Township Government Research Articles

СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ ОРГАНОВ ГОРОДСКОГО САМОУПРАВЛЕНИЯ САРАНСКА В ГОДЫ ПЕРВОЙ МИРОВОЙ ВОЙНЫ (1914-1918 ГГ.)

The article analyzes the socio-economic activity of Saransk authorities during the First World War. It is noted that a number of additional functions appeared in the town government during the wartime: caring for the war invalids and orphans, helping the sick and wounded soldiers, in connection with this, organizing military hospitals, as well as conducting public readings. The authors come to the conclusion that the war had a very negative impact on the living standards of the urban population. The reason for this was the crisis in industry and agriculture, as well as severance of economic ties.

PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH KAWASAN INDUSTRI KECIL DI KOTA TEGAL

Tegal is a maritime town that mostly its resident has living as fisherman. Most existing industry in this town is fishery industry. Besides fishery industry, other small industrial also produce waste water which together with domestic waste water partake to contaminate Gung river, Sibelis river, Kemiri river and other channel which pass through Tegal town. Tegal town government trough the Office Operation of Environmental Impact (KEPADEL) have conducted various effort to reduce the impact of environmental contamination by giving counseling, training and other compilation of book containing information technology and technical guidance of waste water management to industrial activity exist in Tegal. With construction which continues to be conducted by KAPEDAL, we expected that the environmental quality in this town will change with progressively goodness. Kata Kunci : Kawasan Industri, Limbah Cair Industri, Pencemaran Lingkungan, InformasiTeknologi Pengelolaan Limbah.

No Money, No Representation: A Case Study of Zeguo Town in China

Authoritarian regimes rely on fiscal resources to build patronage networks. And so it is with China. Budget making is usually dominated by government leaders. However, some local governments in recent years have invited ordinary people to review budgets and even to determine parts of budgets. Why would local leaders make themselves accountable to their constituencies in an authoritarian setting? Why would local governments in China tie their own hands? Using detailed description of a township government, this article argues that fiscal affluence based on land is an important factor for local governments in launching fiscal reform. Richer areas have become more fiscally accountable by opening up new discussion and encouraging citizen participation.

Development orientations for attracting investments – A perspective of less-developed townships in China

Investment attraction by adopting adequate development orientations is perceived as effective method for promoting social and economic development in those less developed areas or regions such as the mountainous townships in Southwest China. Investments will not be attracted or utilized effectively if the development orientation is positioned improperly. Existing studies do not provide methods for helping these townships define proper development orientations. This paper presents a decision-making method called matching coefficient model for supporting these less-developed townships to identify suitable development orientations in order to attract effective investments. The application of the method is demonstrated by a sample of 20 townships located in Southwest China. Research data employed are collected through on-spot investigations and semi-structured interviews with the officials in these sample townships. The research reveals that the existing development orientations adopted in many less-developed Chinese townships do not match the resources endowment they possess, thus limited investment has been attracted. The study finds that agritourism business is most suitable for application in these townships in order to attract effective external investments, and that strategic emerging industry seems not suitable. The research results provide valuable reference for township governments to design development orientations and adopt measures towards effective investment attraction.

From coordinated to integrated urban and rural development in China’s megacity regions

ABSTRACTSince reform and opening up began in 1978, China has developed and urbanized rapidly, and a dual urban–rural economy has evolved in its megacity regions. Unlike the United States and other countries with neoliberal regimes that rely on the market to adjust economic relations and where there is little explicit national-level planning, China is a regionally decentralized developmental state where government plays a major role in development. Coordinated urban–rural development has been national policy since 2003, and China began to experiment with what is termed integrated urban–rural development in 2006. This article describes coordinated urban–rural development in China’s 2 developing megacity regions with the most advanced coordination programs (Chengdu and Chongqing) and 2 highly urbanized megacity regions with well-developed strategies to integrate city and countryside (Shanghai and Suzhou). It describes 4 models of the coordination process: the municipal government–led top-down model (post-1990 Shanghai), empowering the entrepreneurial township government model (post-2008 Suzhou), the negotiation model (post-2003 Chengdu), and the labor transfer model (post-2003 Chongqing). It discusses the forms that integration of city and countryside have taken in the most advanced Chinese megacity regions and their implications for other cities in China and other developing countries with different characteristics and at different development stages.

