Toxic Dyes Research Articles

Visualizing the obscure- Chromophore-assisted retinal break detection.

Finding a retinal break which is responsible for retinal detachment is a critical step in the surgical treatment of this condition. In spite of improvement in visualization systems in pars plana vitrectomy, identifying the break which is the source of subretinal fluid (SRF) could pose a challenge, especially in complex retinal detachments or re-detachments with extensive laser scars. The current technique of break identification involves direct detection of the break via peripheral indentation or using perfluorocarbon liquid (PFCL) to displace SRF from the posterior retina to the periphery and visualizing the proteinaceous SRF egress from the retinal break. In retinal detachments, if no peripheral breaks are visualized, surgeons tend to make a posterior draining retinotomy and drain SRF, the necessity of which can be confirmed after subretinal brilliant blue green (BBG) dye injection. In addition, in already vitrectomized eyes where it can be difficult to identify SRF egressing via the break, subretinal BBG dye provides a color contrast that enhances break visualization. A method to identify these occult breaks was required, which is described in this video. Hence, the idea of BBG dye injection into the subretinal space with a 41G subretinal needle was thought of. PFCL would be placed over the posterior pole, which would displace the dye to the periphery, and this would disperse out into the vitreous cavity into a blue plume via the break, thereby leading to its identification. Subretinal dye injection is useful for occult retinal break detection as it provides a color contrast. A posterior draining retinotomy can be avoided. It is also useful in recurrent retinal detachments. We describe the use of BBG, which is the least toxic dye available, and report the use of this technique in Indian eyes. https://youtu.be/JGXQjNV9asw.

Preparation and characterization of oat hulls-filled-sodium alginate biocomposite microbeads for the effective adsorption of toxic methylene blue dye

In this work, the performance of oat hull-filled sodium alginate (SA-O) biocomposite microbeads in the adsorptive removal of methylene blue (MB) dye was examined. First, oat hulls were pulverized and biocomposite gels containing different weight ratios of oat hulls (10 %, 20 %, and 30 %, concerning the SA amount) were prepared by dispersing them in SA solution by ultrasonic homogenization method. Finally, gels were cross-linked by dropping into a 2 % CaCl2 solution. The study revealed that the optimal adsorbent dosage was 0.025 g/50 mL, pH was roughly 6–8, and the contact time was 120 min. According to isotherm models, the non-linear Sips and Langmuir model was more appropriate compare to other isotherms from error analysis, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 687.65 mg/g and 757.57 mg/g at 298 K, respectively. Furthermore, the non-linear kinetic data and error analyzes demonstrated that the process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic. The adsorption process was exothermic (∆H°=−17.71 kJ/mol) and spontaneous (∆G°=−26.23 kJ/mol) at 298 K, based on thermodynamic characteristics. Furthermore, reusability investigations demonstrated that the adsorbent retained its performance with no major changes in characteristics. This work reveals that highly efficient, low-cost, sustainable, and eco-friendly SA-O composites with properties might be useful adsorbents for cationic dye adsorption.

Exploration of Photoactive Cd2+ Substitutions on V2O5 Nanoparticles and Their Catalytic Potential Against the Toxic Dye

Exploration of Photoactive Cd2+ Substitutions on V2O5 Nanoparticles and Their Catalytic Potential Against the Toxic Dye

Polymeric Matrix of Modified Chitosan with Algae and Coal Fly Ash for a Toxic Cationic Dye Removal: Multivariable Optimization by Box-Behnken Design

Polymeric Matrix of Modified Chitosan with Algae and Coal Fly Ash for a Toxic Cationic Dye Removal: Multivariable Optimization by Box-Behnken Design

Enhanced bioremediation of saline azo dye effluents using PersiLac3: A thermo-halotolerant laccase from a tannery metagenome

