Toxic Gas Emissions Research Articles

Fatalities in Swedish fire-related car crashes from a toxicologic perspective

Objective: Vehicle materials developments raise concerns about new patterns of vehicle fire toxic gas emissions. This study aimed to describe toxicologic components in a recent material of fatal car crashes on Swedish roads in which the vehicle caught fire and compare the results to a previous material. Methods: Retrospective registry study. All fatal car crashes with fire in Sweden 2009–2018 were extracted from the Swedish Transport Administration’s In-Depth Studies Database and compared with an earlier study of the time period 1998–2008. Results: A total of 79 crashes and 94 fatalities were included. Carbon monoxide (COHb) blood levels >10% were found in 13 cases. Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) blood levels 0.1–1.7 µg/g were found in 10 cases. In 29 of the cases the person had a blood alcohol level (BAC) >0.2‰, which is the legal driving limit in Sweden. A total of 15 people died due to burn injuries and 2 individuals died due to toxic gas emissions without any other fatal traumatic injury. Total number of deaths in fire-related crashes halved from 181 (1998–2008) to 94 (2009–2018) but the percentage of fatalities in burning vehicles was unaltered (5% vs. 6%). The proportion of fatalities with HCN in the blood increased from 2% between 1998–2008 to 10% during 2009–2018 (p = 0.006). The age of the car involved in a crash increased by 0.26 years per calendar year (p = 0.001). Conclusions: The proportion of fatalities with measured levels of HCN in the blood has increased. Eleven of the 15 burn injury fatalities had high levels of alcohol, HCN, or COHb, possibly contributing to an inability to leave a burning vehicle. Faster rescue brought by improved specific education and training of ambulance and rescue services personnel may be of future importance, as may on-scene antidote administration and revised regulations of vehicle flammability.

Jadeite original stone inspired PBA core-shell architecture endowed fire-safe and mechanic-robust EP composites with low toxicity

Epoxy resin (EP) has been favored in extensive fields. Nevertheless, the notorious issue of high fire hazard has been a nonnegligible bottleneck for its extended application. Here, a Jadeite original stone inspired PBA core-shell architecture (Co–Fe–Co PBA) is constructed towards fire retardation and toxicity elimination of EP. This architecture holds high strengths in physically blocking and chemically catalyzing towards released volatiles, leading to markedly impaired fire hazard. By using 2.0 wt% Co–Fe–Co PBA, the peak heat release rate and total heat release values are decreased by 40.2% and 33.8% whilst the peak smoke production rate and total smoke production are reduced by 43.7% and 35.2%. Also, the inhibited emissions of toxic gases including CO, NO and HCN, are discovered. Of note, the promotion in impact strength can be acquired. In brief, this work may be encouraging for the construction of PBA based hierarchical architecture, as cornerstones for fire-safe polymer composites with low toxicity.

Газоподібний хлор: молекулярні механізми токсичності, клінічні прояви, діагностичні біомаркери та сучасна лікувальна стратегія

The hostilities on the territory of our state are accompanied by the destruction of the infrastructure of cities and industrial enterprises, which critically increased the risk of toxic gas emissions (including chlorine) and the occurrence of mass poisoning. Aim. To summarize modern knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of chlorine gas toxicity, clinical biomarkers of the toxic process, and modern treatment strategy. Material and Methods. Information data of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, the State Emergency Service of Ukraine (SES of Ukraine), the American Health Service (CDC), the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC), materials of scientific libraries PubMed, Medline, Elsevier. Content analysis, systematic and comparative analysis were used. Results and their Discussion. Chemical accidents with the release of chlorine and the occurrence of mass poisonings are registered in various countries. Until now, the mechanisms of the toxic action of chlorine remain completely unstudied, especially at the level of intracellular structures. The results of recent studies demonstrate that irritant and irritant-necrotic effects are not directly caused by chlorine molecules, but by their hydration products – hydrochloric and hypochlorous acids. These acids directly provide a high production of reactive superoxides and nitrogen oxidants, which form oxidative stress in the epithelial cells of the mucous membrane of the bronchopulmonary structure in deeper tissues. The destruction of the cells of the ciliated epithelium occurs, the functioning of ion channels is disturbed and the permeability of cell membranes increases, inflammatory reactions develop: hyperemia, edema, bronchospasm, and surfactant destruction. These processes are facilitated by a massive release of biologically active substances – proinflammatory cytokines – IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, nuclear factor (NF-KB), 8-isoprostane and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-β) – one of the main biomarkers of oxidative stress. These processes cause: damage to intracellular structures – mitochondria; imbalance in the functioning of the signaling molecule cAMP and disruption of autophagy processes; a decrease in the energy potential of cells with the development of endothelial dysfunction, a violation of the vascular mechanisms of NO homeostasis, both in the cells of the respiratory tract and outside the lungs, which contributes to anatomical damage and impaired function of the organs of the cardiovascular system and kidneys. Conclusion. The mechanism of the toxic action of chlorine at the level of intracellular structures undoubtedly requires further study. Another relevant direction of research may be the search for new sensitive biomarkers of the toxic process, which will allow us to objectively assess the severity of poisoning and increase the effectiveness of the rather complex process of treating patients, in the absence of antidotes. Key Words: chlorine gas, toxicity, mechanism of action, acute poisoning, treatment of poisoning.

