phenolic acids and flavonoids, which exhibit a wide range of biological effects and act as natural antioxidants.OBJECTIVES: (1) To investigate the histological changes in lingual papillae following lead toxicity in experimental rats. (2) To assess the possible protective effects of honey using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty two adult male albino rats were divided into four groups, eight rats/ group. Group I (control): 1ml distilled water. Group II (control + honey): 50 mg/kg honey + 1ml distilled water. Group III (lead): 16.5 mg lead acetate. Group IV (honey + lead): 16.5 mg lead acetate + 50 mg/kg honey. All doses were given by oral intubations daily /6 weeks. After 6 weeks, rats were sacrificed, and tongues were dissected out and processed for SEM.RESULTS: In Group II: Increased papillary density of the filiform papillae was noticed. In Group III the filiform papillae were distorted. Some appeared shorter while others had eroded tips and hyperkeratosis. Complete loss of papillae were seen in some samples. Disfigured fungiform papillae with swollen taste buds were seen. In Group IV, filiform and fungiform papillae appeared close to normal with minimal changes.CONCLUSIONS: The atrophy observed in Group III could be explained by lead-induced oxidative stress. Lead toxicity had a dual effect where increased free radical formation together with depletion of endogenous antioxidant enzymes resulted in inflammation and increased cell injury. Lead causes anemia and decreased salivary secretion, which may explain the epithelial erosion. Honey exerted its protective role through restoring enzymatic activity and through its antioxidant mechanism.

Potential action of Andrographis paniculata against Chronic Ethanol Consumption Induced Liver Toxicity in Experimental Rats

Potential action of Andrographis paniculata against Chronic Ethanol Consumption Induced Liver Toxicity in Experimental Rats