Toxic Effects Research Articles

Oxidative stress and DNA alteration on the earthworm Eisenia fetida exposed to four commercial pesticides.

Modern agriculture is mainly based on the use of pesticides to protect crops but their efficiency is very low, in fact, most of them reach water or soil ecosystems causing pollution and health hazards to non-target organisms. Fungicide triazoles and strobilurins based are the most widely used and require a specific effort to investigate toxicological effects on non-target species. This study evaluates the toxic effects of four commercial fungicides Prosaro® (tebuconazole and prothioconazole), Amistar®Xtra (azoxystrobin and cyproconazole), Mirador® (azoxystrobin) and Icarus® (Tebuconazole) on Eisenia fetida using several biomarkers: lipid peroxidation (LPO), catalase activity (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), total glutathione (GSHt), DNA fragmentation (comet assay) and lysozyme activity tested for the first time in E. fetida. The exposure to Mirador® and AmistarXtra® caused an imbalance of ROS species, leading to the inhibition of the immune system. AmistarXtra® and Prosaro®, composed of two active ingredients, induced significant DNA alteration, indicating genotoxic effects. This study broadened our knowledge of the effects of pesticide product formulations on earthworms and showed the need for improvement in the evaluation of toxicological risk deriving from the changing of physicochemical and toxicological properties that occur when a commercial formulation contains more than one active ingredient and several unknown co-formulants.

Correlates of Co-Infection with Coccidiosis and Avian Malaria in House Finches (Haemorhous mexicanus).

Pathogens have traditionally been studied in isolation within host systems; yet in natural settings they frequently coexist. This raises questions about the dynamics of co-infections and how host life-history traits might predict co-infection versus single infection. To address these questions, we investigated the presence of two parasites, a gut parasite (Isospora coccidians) and a blood parasite (Plasmodium spp.), in House Finches (Haemorhous mexicanus), a common passerine bird in North America. We then correlated these parasitic infections with various health and condition metrics, including hematological parameters, plasma carotenoids, lipid-soluble vitamins, blood glucose concentration, body condition, and prior disease history. Our study, based on 48 birds captured in Tempe, Arizona, US, in October 2021, revealed that co-infected birds exhibited elevated circulating lutein levels and a higher heterophil:lymphocyte ratio (H/L ratio) compared to those solely infected with coccidia Isospora spp. This suggests that co-infected birds experience heightened stress and may use lutein to bolster immunity against both pathogens, and that there are potentially toxic effects of lutein in co-infected birds compared to those infected solely with coccidia Isospora sp. Our findings underscore the synergistic impact of coparasitism, emphasizing the need for more co-infection studies to enhance our understanding of disease dynamics in nature, as well as its implications for wildlife health and conservation efforts.

Polyethylenimine Inclusion to Develop Aqueous Alginate-Based Core-Shell Capsules for Biomedical Applications.

Aqueous core-shell structures can serve as an efficient approach that allows cells to generate 3D spheroids with in vivo-like cell-to-cell contacts. Here, a novel strategy for fabricating liquid-core-shell capsules is proposed by inverse gelation of alginate (ALG) and layer-by-layer (LbL) coating. We hypothesized that the unique properties of polyethylenimine (PEI) could be utilized to overcome the low structural stability and the limited cell recognition motifs of ALG. In the next step, alginate dialdehyde (ADA) enabled the Schiff-base reaction with free amine groups of PEI to reduce its possible toxic effects. Scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy images proved the formation of spherical hollow capsules with outer diameters of 3.0 ± 0.1 mm for ALG, 3.2 ± 0.1 mm for ALG/PEI, and 4.0 ± 0.2 mm for ALG/PEI/ADA capsules. The effective modulus increased by 3-fold and 5-fold when comparing ALG/PEI/ADA and ALG/PEI to ALG capsules, respectively. Moreover, PEI-coated capsules showed potential antibacterial properties against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with an apparent inhibition zone. The cell viability results showed that all capsules were cytocompatible (above 75.5%). Cells could proliferate and form spheroids when encapsulated within the ALG/PEI/ADA capsules. Monitoring the spheroid thickness over 5 days of incubation indicated an increasing trend from 39.50 μm after 1 day to 66.86 μm after 5 days. The proposed encapsulation protocol represents a new in vitro platform for developing 3D cell cultivation and can be adapted to fulfill the requirements of various biomedical applications.