The Influence of Political Trust and Social Trust on the Political Participation of Villagers: Based on the Empirical Analysis of 974 Samples in 10 Provinces

Based on 974 sample data from 24 townships in 10 provinces, the impact of political trust and social trust on villagers’ political participation was analyzed. The study finds that the overall political trust of the villagers is significantly positively related to political participation. Among them, the villagers’ trust in the Party Central Committee and the township government has the strongest interpretation of their political participation. Social trust has no impact on the villagers’ political participation, general trust and special trust. There is no statistical significance in political participation with the villagers. That is, general trust and special trust have no statistical significance for the villagers’ political participation.

Satisfaction towards Skilled Delivery Services and Associated Factors among Mothers who Gave Birth at Government Health Facilities, Jimma Town, Ethiopia

Background: Client satisfaction is patients’ subjective responses to experienced care mediated by personal preferences and expectations. Allowing women to express their views about different phases of delivery service, the care provided by different health professionals provides richer information about the care they received. However, limited studies are available that assess mothers' satisfaction towards skilled delivery service in Jimma town government health facilities. So, the purpose of this study was to assess satisfaction on skilled delivery service and associated factors among mothers who delivered at Jimma town government health facilities. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection was used from March 5-May 10/2014. A total of 366 mothers were enrolled in the study using interviewer-administered structured questionnaires. In-depth interview was conducted for qualitative data. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Logistic regression analysis was applied. The independent variables with p<0.05 in multiple analysis were considered as predictors of delivery service satisfaction. Qualitative data were thematically analyzed. Results: In this study, 78.7% of mothers were satisfied with delivery services. Mothers who had planned delivery were 2.5 times more likely to be satisfied than those referral delivery cases (AOR 2.5 and 95% CI=1.2-5.6) and mothers who obtained free delivery services were 2.9 times more likely to be satisfied than mothers who paid (AOR=2.9 and 95% CI=1.3-6.4). Mothers who perceived the toilet was cleaned were 2 times more likely to be satisfied than their counterparts (AOR=2.0 and 95% CI=1.01-3.8) and mothers who felt being treated with respect were 1.7 times more likely to be satisfied than mothers who did not feel respected (AOR=1.7 and 95% CI=1.1-6.8) and mothers who perceived their privacy was maintained were 1.5 times more likely to be satisfied than their counterparts (AOR= 1.5 and 95% CI=1.9-9.5). Conclusion: In general, more than three-fourth of mothers were satisfied with skilled delivery services. This study also revealed predictors of delivery service satisfaction: planned delivery, free delivery service, perceived cleanness of toilets, and perceived presence of privacy and empathetic interactions of staffs. As a recommendation, those health facilities should take into account mothers' feedback to improve the quality of delivery service.

On the method of determination of level of social activity of veterans in provinces of the Roman Empire (the case of Lower Moesia)

Active involvement of army veterans in local governance and religious life of provincial towns and villages of the Roman Empire is generally determined as the ratio of number of retired soldiers who were magistrates and priests to the total number of veterans, known from all the inscriptions found on the territory of a province. In the opinion of the author, this approach may lead to a misperception of this aspect of the former soldiers’ life and consequently needs to be revised. This paper presents an alternative method of resolving the problem and outlines perspectives for its practical application on the example of material relating to the province of Lower Moesia.

Treatment Outcomes of Patients with Tuberculosis in Districts of Buriezuria, Jabitehinan and Fenoteselamadministrative town health facilities, North West Ethiopia