Plastic Waste Upcycling: A Sustainable Solution for Waste Management, Product Development, and Circular Economy.

Plastic waste pollution, including non-biodegradable landfills, leaching of toxic chemicals into soil and waterways, and emission of toxic gases into the atmosphere, is significantly affecting our environment. Conventional plastic waste recycling approaches generally produce lower value materials compared to the original plastic or recover inefficient heat energy. Lately, upcycling or the valorization approach has emerged as a sustainable solution to transform plastic waste into value-added products. In this review, we present an overview of recent advancements in plastic waste upcycling, such as vitrimerization, nanocomposite fabrication, additive manufacturing, catalytic transformation, and industrial biotechnology, envisaged with technical challenges, future developments, and new circular economy opportunities.

Analiza otpora i EEDI-a trimarana sa i bez sjekirastog pramca

Efforts to reduce emission of toxic gases into the atmosphere by sea transportation have been consistently carried out by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) since 2009. IMO has introduced a regime known as energy efficiency design index (EEDI) to monitor and quantify the emission of CO2 because of its global climate impact. A comparison was conducted between trimaran hull forms without and with Axe-Bow on the main-hull with S/L=0.3 and 0.4, as well as a comparison with a monohull of comparable displacement. The CFD method was used to analyse resistance. Overall, the trimaran without the Axe-Bow can decrease resistance by 22.6%, while the trimaran with the axe-bow can reduce resistance by 25.0%. Additionally, this resulted in a 54.8% decrease in EEDI on trimarans without axe-bow and a 55.4% reduction on trimaran equipped with axe-bow when compared to MV Sabuk Nusantara 104. In addition, despite little difference between trimaran with and without axe-bow, the introduction of axe-bow has shown apparent benefits to lower EEDI.

A Study On Conceptual Design of a Drone for Transportation in The Agricultural Sector

A drone is a fast-growing technology that has been used in many applications in the world. The drone also is a new solution for the transportation process in the agricultural sector. The primary purpose of this project is to explore the potential of drone or Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) to reduce the dependence on fossil-fueled vehicles to transport the crops within the farm and from the farm to the seller. The use of drones will create lower emission of carbon dioxide and toxic gases that are usually generated by fossil-fueled vehicles. Besides, this research is also essential to reduce the health issues that currently appear from agriculture activities. The objective of this project is to determine the parameters to design a suitable drone for transportation in the agricultural sector. In addition, the design of the drone must be able tocarry a maximum of 10 kg of payload, which can be analyzed by simulation and analysis. The simulation and analysis are performed by SolidWorks software. The conceptual design of the drone is proposed by following the George E. Dieter model of the design process. In addition, a simulation on the strength of the drone components and analysis on the thrust of the motor have been conducted to verify the proposed drone design concept based on the determined parameters. The cost estimation of the drone is about RM17683.65 and the overall weight is 26.823 kg. In conclusion, the drone design concept for transportation in the agricultural sector is proposed as a preliminary study for future works.

