Toxic Effects Of Lead Acetate Research Articles

Study on Toxic Effects of Lead Acetate on Haematological Parameters of Adult Albino Rats and The Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Flax Seeds Oil as Therapeutic Agents

Study on Toxic Effects of Lead Acetate on Haematological Parameters of Adult Albino Rats and The Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Flax Seeds Oil as Therapeutic Agents

Influence of lead acetate on seed germination and growth of young alfalfa plants

This study presents the results of testing the effect of different concentrations of lead-acetate on seed germination and young Seedlings of alfalfa. Тhe experiment was organized so that in the first variant, only lead-acetate of different concentrations (10-5, 10-4, 10-3, 10-2 and 2 x 10-2 M) was used, and in the second, next to the lead acetate EDTA concentration of 0.012 % was added. The results of this study in which natural conditions are imitated showed that the percentage of alfalfa seed germination decreases with increasing lead-acetate concentrations. In a medium of high concentration of lead acetate 10-2 and 2 x 10-2, a small number of seeds (39% and 32 (32%) germinated. In the same treatments with EDTA, the toxic effects of lead acetate were reduced, and seed germination was better (59% and 43% seeds germinated). It has been noticed that lead has toxic effects on the growth of alfalfa roots and stems. In the variant in which EDTA was used, the negative influence of lead on and growth of alfalfa seedlings was significantly mitigated.

Influence of lead acetate on seed germination and growth of young alfalfa plants

This study presents the results of testing the effect of different concentrations of lead-acetate on seed germination and young Seedlings of alfalfa. Тhe experiment was organized so that in the first variant, only lead-acetate of different concentrations (10-5, 10-4, 10-3, 10-2 and 2 x 10-2 M) was used, and in the second, next to the lead acetate EDTA concentration of 0.012 % was added. The results of this study in which natural conditions are imitated showed that the percentage of alfalfa seed germination decreases with increasing lead-acetate concentrations. In a medium of high concentration of lead acetate 10-2 and 2 x 10-2, a small number of seeds (39% and 32 (32%) germinated. In the same treatments with EDTA, the toxic effects of lead acetate were reduced, and seed germination was better (59% and 43% seeds germinated). It has been noticed that lead has toxic effects on the growth of alfalfa roots and stems. In the variant in which EDTA was used, the negative influence of lead on and growth of alfalfa seedlings was significantly mitigated.

Antioxidant and anti-apoptotic prophylactic effect of silymarin against lead-induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats.

This study assessed prophylactic potentials of silymarin against lead-induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats with the respect to its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic activities. Forty male albino rats were distributed into four groups. Control group is provided with distilled water. Lead acetate group was given lead acetate (100 mg/kg bwt) orally for 10 weeks. The third and fourth groups administered silymarin at doses of 50 or 100 mg/kg bwt, respectively, 1 h before administration of lead acetate for 10 weeks. Lead acetate altered liver structure and function that represented by significant elevation of the activities of serum aspartate and alanine aminotransferases and serum levels of urea and creatinine. Hepatic and renal tissues' malondialdehyde concentrations were increased, while reduced glutathione content and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were reduced in the lead acetate group. Also, lead acetate increased caspase-3 mRNA expression and inhibited alpha-fetoprotein mRNA expression in hepatic tissues, as well as it altered liver and kidney tissues' architectures. In contrast, silymarin ameliorated in a dose dependent mannarthe toxic effects of lead acetate on the liver and kidneys through modulation of lead acetate which altered liver and kidney function and structures via reducing lipid oxidation and pathological changes of hepatic and renal tissue structure, improving antioxidant defense system of liver and kidneys, and decreasing pro-apoptotic gene expression in hepatic tissue. This study indicated that silymarin ameliorated lead acetate-induced hepatorenal toxicity via its antioxidant and cytoprotective potentials.