The effects of probiotic-based additives on aflatoxin intoxication in Piaractus mesopotamicus: a study of liver histology and metabolic performance.

Mycotoxins, produced by fungi, can contaminate fish food and harm their health. Probiotics enhance immune balance and primarily function in the animal intestine. This study aimed to assess aflatoxin's impact on Piaractus mesopotamicus and explore probiotic-based additive (PBA) benefits in mitigating these effects, focusing on antioxidant activity, biochemical indices, and hepatic histopathology. Two experiments were conducted using P. mesopotamicus fry. The first experimental assay tested various levels of aflatoxin B1 (0.0, 25.0, 50.0, 100.0, 200.0, and 400.0µg kg-1) over a 10-day period. The second experimental assay examined the efficacy of the probiotic (supplemented at 0.20%) in diets with different levels of aflatoxin B1 (0.0, 25.0, and 400.0µg kg-1) for 15 days. At the end of each assay, the fish underwent a 24-hour fasting period, and the survival rate was recorded. Six liver specimens from each treatment group were randomly selected for metabolic indicator assays, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and albumin. Additionally, histopathological analysis was performed on six specimens. The initial study discovered that inclusion rates above 25.0µg kg-1 resulted in decreased activity of AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanine aminotransferase), ALB (albumin), CAT (catalase), and SOD (superoxide dismutase), accompanied by liver histopathological lesions. In the second study, the inclusion of PBA in diets contaminated with AFB1 improved the activity of AST and ALT up to 25.0µg kg-1 of AFB1, with no histopathological lesions observed. The study demonstrated the hepatoprotective effects of PBA in diets contaminated with AFB1. The enzyme activity and hepatic histopathology were maintained, indicating a reduction in damage caused by high concentrations of AFB1 (400.0µg kg-1 of AFB1). The adverse effects of AFB1 on biochemical and histopathological parameters were observed from 25.0µg kg-1 onwards. Notably, PBA supplementation enhanced enzymatic activity at a concentration of 25µg kg-1 of AFB1 and mitigated the effects at 400.0µg kg-1 of AFB1. The use of PBAs in pacu diets is highly recommended as they effectively neutralize the toxic effects of AFB1 when added to diets containing 25.0µg kg-1 AFB1. Dietary inclusion of aflatoxin B1 at a concentration of 25.0µg kg-1 adversely affects the liver of Piaractus mesopotamicus (Pacu). However, the addition of a probiotic-based additive (PBA) to the diets containing this concentration of aflatoxin neutralized its toxic effects. Therefore, the study recommends the use of PBAs in Pacu diets to mitigate the adverse effects of aflatoxin contamination.

Differential response of injured and healthy retinas to syngeneic and allogeneic transplantation of a clonal cell line of immortalized olfactory ensheathing glia: a double-edged sword

Abstract Olfactory ensheathing glia promote axonal regeneration In the mammalian central nervous system, Including retinal ganglion cell axonal growth through the injured optic nerve. Still, it is unknown whether olfactory ensheathing glia also have neuroprotective properties. Olfactory ensheathing glia express brain-derived neurotrophic factor, one of the best neuroprotectants for axotomized retinal ganglion cells. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the neuroprotective capacity of olfactory ensheating glia after optic nerve crush. Olfactory ensheathing glia cells from an established rat immortalized clonal cell line, TEG3, were intravitreally injected in intact and axotomized retinas in syngeneic and allogeneic mode with or without microglial inhibition or immunosuppressive treatments. Anatomical and gene expression analyses were performed. Olfactory bulb-derived primary olfactory ensheathing glia and TEG3 express major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. Allogeneically and syngenically transplanted TEG3 cells survived in the vitreous for up to 21 days, forming an epimembrane. In axotomized retinas, only the allogeneic TEG3 transplant rescued retinal ganglion cells at 7 days but not at 21 days. In these retinas, microglial anatomical activation was higher than after optic nerve crush alone. In intact retinas, both transplants activated microglial cells and caused retinal ganglion cell death at 21 days, a loss that was higher after allotransplantation, triggered by pyroptosis and partially rescued by microglial inhibition or immunosuppression. However, neuroprotection of axotomized retinal ganglion cells did not improve with these treatments. The different neuroprotective properties, different toxic effects, and different responses to microglial inhibitory treatments of olfactory ensheathing glia in the retina depending on the type of transplant highlight the importance of thorough preclinical studies to explore these variables.