First principles study of NH3, H2S, Cl2, and C2H2 gases adsorption on defective GaSe monolayer

Toxic gases emission poses serious environmental concerns and health risks. The Van der Waals type of layered materials is an emergent class of materials with extraordinary physicochemical properties which are highly attractive for gas sensors. This study report on the potential applications of the interaction between toxic gases of NH3, H2S, Cl2, and C2H2 and the defective GaSe monolayer with Se vacancy, O-doped, and N-doped based on density functional theory. The defective GaSe monolayer enhances the adsorption energy and charge transfer value after four toxic molecules are adsorbed on it, particularly, the Cl2 molecule is adsorbed on the Se-vacancy site of the GaSe monolayer. The distance between four toxic molecules and the defective GaSe monolayer is significantly reduced after adsorption.

An integrated Principal Component Analysis and Interpretive Structural Modeling approach for electric vehicle adoption decisions in sustainable transportation systems

The rapid growth of the global economy and advanced technology has modernized our life, but it has taken its toll on ecology and environmental sustainability. Over the last few decades, the world has experienced increased emissions of toxic gases, severe global warming, and ambient air pollution. Mass dependency on internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles is rightfully criticized for increasing air pollution, jeopardizing societal health outcomes, and perpetuating the use of fossil fuels-all of which threaten sustainable development. Amid this situation, to ensure economic and social growth as well as help to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs) by improving energy security, electric vehicles (EVs) are the green alternatives to conventional high-emission vehicles. To successfully promote EV adoption and diffusion in emerging economies, the key drivers that may foster the adoption process must be identified and evaluated. However, there exists a conspicuous literature gap in this domain. This study presents an intelligent multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach, integrating Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), and Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC) to identify, examine, and classify the drivers of successful adoption of EVs in the emerging economies. Based on the literature review and expert feedback, a total of seventeen drivers were identified and later prioritized by using PCA. The top twelve drivers have been further analyzed using ISM-MICMAC to examine their interrelationships. The findings reveal that vehicle performance and reliability, adequate power and charging infrastructure, and government policies are the most influential factors for EV adoption. Finally, this study offers several managerial implications and prospects, which may aid governments and the automotive sectors in taking strategic measures to capture this booming market and pursue more EV customers for a sustainable future.

Desulfurization of Morupule Coal with Subcritical Aqueous Ethanol Extraction.

Coal combustion greatly contributes to global emissions of toxic gases into the atmosphere, with sulfur emissions as one of the prominent pollutants in addition to carbon dioxide. Nevertheless, Botswana utilizes Morupule's sub-bituminous coal with average sulfur and ash contents, as determined in this study being 1.9 and 24.4 % by weight with an average calorific value of 22 MJ Kg-1 to generate electricity. We report an optimized extraction method for reducing total sulfur in Morupule coal from 1.9±0.2 to 0.43±0.02 wt.% at optimum conditions of ethanol/water (90/10, v/v %) at 129 °C (105 bars) in 10 minutes. A Box-Behnken experimental design was employed to select the optimal conditions of temperature (100-180 °C), water proportion in ethanol (10-90, v/v %) and extraction time (10-30 minutes), thus reducing the total sulfur under these mild conditions compared to conventional extraction. The optimized conditions were however not efficient in removing ash.

Examining the Sectorial Differences in ESG Practices of Select Companies in India : A Comparative Testing Based on Scores

A quest for sustainable development has propelled investors and corporates to adopt environmental, social, and governance (ESG) philosophy in their investment and business decisions. In this scenario, ESG scores appear to be an indicator of the sustainable performance of a firm. The present study seeks to compare the ESG practices of 100 top companies (by market capitalization) across 10 sectors in India. For analysis, CRISIL’s overall ESG scores and the scores of each of its dimensions have been used. Application of oneway ANOVA and Welch ANOVA reveals that there exist statistically significant differences between sectors on all the three dimensions of ESG viz; environment, social, and governance. Information Technology and Financials sectors turned out to be the leaders in ESG performance owing to low carbon footprints, water consumption and waste generation, and job-related injuries. Companies in cement, metals & mining, and chemicals were found to be underachievers due to their intrinsic nature of production resulting in the emission of toxic gases and a high propensity for energy and power usage. These sectors try to compensate for low environmental performance by undertaking numerous social welfare measures and high disclosures. It was also found that irrespective of the sector, companies’ environmental performance lagged behind social and governance performance.