Reproductive and embryological toxicity of lead acetate in male mice and their offspring and mitigation effects of quercetin

Exposure to heavy metals not only impacts on fertility in males, it may also affect the offspring. The aim of the present study was to examine the toxic effects of lead acetate on fertility in male mice and their offspring, and the potential effect of quercetin on mitigating the likely effects. Experimental mice were randomly divided into three groups and administered with (i) distilled water (control); (ii) lead acetate (150 mg/kg BW/day); (iii) lead acetate (150 mg/kg BW/day) with quercetin (75 mg/kg BW/day). Lead acetate administration in male mice adversely affected their fertility through changes in sperm motility, viability, morphology, maturity, membrane integrity, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (P < 0.05). Similar findings were observed in the offspring of the lead-treated male mice. Early embryonic development and implantation rate were also adversely influenced in both the sires and offspring when male mice were treated with lead acetate (P < 0.05). The data demonstrated that down-regulation of Cks2 (CDC28 protein kinase regulatory subunit-2) in sperm had an association with early embryonic development in lead acetate treated group. In conclusion, lead acetate administration adversely impacted on the fertility of the male mice and their male offspring fertility; on the other hand, paternal quercetin co-administration somewhat ameliorated the adverse effects of lead on male mice and their offspring.

Protective Effect of Quercetin on Testis Structure and Apoptosis Against Lead Acetate Toxicity: an Stereological Study.

Exposure to environmental pollutants tightly impacts on the male fertility. In the present study, we examined the toxic effects of lead acetate (Pb) on testicular structure and the possible effect of quercetin on mitigating these effects. The apoptotic changes in the testes were also studied by the TUNEL assay and changes in apoptosis-related gene (Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3) expression. Twenty-one male mice were randomly divided into 3 groups of control, Pb, and lead acetate + quercetin. Testicular weight, both absolute and relative, was higher in Pb-exposed mice in comparison with the control and Pb-quercetin groups. The increase in size of testis was related to the lumen and connective tissue in this group. Lead acetate induced different patterns in testicular cell number; as spermatogonia, spermatocyte, and Sertoli cells number did not affect in lead acetate exposed group, while total number of round spermatids and long spermatids significantly reduced.In addition, Bcl-2 expression was downregulated, and Bax expression was upregulated in Pb-treated group in comparison with the control and Pb + quercetin groups. The TUNEL assay revealed that the number of apoptotic cells in Pb-treated group were increaed significantley in comparison to other groups. In conclusion, Pb administration adversely impacted on the cellular organization and activation of the apoptotic pathways in the testis; on the other hand, quercetin co-administration with lead partially ameliorated these adverse effects.

Determination of toxic effects of lead acetate on different sizes of zebra fish (Danio rerio) in soft and hard water

The main objective of the present study is to determine lead toxicity on various sizes of zebra fish in soft and hard water. Lead toxicity analysis was carried out in the laboratory trials for four days at various concentrations for the determination of LC50 value. Zebra fish was grouped into various sizes (G1-G4) and treated with lead for 96 h. Lead induced toxicity and induced various behavioural changes in Zebra fish. In the case of G1 (1.5 ± 0.2 cm length) fish the LC50 values ranged from 27.2 ± 1.8 mg/L to 9.7 ± 1.3 mg/L. In G2 (2.0 ± 0.2 cm length) fish, the LC50 value was 37.01 ± 2.3 mg/L and it reduced as 32.03 ± 3.4 mg/L after 48 h. In G3 group (2.5 ± 0.2 cm length fish), LC50 value was 38.78 ± 2.4 mg/L after 24 h treatment and this value decreased as 33.18 ± 1.1 mg/L after 48 h. After 72 h, LC50 value was 27.2 ± 2.1 mg/L and this value decreased considerably after 96 h (18.3 ± 2.1 mg/L) in G4 (3.0 ± 0.2 cm length) fish. Further, G4 fish was treated with lead in hard water and LC50 value was analyzed. LC50 value was observed as 28.62 ± 2.7 mg/L in hard water and the same fish group (G4) showed 18.3 ± 2.1 mg/L after 96 h. Toxicity analysis revealed that lead is less toxic in hard water than in soft water.