Biogenic silver nanoparticle synthesis using orange peel extract and its multifaceted biomedical application.

The aim of this study was to employ an agro-industrial byproduct, specifically Citrus sinensis peels, as a reservoir of polyphenols. The natural chemicals present in C. sinensis peels serve as reducing agents in an environmentally benign method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). This methodology not only provides a more environmentally friendly method for synthesizing nanoparticles but also enhances the value of agricultural waste, emphasizing the sustainable utilization of resources. In our study, AgNPs were successfully synthesized using peel aqueous exact of C. sinensis and then their various biological activity has been investigated. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. Furthermore, their effectiveness in inhibiting growth and biofilm formation of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans has been investigated. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for E. coli and S. aureus were both 32μg/mL, and for C. albicans, it was 128µg/mL. At 250µg/mL of AgNPs, 94% and 92% biofilm inhibition were observed against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. Furthermore, AgNPs demonstrated significant toxic effects against human prostate cancer cell line DU145 as investigated by anti-apoptotic, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EtBr) assays. We also conducted uptake analysis on these pathogens and cancer cell lines to preliminarily investigate the mechanisms underlying their toxic effects. These findings confirm that AgNPs can serve as a cost-effective, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly resource for green synthesis of medicinal AgNPs. Moreover, this approach offers an alternative recycling strategy that contributes to the sustainable use of biological by-products.

Ruxolitinib Monotherapy for a Child With HAVCR2 Gene Mutation Associated Subcutaneous Panniculitis-Like T-Cell Lymphoma: A Case Report.

The occurrence of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) in patients with subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma (SPTCL) may be due to HAVCR2 gene mutation, leading to T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule 3 deficiency, T-cell and macrophage activation, and proinflammatory cytokine production. We report a patient with SPTCL and HLH for whom ruxolitinib, used as a novel treatment, showed notable therapeutic effects. Remission of both HAVCR2 mutation-induced high inflammatory characteristics and significant symptoms post-ruxolitinib administration suggested that patients with SPTCL and HLH may not represent typical lymphoma cases. Ruxolitinib, with its relatively low toxic side effects, can provide favorable outcomes.

Water quality characteristics and ecological risk evaluation of a landscaped river replenished by three reclaimed water sources in Qingdao, China.

The water crisis may be solved by utilizing reclaimed water. Three reclaimed water sources have restored the lower sections of the Licun River, forming a landscaped river. In this paper, the river's water quality was monitored for a year, and the ecological concerns were analyzed using luminescent bacteria, chlorella, and zebrafish. The results indicated that although basic water quality indicators like COD and ammonia fluctuated along the river, the classification of water quality was primarily affected by factors such as flow rate and water depth. Under experimental conditions, the toxic inhibitory effect of river water on luminescent bacteria, chlorella, and zebrafish was related to the treatment process of reclaimed water. It was found that the reclaimed water produced by the MBR, along with the UV disinfection process, showed no detectable toxicity. In contrast, the MBBR process, when combined with coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, ozonation, and chlorination, seemed to be the source of this toxicity. Along the river, the results of water quality assessments and ecological risk assessments were different, indicating that both should be conducted to evaluate rivers replenished with reclaimed water.

The mitigative role of novel aflatoxin-degrading enzymes in diverse broiler performance indicators and gut microbiota following the consumption of diets contaminated with aflatoxins.

This study aims to explore both the toxic effects of aflatoxins (AFs) and the protective effects of degrading enzymes (DE) on broilers exposed to AFs. The findings reveal that a diet contaminated with 69.15 μg kg-1 of aflatoxin B1 had significant adverse effects on broilers. Specifically, it led to a reduction in average daily gain, dressed yield percentage, half-eviscerated yield with giblet yield percentage, eviscerated yield percentage, as well as serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase activity and liver SOD activity (P < 0.05). Conversely, the diet increased the feed conversion ratio, liver index, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase levels and malondialdehyde levels in both serum and liver (P < 0.05). Additionally, AFs disrupted the intestinal microflora significantly (P < 0.05), altering the relative abundance of Enterococcus, Lactobacillus and Escherichia in broiler jejunum. The addition of DE to AF-contaminated feed mitigated these negative effects and reduced the residues of aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2 and aflatoxin M1 in the liver and duodenum (P < 0.05). We also observed that broilers fed the diet pelleted at 80 °C exhibited improved dressing percentage and water holding capacity compared to those on the 75 °C diet. In summary, DE serves as an effective feed additive for mitigating AF contamination in poultry production. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Ethanol extract of Ziziphus nummularia ameliorates formaldehyde-induced arthritis in rats by regulating oxidative stress biomarkers and haematological profile.