Background: Assessment of treatment outcome, monitoring and evaluation of its Risk factors of Directly Observed Treatment are among the major important indicators for performance of tuberculosis prevention and control program. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess anti-TB treatment outcomes and associated factors among patients with tuberculosis in Districts of Buriezuria, Jabitehinan and Fenoteselam town government owned health institution. Methods: Retrospective data (2012-2016) of tuberculosis patients (n=832) registered for Anti-TB treatments at Districts of Buriezuria, Jabitehinan and Fenoteselam town government owned health facility, were reviewed. Data were entered using Epi-info and transported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Descriptive Statistics and binary regression models were used to present data. The odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. A P-Value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The overall treatment success rate was 82.5%. The odds of HIV negative TB patients were about four times more likely to have successful treatment outcome than the odds of TB patients with unknown HIV sero-status (AOR=4.4(1.83,10.79)). Study subjects whose age group is 50 years of age respectively. Urban dwellers were two times more likely to have successful treatment outcome compared to their rural counterparts (AOR=2.2(1.50, 3.33)). Pulmonary tuberculosis patients were also three times more likely to have successful treatment outcome(AOR=2.9(2.00,4.46)) compared to EPTB patients. Conclusion and recommendation: The overall treatment success rate was lower than National Treatment success rate target 87%. Patients who are HIV negative, whose age<14 years, whose age 15-24 years, 25-34years, urban residents and those having Pulmonary tuberculosis TB patients were identified associated factors for successful tuberculosis treatment outcome

PENGELOLAAN KOTA-KOTA KECIL DI JAWA TENGAH: STUDI KASUS PADA EMPAT KOTA KECIL DI WILAYAH JOGLOSEMAR

Small cities and towns in Indonesia have experienced a significant development during the period of 2000-2010. However, the development of small cities and towns has not been in line with the way the urban areas are governed and managed. There is a tendency that the governments pay a little attention to the governance of smaller urban areas, especially those which do not municipal status or the urban areas which is part of regency administrative boundary. This research analyzes the governance and planning of small towns in Central Java taken four small towns in Joglosemar region (Yogyakarta-Surakarta-Semarang). The research applied some qualitative methods combining document analysis, interview and regulation analysis. It is found that there is a significant gap between the urban development and its planning and governance. Urban development policies seem to be lacking in providing guidelines to drive the development of the small towns so that they can perform their functions within their respective regional urban system as well as solve their internal problems. The governance has mostly relied on the role of local government despite continuing lack of institutional capacity in managing urban development.

コメント(人と「赤谷の森」の新たな関係-国有林・地域社会・ガバナンス-,2011年度東日本林業経済研究会シンポジウム)

コメント(人と「赤谷の森」の新たな関係-国有林・地域社会・ガバナンス-,2011年度東日本林業経済研究会シンポジウム)

Memorandums of understanding and public trust in local government for Colorado's unconventional energy industry

In the fight between state versus local control in Colorado's unconventional energy industry, Memorandums of Understanding (MOUs) signed directly between operators and local governments are becoming an increasingly popular strategy for formally integrating citizen concerns into oil and gas development. Yet little is known about how these agreements may shape public opinion of industry and local government. This article uses mixed methods to investigate if and how MOUs shaped public perceptions of the industry and the town government in a politically heterogeneous suburban Colorado town home to the state's first MOU. While public comments have become significantly more favorable toward oil and gas development over time, our research reveals that the MOU itself did not significantly change those perceptions. The more significant factor was the election of a town board committed to processes of engagement and transparency, including a meaningful revision of the original MOU.

Global Futures and Government Towns: Phosphates and the Production of Western Sahara as a Space of Contention

The study of natural resources lends itself to theorizing the politics of nature and the politics of time. The space of Western Sahara, where both remain highly contested, provides an opportunity to consider the ramifications of resources in political conflict at different historical moments. Drawing from environmental histories of North Africa and the Sahara, as well as the anthropology of time, the author focuses on two historical moments. The first, from 1945 to 1976, concerns the discovery of phosphate deposits during the Spanish colonial period and the implications of this discovery for political authority in the Sahara more broadly. The second, contemporary moment is characterized by intensifying interest in plotting the future use and reserves of phosphates, with potential implications for the political futures of Western Sahara. These two moments are considered in three parts: the first situates the discovery of phosphates in Western Sahara within the regional process of decolonization; the second...