Large quantities of recalcitrant azo dye wastewater represent an important environmental issue, owing to their toxicity and the difficulty of their treatment under hypersaline conditions. By maintaining high activity under salt-rich conditions, salt-tolerant laccases offer a promising solution for the effective breakdown of toxic azo dyes, making them indispensable for the sustainable treatment of industrial wastewater. This study explored the identification and application of a thermo-halotolerant laccase, PersiLac3, for bioremediation of azo dye wastewater under high-salt conditions typical of textile effluents. The broad substrate oxidation potential of PersiLac3 was assessed across diverse temperatures, pH levels, and challenging conditions, such as high salt levels, and in the presence of organic solvents and inhibitors. Remarkably, PersiLac3 showed enhanced activity (112.25 %) in 3 M NaCl, highlighting its superior ability to adapt to saline conditions. Kinetic studies of PersiLac3 indicated high efficiency and affinity for its substrate at saline concentrations ranging from 1 to 6 M NaCl. PersiLac3 effectively decolorized the Congo red dye (82.9 %) in highly concentrated solutions (5000 mg/L) within 15 min, and its performance was further improved in the presence of wastewater-relevant ions, achieving 92.3 % dye removal. Monitoring real wastewater treatments, PersiLac3 reduced optical density, underscoring its potential for application in the bioremediation of dye-laden and saline wastewater streams. The adaptability of PersiLac3 to harsh, high-salinity environments, coupled with its rapid dye decolorization efficiency, is an innovative and powerful tool for addressing environmental pollution challenges and advancing waste treatment methodologies.

Zn-Al layered double hydroxide supported on waste cow dung-derived biochar as a highly efficient adsorbent for anionic dye removal from contaminated water.

In this study, Zn-Al-SO42- LDH-functionalized biochar was fabricated using the co-precipitation method. The biochar was synthesized from waste cow dung using a low-temperature pyrolysis process (300 °C). The materials were fully characterized by TGA, FTIR, EDS, SEM, and XRD analysis. Then, a comparative study was performed to investigate the adsorption capacity of the materials against an anionic dye (i.e., methyl orange (MO)). The LDH-functionalized biochar demonstrated high adsorption capacity (400 mg/g in 120 min, at pH 5) compared to the raw biochar (212 mg/g in 120 min, at pH 5). The effect of various adsorption parameters (e.g., pH of the dye solution, temperature, initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, and contact time) was investigated. The adsorption of MO on LDH-functionalized biochar followed the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics, while the raw biochar followed the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetics. The thermodynamic data indicated the endothermic nature of adsorption and an increase in the degree of randomness during adsorption. The enhanced adsorption capacity of the Zn-Al LDH-functionalized char was attributed to the synergistic effect of the surface adsorption into the porous biochar matrix, interlayer adsorption, and ion exchange capacity of the LDHs. Therefore, modification of waste cow dung-derived biochar with Zn-Al LDH can be a promising approach to fabricate a highly efficient adsorbent for toxic dyes from wastewater.

Robust regenerable metal-selenide-chitosan photocatalyst for the effective removal of Bromothymol Blue (BB) from wastewater

Water scarcity has been a crucial debate in recent years regarding the critical scenario of water pollution. The water body is continuously contaminated by organic effluents of textile industries, including pigmented dye pollutants. To tackle water bodies contamination, there is a need to develop an eco-friendly and efficient method for removing toxic dyes. Herein, ternary metal selenide nanocomposites of barium nickel selenide (NBSe-NPs) were synthesized by the solvothermal method supported by chitosan microsphere (NBSe-NPs-CM). Recovery of the catalyst was convenient by capping nanoparticles in the microsphere to maintain effective stability, biocompatibility, and well-designed surface coating. FTIR spectrum verified nanocomposite synthesis and chitosan microsphere (NBSe-CM) formation. SEM observations of nanocomposites and NBSe-CM indicated an average size of 13.78 nm and 253 μm, respectively. The presence of barium, nickel, and selenium elements in the NBS-NPs was verified by EDX analysis. The nanocomposites had a crystallite size of 15.73 nm. The photocatalyst exhibited a narrow bandgap of only 1.3 eV based on Tauc's plot. In addition, the synthesized microsphere demonstrated an efficient photocatalytic degradation (97 %) of Bromothymol Blue dye within 100 min under optimized operating conditions (pH of 6.0, dye concentration of 40 ppm, catalyst dosage of 0.25 g). The photocatalysis process followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics. The repeatability studies showed a slight decline in the catalyst's efficiency after four successive cycles. The DFT study shows that the NBSe-CM is energetically stable with more considerable negative binding energy, and the dye molecule interacts more strongly with the NBSe-CM surface. The findings highlight the exceptional characteristics of the newly designed ternary-metal-selenide-containing chitosan-microspheres for degrading dye contaminants from textile effluents.