Study on Toxic Effects of Lead Acetate on Cerebellar Cortical Tissue of Adult Albino Rats and the Role of Vitamin E as a Protective Agent.

Lead is a common industrial poison that persists in the environment and has many toxic effects on different organs & tissues especially on the central nervous system. This study aimed to investigate the effects of lead administration on cerebellar cortex of adult male albino rats and the possible protecting effects of vitamin E. Materials and Methods: Forty male albino rats, (160 ± 10 g weight) were divided into four groups, ten rats each. In the control group rats were received distilled water daily, 2nd group rats were given 30 mg/ kg lead acetate dissolved in distilled water orally daily for two months, 3rd group rats were pretreated by 100 mg/ kg vit. E orally 6 hours before administration of lead acetate by the same dose as group 2 for two months, the 4th group rats were given the same dose of lead acetate then withdrawal was done for one month. Tissue specimens then prepared for light and electron microscopic examinations. The results: By light microscope, in rats treated with lead, the number of Purkinje cells showed a significant decrease in comparison to control group, and appeared shrunken, distorted in shape with irregular nuclei, while in rats treated with lead and vitamin E, there was marked improvement of these alterations. Electron microscopic examination showed Purkinje cells with ill defined nucleus, vaculated or rarified cytoplasm and small electron dense mitochondria. Granular cells showed vaculated cytoplasm and mitochondria with destroyed cristae. In case of vitamin E administration, marked protection against these changes was observed, while the withdrawal group showed very little or no improvement.

A Study of the Modulating Action of Quercetin on Biochemical and Histological Alterations Induced by Lead Exposure in the Liver and Kidney of Rats.

Lead is a highly toxic metal and a very potent poison. Lead poisoning is a serious condition but can be treated. Quercetin is a flavonoid with many beneficial uses. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible modulating action of quercetin as a model of an antioxidant against the toxic effects of lead acetate on liver and kidneys of rats. Rats were randomly divided into four groups: (i) saline group (control); (ii) lead group received i.p. lead acetate (20 mg/kg b.w.); (iii) quercetin group received i.p. quercetin (50 mg/kg b.w.); (iv) lead and quercetin group received i.p. lead acetate (20 mg/kg b.w.) followed by i.p. quercetin (50 mg/kg b.w.) for 4 weeks. The lead concentrations were determined in the liver and kidney tissues. Liver marker enzymes, bilirubin, albumin, total protein, creatinine, uric acid and urea, were assessed in the serum and light microscopic studies were performed. The results showed that lead acetate administration was associated with an increase in serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, total bilirubin, creatinine, uric acid, urea levels. Lead accumulation in kidneys and liver tissues was also found, but were associated with decrease in albumin and total protein in comparison with the respective mean values of the control. Lead acetate caused numerous histological alterations in the liver, including chronic inflammation, bilary hyperplasia, edema, congestion, Kupffer cells hyperplasia and hemosiderosis, and in the kidney, including tubular dilation, atrophy of glomerular tuft, widening of urinary space and mild fibroblast. In contrary, administration of lead acetate along with quercetin partially restored the studied parameters to normal values and improved structure of liver and kidney with significant decreases in the severity of histopathological changes when compared with the lead acetate group. In conclusion, treatment with quercetin may provide a modulating action against the toxic effects induced by lead acetate in the liver and kidney of male rats.

Ameliorative potentials of quercetin against lead-induced hematological and testicular alterations in Albino rats.

Lead is one of the oldest environmental and occupational toxins. Health hazards from increased lead exposure as a result of industrial and environmental pollution are recognized. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of quercetin as a model of an antioxidant drug against the toxic effects of lead acetate on the blood and the testis of rats. The lead concentrations were determined in blood and the testis. Testosterone (T), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were assessed in serum. Hemoglobin (Hb) content, packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cell (WBC) and red blood cell (RBC) counts were evaluated in the whole blood. Our results showed that administration of lead acetate was associated with an increased lead levels in blood as well as in the testis. Lead acetate administration also caused a decrease in testicular function, Hb content, PCV and RBC count in comparison to the respective mean values of the control. In addition, lead acetate increased WBC count and induced alterations in sperm count, sperm motility and sperm abnormality and histopathology. In the contrary, administration of lead acetate along with quercetin partially restored the studied parameters to normal values. In conclusion, the treatment with quercetin may provide a partial protection against the toxic effects induced by lead acetate in blood and the testis of rats.