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder that mainly affects bone and cartilage architecture. The continuous use of NSAIDs and DMARDs is associated with severe toxic effects. Therefore, the current study was designed to scrutinize herb-based therapy for the treatment of RA. To evaluate the anti-arthritic activity of ethanol extract of Ziziphus nummularia using formaldehyde-induced arthritic model in rats and elucidate the possible mechanism for anti-arthritic activity. Anti-arthritic activity of ETZN was studied at three oral doses, i.e., 200, 400, and 600mg/kg. Selected doses were studied using various clinical parameters viz. paw volume, inflammatory index, motility test, stair test, anti-nociceptive efficacy, walking track analysis, and motor activity) from day 1 to day 10. On the last day, the animals were killed for the evaluation of hematological parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers, and histological and radiographic studies of the hind paw. Treatment with ETZN 400mg/kg and 600mg/kg markedly elicited a significant reduction in paw volume, inflammatory index, and nociceptive action compared to diseased animals. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory activity was confirmed by increased latency of pain threshold in thermal and mechanical algesia models. The anti-arthritic activity is mainly attributed to a reduction in oxidative stress biomarkers as well as restoration of haematological profile in treated animals when compared to diseased animals. Lastly, the anti-arthritic potential was confirmed by histological and radiological analysis which revealed a marked reduction in inflammatory cells and bone destruction as compared to diseased animals. The study revealed that ETZN exhibits significant anti-arthritic activity via modulation of oxidative stress biomarkers, restoration of hematological profile, and reduction in bone erosion.

Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Tissue Distribution of Butachlor in the Juvenile Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis)

The Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is one of the most commercially important crustacean species in China. The aim of this study was to characterize the toxic effects of butachlor (an herbicide of the acetanilide class) on juvenile E. sinensis crabs. The lethal effects and the acute toxicity of butachlor on juvenile E. sinensis specimens were assessed through a semi-static in vitro experiment. We determined the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) as well as the levels of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the gills and the hepatopancreas of the juvenile crabs, at different time points over a 14-day short-term exposure to butachlor. Moreover, we measured the residual levels of butachlor in three different tissues (gills, hepatopancreas, and muscles) of the juvenile crabs over a longer period. Our findings revealed that butachlor is highly toxic for juvenile E. sinensis crabs. In fact, the median lethal concentration (LC50) values of butachlor at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h were found to be 4.22, 1.84, 0.34, and 0.14 mg/L, respectively, while the safe concentration was 0.014 mg/L. The antioxidant defense ability of the juvenile E. sinensis crabs against butachlor was induced after exposure to the herbicide at a concentration of 0.01 mg/L. After 14 days of exposure to butachlor at 0.04 and 0.16 mg/L, both SOD and CAT were found to be significantly inhibited (p &lt; 0.05), the GSH levels were found to be significantly decreased (p &lt; 0.05) and the MDA levels were identified as significantly increased (p &lt; 0.05). Moreover, after 14 days of exposure to butachlor at 0.16 mg/L, the activities of SOD and CAT as well as the content of GSH in the hepatopancreas were found to be significantly decreased (p &lt; 0.05). Our results revealed that a high concentration of butachlor was capable of inducing oxidative stress and damage in juvenile E. sinensis crabs. The maximal residual value of butachlor was obtained in the gills, with a content of 4.56 μg/kg. Butachlor was not detected after 24 days in the aforementioned three tissues of the juvenile crabs, thereby indicating that it was effectively metabolized.

Вплив різних концентрацій наночастинок ортованадату гадолінію ітрію на клітинну лінію раку молочної залози МСF-7

The article analyzes the effect of different concentrations of GdYVO4 :Eu3+ nanoparticles solution, which were pre-activated by ultraviolet light and not activated, on metabolic activity of the MCF-7 cancer cell culture. It was found that the degree of changes in the state of breast cancer cells depended on the concentration of nanoparticles, namely, the toxic effect was observed under conditions of exposure to high concentrations.