Adsorptive removal of toxic crystal violet dye from aqueous solutions using buckwheat/Fe3O4 composites

Adsorptive removal of toxic crystal violet dye from aqueous solutions using buckwheat/Fe3O4 composites

Synergistic degradation of toxic azo dyes using Mn-CuO@Biochar: An efficient adsorptive and photocatalytic approach for wastewater treatment

Congo red (CR) and Eriochrome Black T (EBT) is a toxic azo dye with a complex structure which represents a serious Ecotoxicological hazards for aquatic bodies. This research investigates the synergistic effects of Corn plants biochar and manganese (Mn)-composited copper oxide (CuO) in the adsorptive and photocatalytic degradation of toxic anionic dyes i.e. CR and EBT. The acquired materials were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, XPS, TEM, BET, ZP, and pHZc test. The experiment demonstrated that Mn-CuO@BC composite exhibited a remarkable adsorption of ∼ 98 % and ∼ 95 % and photocatalytic degradation of 92 % and 88 % for CR and EBT respectively. It was further found that coupling of the H2O2 with Mn-CuO@BC enhances the photocatalytic efficiency of catalyst for CR and EBT i.e. upto ∼ 98 % and 96 % respectively possibly owing to the efficient ●OH radical. Adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo 2nd order model, indicating predominant chemisorption, and adsorption isotherms fit well with the Langmuir model. Further, toxicity degradation products of EBT were examined through ECOSAR indicated a reduced ecological impact. In general, this work highlight the dual functional advantages of the Mn-CuO@BC composite, providing an efficient and versatile approach for wastewater treatment involving complex dye pollutants.

Purification of textile wastewater by collective degradation using nanorods of cesium titanium bromide (CsTiBr3) perovskite

The present work recommends a sustainable environmentally safe method for the removal of textile dyes in an economically viable way.The wastewater expelled from the textile dying units contains a mixture of dyes. Here we address the challenge of using a single catalyst for the collective photocatalytic degradation of mixture of six dyes and two samples of textile effluents collected from a local dying unit under direct sunlight. The lead-free perovskite of CsTiBr3 nanorods prepared via the solvothermal process is effective in the collective photocatalytic degradation of dye mixture containing toxic dyes like congo red, crystal violet, malachite green, methylene blue, rhodamine, and methyl orange. The six-dye mixture turned colorless within three hours of direct sunlight exposure. The collective photocatalytic degradation ability of CsTiBr3 perovskite nanorods is successfully exploited for the degradation of the textile effluents. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) analysis guarantees the degradation of dye into non-toxic components. The recycling of wastewater is made possible by the removal of CsTiBr3 catalysts through adsorption using biochar derived from invasive plants. The biochars are extracted from invasive plants such as Acrostichum Aureum, Alternanthera bettzickiana, cyclosorus interrupts, and Quisqualis indica in which Acrostichum Aureum showed maximum adsorption. The scavenger studies using isopropyl alcohol (IPA), ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA), and silver nitrate (AgNO3) suggest that holes control the photocatalysis mechanism.

Biocompatible 2D SnSe Nanoflake Employed Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B

AbstractIn this article, we report the results of the photocatalytic effect of the cost effective grown SnSe nanoparticles (NPs), nanoflakes (NFs), nanoflowers (NFLs) on the toxic water contaminant dye of Rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light irradiation different duration time. The results showed that for the degradation of 99 %, 96 % and 94 % of the RhB have been occurred in presence of NFs, NFLs, NPs, respectively for the irradiation time of 30 min, 45 min, 65 min, respectively. Before photocatalytic test, the grown SnSe were characterised optically and structurally. The nanoparticles, nano flakes, nanoflowers morphology along with atomic composition of Sn and Se were observed from FESEM images and EDAX analysis. The direct band gap of the NPs, NFs, NFLs was calculated from UV‐VIS spectrum and found to be 1.89 eV, 1.78 eV, 1.7 eV, respectively. The crystal structure showed orthorhombic crystal phase with nanocrystal sizes varies from 22 nm to 31 nm. The Scavenger test in presence of the scavenging elements BQ, IPA, ethanol and EDTA have been discussed. The stability test showed that SnSe NFs is a good and stable catalysis for practical applications. The effect of the NFs, NPs, NFLs on red blood cell showed that all the tested SnSe nanostructures had <2 % hemolysis, suggesting their hemocompatible nature.