The ameliorative effects of DMSA and some vitamins against toxicity induced by lead in the testes of albino rats. II

Lead is a poison that affects virtually every system in the body. The current study was planned to examine the toxic effects of lead acetate on the histological picture of testes, and the protective roles of DMSA, combined vitamins C and E, and DMSA combined with vitamin C plus vitamin E against the histopathological changes in the testes of albino rats induced by lead acetate. Oral administration of lead acetate caused necrosis of spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubules, congestion of interstitial blood vessels, severe interstitial edema and complete necrosis in the seminiferous tubules. Co-administration of DMSA with lead acetate minimized the histopathological changes exhibited by lead acetate in the affected organ compared with lead acetate-intoxicated rats. Lead acetate combined with vitamin C plus vitamin E supplemented rats showed mild congestion of the interstitial blood vessels and the seminiferous tubules with its components appeared normal compared to DMSA treated rats. Treatment with DMSA combined with vitamin C plus vitamin E showed more or less normal histological appearance of the testes in lead acetate induced histopathological changes in the affected organ. These results show that DMSA, as a chelating agent for lead, and the combination of vitamins C and E as antioxidants reduced the toxic effects of lead on the histological structure of testes in albino rats but did not provide complete protection. Whereas, the supplementation of DMSA combined with both vitamins C and E provide complete protection against toxicity induced by lead in the testes of albino rats.

Evaluation of Performance of Date Palm Pollen on Urea and Creatinine Levels in Adult Female Rats Exposed to Lead Acetate Intoxication

Background and objective: exposure to lead continues to a serious public problem. The objective is to elucidate the effect of lead acetate exposure on serum Concentration of urea and creatinine in adult female rats.Methods: Forty eight adults female rats divided in to four groups (12 rats/group) .Group 1, (T1) ,given date palm pollen (150 mg/kg. B.W.) Group 2,(T2) given lead acetate (10mg/kg. B.W.), group 3, (T3) given lead acetate (10mg/kg.B.W.) and date palm pollen (150 mg/kg. B.W) for 6 weeks, Group 4(Control) ,given distilled water. Serum concentration of urea and creatinine was evaluated via ELISA method for all groups.Results: The mean concentration of urea showed no significant difference between,(T1) and (T3) while in T2 a significant (p < o.o5) increase in urea concentration compared to T1&T3 . There was no significant difference within groups in urea concentration. Group (T1) exposed to DPP showed no significant decrease in serum creatinine on zero,14 , 28 day & 42 day post exposure respectively . Group (T2) exposed to lead acetate showed significant increase of creatinine concentration compared with control and (T1) group .Group (T3) showed significant decrease in creatinine levels compared with T2 group and these levels become closely to control group. Histological changes indicated that DPP significantly meliorate the toxic effects of lead acetate in glomeruli, collecting tubules associated with obvious decrease in inflammatory response.Conclusion: DPP has the ability to counteract the toxic effect of lead acetate associated with improvement of renal histology and serum concentration of urea and creatinine.

Lack of reversal from lead acetate‐induced hepatotoxicity, free radical generation and oxidative stress in Wistar rats (1139.17)