Seismic vulnerability assessment of a monumental masonry building

The seismic assessment of monumental buildings requires the consideration of safety and conservation objectives, both for the building and its cultural heritage assets. In order to face these issues, the paper presents the results of a diagnostic analysis carried out on a specific monumental masonry building: the Civic Museum of the small city of Sansepolcro in Tuscany. The building is one of the most important and renowned civic structures, built by a mediaeval Commune to house the town government, this building is also characterized by the presence of one of the masterpieces of late 15th-Century Renaissance art: “the Resurrection”, a large fresco painted by Piero della Francesca. Within this context, three modelling strategies of different complexity are proposed: equivalent frame model, rigid macro-block model and finite element model. In the first part, a full three-dimensional non-linear static analysis and a more simple approach directly based on the limit analysis theorems are used in order to understand the macro-scale structural behavior. Afterwards, the results of the finite element method analyses performed on a detailed 3D model of the wall panel containing the fresco are used in order to investigate the causes of the crack pattern on this important artistic asset.

Jesuit Pedagogy, 1540–1616: A Reader ed. by Cristiano Casalini and Claude Pavur

Reviewed by: Jesuit Pedagogy, 1540–1616: A Reader ed. by Cristiano Casalini and Claude Pavur John Patrick Donnelly S.J. Jesuit Pedagogy, 1540–1616: A Reader. Edited by Cristiano Casalini and Claude Pavur, S.J.[Sources for the History of Jesuit Pedagogy, Volume 1.] (Boston: Institute of Jesuit Sources. 2016. Pp. xxii, 346. $45.00. ISBN 978-0-997282-30-6.) The editors of this volume hope it is the first in a series of volumes based on the Monumenta paedagogica, seven volumes in the Monumenta historica Societatis Iesu. This book begins with a table of contents, a timetable of early Jesuit education up to 1613, a list of nine pictures, and ends with an excellent index. The volume includes an excellent Introduction (pp. 1–33) and thirty documents, each a separate chapter. Each chapter has an introduction almost a page long, which provides readers with information about the topic and its author. The first seven chapters were written in Spanish, all by St. Ignatius of Loyola or his close associates from 1547 until his death in 1556. Thereafter twelve chapters were written in Latin and eleven in Italian. Three of the thirty chapters were written by Germans, one by a Frenchman, all the rest by Italians or Spaniards. Interestingly, after Loyola's death only one of these documents was written by the Jesuit Superior General, that by Claudio Acquaviva in 1613, twenty years later than any other of the thirty documents here published. Acquaviva insisted that Jesuits teaching philosophy should follow Aristotle and those teaching theology should follow Thomas Aquinas. That directive affected Jesuit schools well into the twentieth century. The book is divided into four parts. Part 1 is Inspirations: its seven chapters deal with the first Jesuit colleges, 1541–1556. Two chapters are by Loyola, three by his secretary Juan Polanco. Part 2 is about Administration. It has nine chapters dealing with the early colleges in Italy. The first important college was at Messina in Sicily, where the Jesuits taught local students from ages roughly fourteen to twenty. The town government and benefactors paid for most of the expenses. Three chapters deal with the prestigious Roman College. Rome was also the home of the German College, which had many Germans and Hungarians, but the majority were sons of wealthy Italians. Most students there were boarders and had to pay for their upkeep, unlike most Jesuit schools, which had free tuition. Here the Jesuits had to deal with often unruly students twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. Chapter 14 looks at similar problems at the Roman College. Imposing discipline was not easy. Chapter 15 examines the plan and order of study at the Roman College, which in many respects was the model for Jesuit colleges through much of Europe. Part 2 closes with a chapter on the Roman Seminary, where the students resisted or ignored the rules of conduct; the Jesuit author of the chapter suggested that the Jesuits should simply leave the school or impose drastic measures on the students. Part 3, Formation, is the shortest part and covers chapters 17 to 22. Chapters 17, 19, and 20 deal with humanistic studies and values. Chapter 18 deals with spiritual and academic progress. Chapters 21 and 22 deal with doctrinal content and uniformity of doctrine. [End Page 346] Part 4, Teaching Practice, is likely the most interesting for today's readers. Loyola himself wrote chapter 23, on teaching composition. Chapter 24 explains "How to teach children Latin and Greek." Then come chapters of literary studies, mathematics, Hebrew, teaching philosophy, and teaching theology. I found this book interesting: there was good scholarship and immersion in topics and primary texts I had not thought about. The book was well organized. The main weakness was too much focus on Spain and Italy, too little on Germany and France. John Patrick Donnelly S.J. Marquette University (Emeritus) Copyright © 2017 The Catholic University of America Press

Marcin Starzyński, Das mittelalterliche Krakau: Der Stadtrat im Herrschaftsgefüge der polnischen Metropole, trans. Christian Prüfer and Kai Witzlack-Makarevich. (Städteforschung A/92.) Vienna: Böhlau, 2015. Pp. xii, 223. €32.90. ISBN: 978-3-412-22382-3.