Valorization of the performance of novel and natural sodium alginate/pectin/Portulaca oleracea L. ternary composites in the adsorption of toxic methylene blue dye from the aquatic environment

This research introduces the development of a novel, sustainable, cost-effective, and eco-friendly sodium alginate (SA)-pectin (P) ternary composite, enhanced with Portulaca oleracea L. (PO) additive, which has been thoroughly investigated for its efficacy in removing hazardous methylene blue (MB) dye from wastewater. The selectivity studies using various cationic and anionic dyes were conducted. The composite microbeads that were generated underwent characterization using FTIR-ATR, SEM, XRD, zeta potential, and pHpzc analysis. Subsequently, the most favorable parameters for adsorption, including initial pH (2–12), contact time (0–180 min), adsorbent dosage (0.01–0.20 g), and temperature (298–318 K), were identified. The effect of monovalent and divalent salt concentrations on adsorption process was evaluated. The adsorption data were utilized in several isotherm (Langmuir, Freundlich, D-R, and Temkin) and kinetic (pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order) models. According to the Langmuir isotherm model was calculated the adsorption capacity at 298 K is 709.22 mg/g for SA/P/PO30 composite microbeads. The process of adsorption was seen to conform to a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The results revealed that the process was both exothermic (∆Ho=−10.42kJ/mol) and spontaneous (∆Go=−26.04kJ/molat298K). Moreover, reusability analyses demonstrated that the composite microbeads that were created may be utilized several times, even after the 5th cycle. The results indicate that the developed composite microbeads have the potential to serve as an effective and inexpensive adsorbent for eliminating cationic contaminants from a wastewater.

Green-synthesized BiFeO3 nanoparticles for efficient photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes, antibiotic and catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol

Green-synthesized nanoparticles have recently emerged as promising catalysts for the removal of toxic dyes from water bodies. In this article, Bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) nanoparticles were synthesized by a simple and low-cost method using Couroupita guianensis plant leaf extract. The particles were used as photocatalysts for degrading RhB, MO dyes, and TC antibiotics, as well as for reducing toxic 4-NP to useful 4-AP. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using several state-of-the-art tools. The formation of perovskite structure and the presence of biomolecules on the surface of BiFeO3 nanoparticles was confirmed by FTIR analysis. Raman spectrum revealed a rhombohedral structure of BiFeO3 nanoparticles, corroborating the XRD analysis. FESEM micrograph demonstrated irregularly shaped agglomerated nanoparticles. The average hydrodynamic diameter was estimated to be 51 nm using the DLS technique. The optical energy bandgap of the bismuth ferrite was estimated using Tauc’s relation for direct bandgap semiconductors. SQUID measurements revealed that these nanoparticles exhibit a weak ferromagnetic ordering. Furthermore, these nanomaterials degraded the cationic and anionic dyes effectively because of the formation of hydroxyl radicals, confirmed by the scavenger test. The photocatalytic degradation pathway of RhB dye was investigated through LC-MS analysis, and the intermediate degradation products were identified. The prepared material also exhibited excellent catalytic efficiency in a short duration of time. This study proclaims that these nanoparticles can be used as potential catalysts for the purification of water.

Photocatalytic degradation of toxic organic dye (Methylene blue) using ZnO nanoparticles synthesized with petals extract of Rosa rubiginosa plant

Photocatalytic degradation of toxic organic dye (Methylene blue) using ZnO nanoparticles synthesized with petals extract of Rosa rubiginosa plant

Elucidating antibiofilm as well as photocatalytic disinfection potential of green synthesized nanosilver against multi-drug-resistant bacteria and its photodegradation ability of cationic dyes

BackgroundBioinspired nanomaterials have widely been employed as suitable alternatives for controlling biofilm and pathogens due to their distinctive physico-chemical properties.MethodologyThis study explored the antibiofilm as well as photocatalytic potential of silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized using the cell-free supernatant of Lactobacillus acidophilus for the disinfection of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) strains of enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), Salmonella Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on exposure to LED light. In addition, the removal of toxic cationic dyes i.e., methylene blue (MB), rhodamine B (RhB) and crystal violet (CV) was explored on exposure to sunlight, LED and UV lights.ResultsInitially, the synthesis of AgNPs was verified using UV- Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited MIC and MBC values of 7.80 and 15.625 µg/mL, respectively. The AgNPs exhibited significant inhibition (P < 0.001) in the biofilm-forming ability of all the tested MDR isolates. On exposure to LED light, the AgNPs could effectively eliminate all the tested MDR isolates in a dose-dependent manner. While performing photocatalytic assays, the degradation of RhB was observed to be quite slower than MB and CV irrespective of the tested light sources. Moreover, the sunlight as well as UV light exhibited better photodegradation capacity than LED light. Notwithstanding the light sources, RhB followed zero-order kinetics; however, MB and CV followed primarily second-order kinetics.ConclusionThe green synthesized AgNPs were found to be an effective photocatalytic as well as antifouling candidate that could be applied in therapeutics and wastewater treatment.