Synthesis of graphene oxide using boric acid in hummers method

An improved Hummers method for preparing graphene oxide (GO) has been developed using boric acid (H3BO3) to replace sodium nitrate (NaNO3). This modification can shorten the reaction time to 1 h at room temperature, inhibit effectively the generation of carbonyl and carboxyl groups, eliminate the emission of toxic gases of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4), and increase the yield by 10% in GO production. While the morphology of GO synthesized by the modified Hummers method, observed by SEM and TEM, is similar to that of the traditional Hummers method, Raman analysis found that the GO synthesized herein has fewer structural defects than the traditional Hummers method. XPS analysis indicated that boric acid had a significant inhibitory effect on the carbonyl groups. Boric acid could mitigate the formation of carbonyl groups, but did not prevent the formation of carbonyl groups.

Hydrothermal Carbonization of Spent Coffee Grounds for Producing Solid Fuel

Spent coffee grounds (SCG) are industrial biowaste resulting from the coffee-brewing process, and they are often underutilized and end up in landfills, thereby leading to the emission of toxic gases and environmental damage. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is an attractive approach to valorize wet biomass such as SCG to valuable bioproducts (i.e., hydrochar). Thus, in this work, the HTC of SCG was carried out in a 500 L stainless steel vessel at 150, 170, 190, 210, and 230 °C for 30 min, 60 min, 90 min, and 120 min and a feedstock to water weight ratio of 1:5, 1:10, and 1:15, and the use of the resulting hydrochar as a solid fuel was evaluated. The results showed that a high energy recovery (83.93%) and HHV (23.54 MJ/kg) of hydrochar was obtained at moderate conditions (150 °C, 30 min, and feedstock to water weight ratio of 1:5) when compared with conventional approaches such as torrefaction. Following this, the surface morphology, functionality, and combustion behavior of this hydrochar were characterized by SEM, FTIR, and TGA, respectively. In short, it can be concluded that HTC is an effective approach for producing solid fuel from SCG and the resulting hydrochar has the potential to be applied either in domestic heating or large-scale co-firing plants.

Measurements, emission characteristics, and control methods of fire effluents generated from tunnel asphalt pavement during fire: a review.

Tunnels are widely used in high-grade roads, particularly in mountainous areas; however, tunnel fires often result in severe economic losses and casualties. The fire effluents produced from asphalt pavement have attracted significant research attention. The main objective of this study is to assimilate information on various aspects of bituminous mixture emissions during fires. In this study, the fume emissions of bitumen and bituminous mixtures during combustion are comprehensively reviewed and summarized. First, the test methods for fire effluents produced by bitumen and bituminous mixtures after combustion are summarized. Second, the factors influencing the fume concentration and composition are determined. In addition, different methods to reduce the emission of fire effluents are compared, particularly for the suppression of toxic gas emissions. Then, reasonable suggestions are proposed to reduce the damage caused by hazardous gases to humans and the environment. This review is beneficial for comprehensively understanding the fume emission behaviour and future research on the smoke suppression of highway tunnel asphalt pavements during fires.

Fabrication of hierarchical core–shell carbon microspheres@ layered double hydroxide@ polyphosphazene architecture in flame‐retarding polypropylene

Developing advanced performance polypropylene (PP) composites with less smoke, eco-friendly and efficient flame retardants (FRs) has been a growing focus of research. In particular, it was significant to reduce the emissions of smoke and toxic gases generated during the burning of PP so that it meets green and safe industrial requirements. In this work, a CMSs@LDH@PZN hierarchical core–shell framework was designed and synthesized by using carbon microspheres (CMSs) and layered double hydroxides (LDHs) nanosheets connected to CMSs by electrostatic forces with polyphosphazene (PZN). The structure, composition and morphology of CMSs@LDH@PZN were characterized by SEM, TEM, FT-IR, XRD and TG, and the results were shown the triumphant preparation of the well-designed hierarchical core–shell structure CMSs@LDH@PZN. Additionally, the total smoke production, peak heat release rate and total heat release rate of PP/CMSs@LDH@PZN composites were decreased by 56.2%, 41% and 43.4%, respectively. With the addition of 20 wt% CMSs@LDH@PZN alone, the PP/CMSs@LDH@PZN composites reached a V-0 rating in the Vertical combustion tester (UL-94), and had a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 29.6%. Moreover, the heat release and toxic smoke emission were significantly lessened, which can be own to the adsorption of core–shell hybrid materials and the barrier effect of the P and N element crosslinked carbon layer. Herein, this work extends the idea of preparing multipurpose high-performance composites and designs and synthesizes an eco-friendly and efficient flame retardant with a double shell structure.