Lead is a ubiquitous metal and also one of the most abundant elements present on earth. Both the developing and the developed countries have been contaminated by this element. This study was designed to evaluate possible toxic effects of lead acetate (PbA) exposure and subsequence withdrawal in male Wistar rats. Control group (group I) received normal saline while groups II, III and IV received oral administration of 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0mg/ml PbA respectively for the period of 6 weeks. One half of the population of the rats was sacrificed at 6 weeks of PbA exposure. PbA was similarly withdrawn from the remaining rats for another 6 weeks. Exposure of rats to PbA led to significant decline (p&lt;0.05) in Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Glutathione S‐transferase (GST), Catalase (CAT), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), and Reduced glutathione (GSH) content. Similarly, Malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 concentrations were significantly (p&lt;0.05) elevated. In the same vein, Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP activities also increased significantly in exposed rats. Animals from the withdrawal period exhibited similar pattern of alterations, with significant (p&lt;0.05) reduction in GSH, GST, GPx and SOD and significant elevation in MDA. Serum ALT, AST and ALP however remained persistently high. In conclusion, experimental animals exposed to PbA could not recover from hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress. This might be due to significant disruption of antioxidant defence system and free radical generation by PbA.

Heavy Weight Protein Affected by Lead Acetate in Bactrocera dorsalis

The studies were carried out on toxic effects of lead acetate, which could contaminate the environment, such as food, water, air and soil, therefore insects could be influenced easily by the lead., Bactrocera dorsalis was studied at 48 hours post treatment, under the effects of lead acetate, in different concentrations. It was observed that, under the effects of lead abnormalities, and deformity were developed in the larvae of flies. Thus these flies could present a useful module for the quick transmission of the environmental hazards of lead, which exerts a specific physiological and morphological effect on their bodies.

Barley phenolic compounds impedes oxidative stress in lead acetate intoxicated rabbits

This study was conducted to explore the effects of lead acetate and barley phenolic compounds, alone or in combination, on lipid peroxidation marker and some antioxidant enzymes using a rabbit model. Rabbits were provided with drinking water containing lead acetate (500 ppm) and/or gastro-gavaged with barley phenolic compounds (250 mg/kg/day) for 30 days. Following overnight fasting, the animals were sacrificed, and the levels of glutathione and malondialdehyde and the activities of glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase in brain, liver and kidney tissues were measured spectrophotometrically. Treatment with lead acetate significantly decreased the activities of glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase and the level of reduced glutathione, and it significantly increased the level of lipid peroxidation marker. Conversely, treatment with barley phenolic compounds, whether alone or in combination with lead acetate, significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the level of reduced glutathione, and significantly decreased the level of lipid peroxidation marker. The use of barley phenolic compounds were successive to ameliorate the toxic effects of lead acetate, as reflected in the decreased levels of lipid peroxidation marker and the increased antioxidant activity.

The toxic effects of lead acetate on the apoptosis and the ultrastructure in human renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2)

To explore the toxic effects of lead acetate on the apoptosis and ultrastructure of human renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2). After HK-2 cells were exposed to 5, 10 and 20 µmol/L lead acetate for 24 h, the morphological changes of HK-2 cells were observed by Hochest 33342-PI staining, and the ultrastructure changes of HK-2 cells were examined under a electron microscope, LDH activity and MDA content in supernatant of HK-2 cellular culture were detected by spectrophotometer, DNA damage of HK-2 was determined by DNA ladder and the apoptotic rates of HK-2 cells were measured by flow cytometry. The morphological changes of apoptotic HK-2 cells in exposure group were observed by Hochest 33342-PI staining. The cytoplasm vacuoles, karyopycnosis, nuclear membrane vague and apoptotic bodies in HK-2 cells of exposure group were found under electron microscopy. LDH activity and MDA contents in exposure group increased significantly, as compared to control group (P < 0.01). The results of DNA Ladder showed that DNA damage of HK-2 cells in exposure group appeared. The apoptotic rates of HK-2 cells exposed to 5, 10, 20 µmol/L lead acetate were 14.16% ± 2.94%, 19.45% ± 2.73%, 25.01% ± 3.97%, respectively, which were significantly higher than that (5.81% ± 2.18%) in control group (P < 0.05). Lead acetate could remarkably induce the apoptosis of HK-2 cells and affect the kidney.