Batch and column studies for the removal of basic red-46 dye and textile by using magnesium oxide (MgO), strontium titanium trioxide (SrTiO3), cobalt- and iron-doped lanthanum chromium trioxide (Co.Fe.LaCrO3), and cadmium sulfide (CdS)-doped graphene oxide nanocomposites.

Despite efforts to reduce the risk of toxic chemicals, colors, and dyes being released into the environment from urban and industrial areas, there is still cause for concern. Colored water must be filtered and sterilized before it can be used for irrigation. The utilization of metal oxide and nanocomposite materials in wastewater treatment procedures appears to be a viable option for the future. Therefore, different compounds were doped with graphene oxide to identify the best material for dye removal by the adsorption process. According to recent studies, the ideal conditions for graphene oxide-doped magnesium oxide (GO/MgO) are as follows: pH 10 showed the highest adsorption capacity (qe) at 49.4mg/g; an adsorbent dosage of 0.01g/50mL showed 48.3mg/g qe; a shaking time of 30min resulted in 44.2mg/g qe; an initial dye concentration of 100mg/L yielded 53.6mg/g qe; and a temperature of 35°C gave 49.5mg/g qe. For graphene oxide-doped strontium titanate (GO/SrTiO3), the optimum conditions were as follows: pH 10 with 45.8mg/g qe; an adsorbent dose of 0.01g/50mL with 40.5mg/g qe; a shaking time of 30min with 75mg/g qe; and a temperature of 35°C with 44.7mg/g qe. Graphene oxide-doped cobalt and iron-doped lanthanum chromium titanate (GO/Co.Fe.LaCrO3) showed optimum conditions of pH 9 with 34.2mg/g qe; an adsorbent dose of 0.01g/50mL with 27.5mg/g qe; a shaking time of 45min with 33.2mg/g qe; an initial dye concentration of 100mg/L with 37.6mg/g qe; and a temperature of 35°C with 42.5mg/g qe. Graphene oxide-doped cadmium sulfide (GO/CdS) showed the following optimum conditions: pH 8 with 23.1mg/g qe; an adsorbent dose of 0.01g/50mL with 25.5mg/g qe; an initial dye concentration of 75mg/L with 28.3mg/g qe; and a temperature of 35°C with 33.5mg/g qe. The pseudo-first-order model was the best fit only for graphene oxide-doped magnesium oxide (GO/MgO) with an R2 value of 0.966, while the pseudo-second-order adsorption isotherm was the best fit for all four products, with R2 values ranging from 0.991 to 0.998. Additionally, the Langmuir adsorption isotherms provided good results for all four products, with R2 values ranging from 0.957 to 0.985. The Freundlich adsorption kinetics showed satisfactory fit only for graphene oxide-doped magnesium oxide (GO/MgO) and graphene oxide-doped cadmium sulfide (GO/CdS), with R2 values of 0.951 and 0.982, respectively. To examine the characteristics and practicality of the adsorption process, certain thermodynamic variables were calculated. The adsorption capability of the most efficient nanocomposites for the degradation of basic red-46 was significantly affected by various concentrations of heavy metal ions and electrolytes. In dye solutions containing surfactants/detergents, the adsorption efficiency of several effective photocatalysts for basic dyes was significantly reduced. A 0.5M HCl solution was found to be the most effective for desorption. In column investigations, the optimal bed height, flow velocity, and dye intake levels were determined to be 3cm, 1.8mL/min, and 70mg/L, respectively, for maximal adsorption of basic red-46. The adsorption investigation of genuine textile waste products has also been carried out to facilitate the practical deployment of this approach. The methods used in this study were cost-effective, easy to handle, and eco-friendly and involved no hazardous materials in the synthesis, making the resulting materials non-hazardous. All these methods were part of green chemistry.