Reduction of vehicle exhaust gas toxicity due to brake energy recovery

BACKGROUND: In recent years, fleet of vehicles in the Russian Federation is on a significant increase, that leads to considerably amplified emissions of toxic gases into the atmosphere. The share of toxic gas emissions from motor vehicles ranges from 65 to 70%. In order to reduce the toxic gas emissions into the atmosphere, electric vehicles have been introduced, but they have a number of disadvantages. These are a limited mileage before recharging and expensive batteries. Also, works on the use of hydrogen as a fuel for cars are conducted at an accelerated pace. However, the issue of a hydrogen fuel storage has not yet been worked out. At the same time, the used fleet of vehicles continues to poison the atmosphere.
 AIMS: Studying the braking energy recuperator for decreasing carbonic oxide CO in exhaust gases of the UAZ car.
 METHODS: The construction of a combined unit with a gas-hydraulic braking recuperator was developed, which is installed on a UAZ vehicle (RF Pat. No. 2193977). Comparative studies were carried out in accordance with GOST 33670-2015 and GOST 52033-2003.
 RESULTS: Results of comparative studies of the car showed that a minimum of CO emissions is observed in high gear, at a speed of 1825 m/s, and CO emissions significantly increase in lower gears. The recuperator eliminates this drawback due to the additional power transmission to the driving wheels.
 CONCLUSION. When a car starts in the urban cycle, there is a minimum of CO emissions with a recuperator, at the same time the car acceleration increases, that reduces the acceleration time and the distance by 3035%. A car with a recuperator on average consumed gasoline up to 15 l per 100 km, and this parameter of the production car was up to 17,5 l per 100 km of track. Due to the recuperator, CO emissions are reduced by 16%.

A facile strategy to fabricate phosphorus-free and halogen-free flame retardant polyacrylonitrile fiber based on amidoximation and Fe (III) ion chelation

In this work, we proposed a novel phosphorus-free and halogen-free strategy to prepare flame retardant polyacrylonitrile fibers (FR-PAN). First, PAN fibers were modified with hydroxylamine hydrochloride (HA) to introduce amidoxime groups in PAN fibers (A-PAN), then the A-PAN samples were immersed in ferric chloride solution to chelate Fe3+ to obtain FR-PAN. The micro calorimeter (MCC) test showed that the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of FR-PAN were reduced by 72.9%, and 86.9% respectively. Meanwhile, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of FR-PAN increased from 17.0% to 36.7%. TG results demonstrated that amidoxime groups promoted the cyclization and dehydrogenation of PAN in advance. Meanwhile, the released nonflammable NH3 effectively diluted the emission of combustible gases, which acted as a flame retardant role in gas-phase. Fe3+ had synergistic catalytic char formation effect, resulting in a highly dense char layer containing Fe2O3, which isolated oxygen, significantly reduced the emission of toxic gases. This work endowed PAN fibers with good flame retardancy and great potential application in the field of functional fibers.

DEVELOPMENT OF A SCHEME FOR A CHAIN OF DEVISES FOR GAS EMISSIONS CLEANING FROM METALLURGICAL PLANTS USING AN APPARATUS WITH A VIBROBOILING BED OF FERROMANGANESE NODULES

In the analysis of the components of gas emissions from metallurgical industries, it is generally accepted that sulphur dioxide is the most harmful to the surrounding ecosystem, and its capture is a pressing problem. The aim of the development is to design a circuit diagram of devices chain for reducing the emissions of toxic gases from metallurgical plants using new technological solutions on the example of purification of roasting gases from sulphur dioxide in the production of molybdenum. The scheme includes an adsorber developed with a vibrating adsorbent layer, which is recommended for ferromanganese nodules (FMN), which have advantages over other adsorbents, including activated carbon. In the case of a spent adsorbent treatment system, elemental sulfur can be produced in the circuit, and FMN should then be considered as manganese concentrates and feedstock for the complex recovery of the associated elements: copper, nickel, cobalt. The line can be used in smelters firing sulphide ores, as in other industries emitting gases with sulphur dioxide as well.