PAHs in franciscana dolphins from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean: Concentration and maternal transfer assessments

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic compounds ubiquitous in the environment and known for their toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effects. These compounds can bioaccumulate in the biota and be transferred through trophic webs. The franciscana dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei), as top predators, can be an environmental sentinels. Thus, this study aimed to provide data about PAHs concentration in their hepatic tissue collected on the coast of Espírito Santo (Franciscana Management Area, FMA Ia), Rio de Janeiro (FMA IIa), and São Paulo states (FMA IIb), in Southeastern Brazil. PAHs were detected in 86 % of franciscana dolphins (n = 50). The highest ∑PAHsTotal median concentration was reported in FMA Ia followed by FMA IIb and FMA IIa (1055.6; 523.9, and 72.1 ng.g-1 lipid weight, respectively). Phenanthrene was detected in one fetus and two neonates, showing maternal transfer of PAHs in these dolphins. Evaluating PAHs with potential toxic effects is of utmost importance for the conservation of a threatened species.

The effect of antitumor therapy on the reproductive system, the possibility of preserving female fertility

The influence of malignant neoplasms and their treatment methods on the reproductive function of women is one of the significant problems of oncogynecology. The mechanisms of ovarian follicle loss caused by chemotherapy have their own characteristics depending on the characteristics of the cytotoxic agent and act differently on different populations of ovarian cells. The toxic effect on fertility of the main groups of antitumor drugs is considered. Reproductive dysfunction has negative consequences for a woman’s physical and mental health. The use of methods that reduce the effect of cytotoxic agents on the ovary helps to prevent premature ovarian insufficiency, leading to infertility. The article discusses modern methods of fertility preservation using assisted reproductive technologies. All cancer patients of reproductive age should receive full oncofertility counseling as early as possible, during the treatment planning process, regardless of the type and stage of the disease.

Scaffold-based microsphere in drug delivery system

Microspheres are free-flowing powders having a synthetic and natural polymer. A targeted drug delivery system can overcome some of the problems of conventional therapy and enhance the therapeutic efficacy of the drug. This is a biodegradable and non-biodegradable efficacy of a given drug. There are various approaches to delivering a therapeutic substance to the target site in a sustained controlled release fashion. One approach is a scaffold-based microsphere for drug delivery, where the target site is very specific if modified, and the proper concentration is maintained at the site of interest without causing toxic effects. Microspheres received much attention not only for control release but also in drug targeting for example in anticancer therapy. Moreover, the joining of medications (i.e., incendiary inhibitors and additionally anti-microbial) into platforms might be utilized to forestall contamination after medical procedures and other infections for the longer term. The framework additionally can be utilized to give sufficient signs to the cells, to initiate and keep them in their coveted separation organization, and to keep up their survival and development. The present survey gives an itemized record of the requirement for the advancement of frameworks alongside the materials utilized and systems embraced to fabricate platforms for tissue designing and delay. The present review gives a detailed account of the need for the development of scaffolds along with the materials used and techniques adopted to manufacture scaffolds for tissue engineering and microspheres for drug delivery systems.

IN VIVO ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF PLUCHEA PTEROPODA ETHANOL EXTRACT

Pluchea pteropoda, an annual plant in the Asteraceae family, has traditionally been used in Vietnamese folk medicine as an alternative treatment for high fever, indigestion, and painful and swollen wounds. The present study investigates the acute toxicity and antiinflammatory effects of P. pteropoda aerial parts ethanol extract (EtPP) in animal models. EtPP exhibited no toxicity in mice with a single dose of up to 5000 mg/kg. EtPP significantly inhibited the carrageenan-induced edema paw in rats at 77.5 and 150.0 mg/kg body weight doses. The strongest inflammation inhibition effect (37.4%) was recorded at a dose level of 150.0 mg/kg after 3 h after carrageenan administration.

Erianin inhibits the progression of triple-negative breast cancer by suppressing SRC-mediated cholesterol metabolism

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is highly malignant and lacks effective biotherapeutic targets. The development of efficient anticancer drugs with low toxicity and few side effects is a hotspot in TNBC treatment research. Although erianin is known to have potent antitumor activity, its regulatory mechanism and target in TNBC have not been fully elucidated, hampering further drug development. This study showed that erianin can significantly inhibit TNBC cell proliferation and migration, promote cell apoptosis, and inhibit the growth of transplanted tumors in mice. Mechanistically, through network pharmacology analysis, molecular docking and cellular thermal shift assays, we preliminarily identified SRC as the cellular target of erianin. Erianin potently inhibited the expression of SRC, which mediated the anticancer effect of erianin in TNBC. Moreover, erianin can downregulate the expression of genes related to cholesterol synthesis and uptake by targeting SRC, interfering with cholesterol levels in TNBC, thereby inhibiting the progression of TNBC in vivo and in vitro. Taken together, our results suggest that erianin may inhibit the progression of TNBC by suppressing SRC-mediated cholesterol metabolism, and erianin has the great potential to be an effective treatment for TNBC patients.