The effect of lead exposure of mice during pregnancy on the concentration and motility of epididymal and testicular spermatozoa in offspring mature male mice

Introduction: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of lead on concentration and motility of spermatozoa recovered from epididymis and testes in mature male offspring whose mothers were exposed to different doses and concentrations of lead acetate during gestation period. Materials and Methods: Seventy two healthy mature female mice were divided into three major groups according to the number of injections involving 1, 2 and 3 injections. Each major group was subdivided into four minor groups according to the concentration dose of (0, 25, 50 and 100) mg/Kg of lead acetate. Sperm concentration, percentage of motility and grade of activity were microscopically examined and statistically analyzed. Results: A significant reduction in the sperm functions were seen in relation to an increased in the number of injections and/or concentration of lead acetate dose as compared with the control groups. Conclusion: The toxic effects of lead acetate may interfere with spermatogenesis and metabolism of spermatozoa.

Structural changes of Artemia parthenogenetica (Bowen and Sterling, 1978) (Branchiopoda-Anostraca) exposed to lead acetate

The cosmopolitan genus Artemia occurs both in saline or hypersaline waters and Artemia species are sensitive indicator organisms for environmental contamination. Scientists propose that the brine shrimp ( Artemia) is a very suitable candidate for the development of identifying chemicals with adverse effects in aquatic ecosystems. In the present study, we investigated 24 h the short-term toxicity of lead acetate on Artemia parthenogenetica by using electron microscopy techniques. The ultrastructural changes were studied control group and experimental group. Analysing cellular structure, structure of organelles and vacuolization were observed. The number of cells based on the toxic effects of lead acetate was increased compared with the control group.

A transmission electron microscope investigation of the effect of lead acetate on the hepatopancreatic ceca of Gammarus pulex

The freshwater Amphipod Gammarus pulex is a sensitive indicator organism for environmental contamination. In this study, effects of heavy metal lead acetate were investigated by using electron microscopy techniques. Control group was not expose to lead acetate but experimental group was for 96 h. The ultrastructural changes of hepatopancreatic ceca cells were studied in these two groups by electron microscopy techniques analysing cellular structure, structure of organelles and vacuolization. The number of cells based on the toxic effects of lead acetate was increased compared with the control group. The number and length of cell microvilli was decreased. Additionally degenerated mitocondria, dilation of golgi vesicules and cytoplasmic vacuolization were observed. The results of present study suggest that the exposure to the lead acetate may cause some ultrastructural changes on hepatopancreatic ceca of digestive system in Gammarus pulex. The significance of this change in terms of environmental toxicology needs to be further studied.

The effects of BAL on the metabolism of lead and on the symptomatology in lead intoxication.

The effects of injection of BAL on the metabolism of lead has been studied by Eagle (1948) and by Ginsburg and Weatherall (1948) in animals poisoned with lead acetate, and by Ryder, Cholak, and Kehoe (1947) in human cases of acute lead poisoning. The action of BAL has been shown to be the same both in experimental animals and in man ; in animals it had no demonstrably protective action, and on occasion appeared to accelerate the toxic effects of lead acetate in rabbits ; similarly in man, three days' treatment with 1-7 g. of BAL was without beneficial effect. Characteristic effects were observed on the metabolism of lead, inasmuch as there followed a rapid drop in the lead concentration in the red blood cells, and an immediate rise in urinary lead concentration, to a degree far greater than that observed from any other kind of treatment. The plasma and faecal lead concentration were un changed by BAL treatment. Eagle (1948) advised caution in the use of BAL, although he did not see evidence in man of toxic effects in cases of lead poisoning. He recom mended four-hourly injections of 2-5 mg. per kg. body weight repeated four times a day and con tinued for two to four days, diminishing thereafter gradually to about two injections a day. Ginsburg and Weatherall (1948) used the Th. ? isotope of lead to study lead acetate distribution in tissues. Administration of lead acetate was followed by 50 mg. per kg. BAL up to 23 hours later. This resulted in increased urinary excretion of lead and a shift in the tissue distribution from the liver, the spleen, the red cells, and the bone marrow to the skeletal and cardiac muscle. Our studies on BAL treatment in human cases of lead intoxication were started two years before read