Conversion of fruit kernels of Algerian date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) into biodiesel

Today, renewable energies have become one of the most important concerns of the countries of the world as a result of the negative effects we have reached on the environment from our use of fossil fuels and the resulting emissions of toxic gases. It is no secret that the fields of renewable energies are very diverse, including those derived from biomass. Researchers in this field seek to diversify bioenergy sources from ethanol, biodiesel, and fuels. Biogas. Accordingly, we conducted this study using date kernel oil as a new source for biofuel extraction, and the results were as follows: oil content of 4 to 5 percent, with a very high acid number of 8.9776, which imposes on us make a reaction of esterification and transesterification. Biodiesel has a 91 percent yield and its properties are close to recognized standards compared to previous studies.

Novel strategies towards efficient molecular biohydrogen production by dark fermentative mechanism: present progress and future perspective.

In the scenario of alarming increase in greenhouse and toxic gas emissions from the burning of conventional fuels, it is high time that the population drifts towards alternative fuel usage to obviate pollution. Hydrogen is an environment-friendly biofuel with high energy content. Several production methods exist to produce hydrogen, but the least energy intensive processes are the fermentative biohydrogen techniques. Dark fermentative biohydrogen production (DFBHP) is a value-added, less energy-consuming process to generate biohydrogen. In this process, biohydrogen can be produced from sugars as well as complex substrates that are generally considered as organic waste. Yet, the process is constrained by many factors such as low hydrogen yield, incomplete conversion of substrates, accumulation of volatile fatty acids which lead to the drop of the system pH resulting in hindered growth and hydrogen production by the bacteria. To circumvent these drawbacks, researchers have come up with several strategies that improve the yield of DFBHP process. These strategies can be classified as preliminary methodologies concerned with the process optimization and the latter that deals with pretreatment of substrate and seed sludge, bioaugmentation, co-culture of bacteria, supplementation of additives, bioreactor design considerations, metabolic engineering, nanotechnology, immobilization of bacteria, etc. This review sums up some of the improvement techniques that profoundly enhance the biohydrogen productivity in a DFBHP process.

Impact Assessment on Air Quality around Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management Plant in Hyderabad

The menace of environmental pollution due to improper municipal solid waste management (MSWM) has been enduring the human world still it is growing due to enormous growth of industries in the developing countries. Currently 2.0 billion tonnes per year of MSW is generating. Solid Waste Management process includes the collection, conveyance, segregation, treatment and disposal. Various municipal Solid waste treatment (landfilling, incineration, open burning) processes which emits the hazardous Greenhouse gases &affects Environment and Human health. This study has made an attempt on collection of data about various process involved in treatment of Hyderabad Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management (HIMSWM) done by Ramky group PvtLtd and its impact on air. During 2018 national cleanliness survey was conducted in that Hyderabad ranked first out of 4,203 cities in Solid Waste Management. GHMC, the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation, is responsible for the city's Solid Waste Management function. Hyderabad ranks among the top 5 cities in India in Solid Waste generation. In these processes Landfilling is one of the major municipal solid wastes (MSW) disposal methods practiced all over the world. Although it is considered as the most cost-effective means of waste disposal, but there are poor management practices specially in developing countries like India are the major causes of environmental pollution. Recently several studies has been carried out for the better understanding of the effects of landfill pollution on human health as well on the environment. Toxic gas emissions from landfills like Methane, NOx, SO2, VOC’s, CO2, PM, HC, pose a serious threat to both the environment and human health. Some studies has shown that the toxic gases released from landfill sites are even responsible for the lung and heart diseases in humans beings. Landfills also generate a toxic soup known as leachate, formed when the waste is subjected to biological and physiochemical transformation process. Leachate is highly toxic and causes the land and groundwater pollution. This study focus the impact on air due to landfills, and the challenges faced in the current scenario, and the possible measures that can be taken to deal with the problem of municipal solid waste management treatment