Acute toxicity effects of pesticides on predatory snout mites (Trombidiformes: Bdellidae).

Predatory mites biologically control a range of arthropod crop pests and are often central to agricultural IPM strategies globally. Conflict between chemical and biological pest control has prompted increasing interest in selective pesticides with fewer off-target impacts on beneficial invertebrates, including predatory mites. However, the range of predatory mite species included in standardized pesticide toxicity assessments does not match the diversity of naturally occurring species contributing to biocontrol, with most testing carried out on species from the family Phytoseiidae (Mesostigmata). Here, we aim to bridge this knowledge gap by investigating the impacts of 22 agricultural pesticides on the predatory snout mite, Odontoscirus lapidaria (Kramer) (Trombidiformes: Bdellidae). Using internationally standardized testing methodologies, we identified several active ingredients with minimal impact on O. lapidaria mortality, including Bacillus thuringiensis,nuclear polyhedrosis virus, flonicamid, afidopyropen, chlorantraniliprole, and cyantraniliprole, which may therefore be good candidates for IPM strategies utilizing both chemical and biological control. Comparison of our findings with previous studies on Phytoseiid mites reveals important differences in responses to a number of chemicals between predatory mite families, including the miticides diafenthiuron and abamectin, highlighting the risk of making family-level generalizations from acute toxicity assessments. We also tested the impacts of several pesticides on a second Bdellidae species (Trombidiformes: Bdellidae)and found differences in the response to chlorpyrifos compared with O. lapidaria, further highlighting the taxon-specific nature of nontarget toxicity effects.

Comparative toxicological assessment of two bisphenols using a systems approach: Evaluation of the behavioral and transcriptomic responses of Danio rerio to Bisphenol A and Tetrabromobisphenol A.

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is becoming a critical component of New Approach Methods (NAMs) in chemical risk assessment. As a whole organism in vitro NAM, the zebrafish model offers significant advantages over individual cell-line testing, including toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic competencies. A transcriptomic approach not only allows for insight into mechanism of action for both apical endpoints and unobservable adverse outcomes, but also changes in gene expression induced by lower, environmentally relevant concentrations. In this study, we used a larval zebrafish model to assess the behavioral and transcriptomic alterations caused by sub-phenotypic concentrations of two chemicals with the same structural backbone, the endocrine disrupting chemicals: Bisphenol A and Tetrabromobisphenol A. Following assessment of behavioral toxicity, we used a transcriptomic approach to identify molecular pathways associated with previously described phenotypes. We also determined the transcriptomic Point of Departure (POD) for each chemical by modelling gene expression changes as continuous systems which allows for the identification of a single concentration at which toxic effects can be predicted. This can then be investigated with confirmatory cell-based testing in an integrated approach to testing and assessment (IATA) to determine risk to human health and the environment with greater confidence. This paper demonstrates the impact of using a multi-faceted approach for evaluating the physiological and neurotoxic effects of exposure to structurally related chemicals. By comparing phenotypic effects with transcriptomic outcomes, we were able to differentiate, characterize and rank the toxicities of related bisphenols, which demonstrates methodological advantages unique to the larval zebrafish NAM.

Wild plants with toxic properties and with insecticidal potential organic against pests agricultural

In this work, 15 plants are listed, which are considered to have toxic effects in different areas of Durango. In addition, their main characteristics, distribution, properties and uses are described. Most toxic plants cause problems to human health such as: irritations, burns, vomiting, diarrhea and in some extreme cases these can cause death if we exceed the dose. On the other hand, these qualities can be used to benefit the environment, by extracting toxic secondary metabolites and using them to control pests, whether for forestry or agricultural insects, and thus reduce damage to the entomofauna of the area. Therefore, the objective of this review is to inform and identify the location of toxic plants in the state of Durango, uses and distribution. Furthermore, since the plants listed here do not have any harmful effects on the environment, their possible use in the production of biorational insecticides against insects is considered, which can be part of integrated pest management.