Efficient dye removal using manganese oxide-modified nanocellulosic films from sugarcane bagasse

Removing toxic dyes from industrial wastewater is crucial for environmental protection. This research introduced novel composite films of manganese oxide (MnO2)-modified nanocellulose (MCel) and unmodified nanocellulose (Cel) derived from sugarcane bagasse for dye removal. Nanocellulose was extracted from sugarcane bagasse and subsequently transformed into MCel through in-situ MnO2 synthesis. The MCel/Cel composites, with various MCel to Cel ratios, were fabricated into films and evaluated for their efficiency in removing methylene blue (MB). The films were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for functional group analysis, X-ray diffraction for crystallinity, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for chemical state analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy for morphology and elemental composition, and Thermogravimetric Analysis for thermal behaviors. Adsorption results showed that all MCel/Cel composite films achieved over 97 % removal of MB (initial concentration 100 mg L−1) within 24 h, with convenient adsorbent retrieval after adsorption. The adsorption process followed a pseudo-second order kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The optimal 95:5 MCel/Cel film exhibited a rate constant of 6.16 × 10−4 g mg−1 min−1 and the calculated adsorption capacity of 181.85 mg g−1. These results demonstrate significant potential for wastewater treatment and sustainable waste valorization by converting sugarcane bagasse cellulose into environmentally friendly adsorbents for contaminant removal.

Experimental and theoretical exploration of bactericidal and photo-catalytical activities of hierarchically porous AuNRs@CuO nanocomposite

In this study, a novel binary nanocomposite consisting of CuO nanosheets functionalized with gold nanorods (AuNRs@CuO), was successfully prepared using a two-step synthetic procedure and further investigated via Density Functional Theory. The physicochemical properties of prepared nanomaterials were analysed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Field emission scanning electron microscopy, High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirming successful fabrication with improved surface properties. Experimental analyses, including antibacterial assays and morphological studies of bacterial cells demonstrates superior bactericidal properties of AuNRs@CuO nanocomposite compared to pristine CuO nanosheets. Furthermore, molecular docking score provide theoretical insights into the underlying mechanism governing the enhanced antibacterial activity, highlighting the favorable interaction with the bacterial cells. The synergistic effect of CuO nanosheets and AuNRs further improves the photocatalytic efficacy, culminating in a high-yield photocatalyst that achieves 98.7% degradation for Indigo carmine under Xenon lamp irradiation compared to 40.8% and 62.4% for AuNRs and CuO nanosheets alone. Improved charge separation and generation of H+ as major reactive oxygen species from the nanocomposite to Indigo carmine was revealed by radical scavenger activity and photoluminescence studies. After cycles of operation, the morphology and surface state of the photocatalyst remained unchanged, as investigated by FESEM and HRTEM analysis. The novelty of this study lies in the integration of AuNRs and CuO nanosheets as an efficient photocatalytic material for the remediation of toxic organic dyes in wastewater, presenting a promising advancement in sustainable water treatment technologies.

Effective removal of toxic dye [Malachite green] by aquatic plant Hydrilla verticillata and Najas minor as low cost adsorbent

Effective removal of toxic dye [Malachite green] by aquatic plant Hydrilla verticillata and Najas minor as low cost adsorbent

SnO2 encapsulated in alginate matrix: Evaluation and optimization of bioinspired nanoadsorbents for azo dye removal.

Synthesized SnO2 NPs demonstrate potential capacity to adsorb toxic azo dye. Powder X-ray diffraction and SEM imaging confirmed the rutile phase and spherical morphology of SnO2 NPs. Average particle size has been confirmed to be approximately 3 nm through TEM analysis. Adsorption capacity is attributed to the high surface and presence of oxygen vacancy confirmed through BET and XPS, respectively. To mitigate the leaching of NPs in treated water, the encapsulation of NPs in sodium alginate (SA) has been proposed as an environmentally friendly, biocompatible, and economic solution. This study specifically focuses on investigating the parameters for the encapsulation of NPs within a sodium alginate matrix using CaCl2 as cross-linker, including effect of physical shape of encapsulation, effect of sodium alginate and CaCl2 concentration on the encapsulation efficiency and overall adsorption efficiency. Experimental results indicated that the physical form of encapsulation, such as spherical, wire-like, or irregular shape maintained consistent adsorption efficiency, which indicates its versatility. For effective encapsulation of NPs and adsorption, SA and CaCl2 concentration are suggested to be within the range of 0.2-0.3 g and > 0.5 M, respectively..