Marcin Starzyński, <i>Das mittelalterliche Krakau: Der Stadtrat im Herrschaftsgefüge der polnischen Metropole</i>, trans. Christian Prüfer and Kai Witzlack-Makarevich. (Städteforschung A/92.) Vienna: Böhlau, 2015. Pp. xii, 223. €32.90. ISBN: 978-3-412-22382-3.

City Government and the State in Eighteenth-Century South Carolina

This article documents the character and development of the government in eighteenth-century Charleston, South Carolina. It argues that urban authority played a very important role in articulating the relationship between citizens and the state across the colonial, revolutionary, and early national eras. Two characteristics of this emerging authority are especially noteworthy. First, there were strong connections between governing practices in British cities and in Charleston. Efforts to order the South Carolina town were underpinned by an ideology of “internal police” that was increasingly shaping the government of towns across the British Atlantic world. Second, recognizing the importance of this doctrine relocates its origins firmly to the prerevolutionary urban environment, whereas historians had previously traced its roots to the revolutionary era.

Política: Nuevomexicanos and American Political Incorporation, 1821–1910 by Phillip B. Gonzales

Reviewed by: Política: Nuevomexicanos and American Political Incorporation, 1821–1910 by Phillip B. Gonzales Cameron L. Saffell Política: Nuevomexicanos and American Political Incorporation, 1821–1910. By Phillip B. Gonzales. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2016. Pp. 1080. Photographs, illustrations, maps, tables, notes, appendices, bibliography, index.) Historical sociologist Phillip B. Gonzales brings us critical new insights about Nuevomexicanos and political identity in mid-nineteenth-century New Mexico. Traditional political histories of this period tend to focus on federally appointed Anglo officials and lawyers, whom Gonzales identifies as the Euroamericans. As he points out, only 28 of 256 territorial officials were Nuevomexicanos, and only one territorial governor had a Spanish surname (28). Yet, as former U.S. Speaker of the House Thomas “Tip” O’Neill told us, all politics are local. Through Gonzales’s work we learn how domestic politics in New Mexico both influenced and were shaped by national political identities of both Mexico and the United States. The result is an impressive narrative, which spans more than seven hundred pages, of how traditional political parties came to exist and how Nuevomexicanos related to them. Gonzales utilizes extensive primary sources, cited in 130 pages of end-notes, including Nuevomexicano writers published in Spanish sections of early territorial newspapers. Almost a dozen commentaries that Gonzales identifies as particularly important are included as appendices, albeit without the translations that he includes in the main narrative. The result of Gonzales’s diligent work is a very different insight into New Mexico politics, introducing us to the perspective of local Nuevomexicano views as opposed to traditional discussions of the territory’s appointed Euroamerican and often nationally focused political views. The dates in the subtitle (1821–1910) are misleading, however: a more accurate range would be 1840s–1872. Because the Mexican period designated as chapter one is merely a prologue that sets a historical background, historians do not benefit from the methodical analysis Gonzales employs in other sections about Nuevomexicano political or cultural identity, how Nuevomexicanos dealt politically with the nation of Mexico, or with the myriad issues posed by Texan actions and claims in the region. Gonzales makes it evident that Mexican nationalism was significant for many years during (and after) the Mexican period, so an understanding of Nuevomexicano attitudes towards their former homeland prior to the American period would have been helpful. Similarly, because Gonzales ends his analysis in 1872, readers are deprived of his thorough investigative style regarding the failed 1876 attempt at statehood, the powerful Santa Fe Ring, and the evolution leading to statehood in 1912. We are fortunate, though, to have other recent books to give us insight on this late nineteenth-century period, including Doris Meyer’s Speaking for Themselves: Neomexicano Cultural Identity and [End Page 100] the Spanish-Language Press, 1880–1920 (University of New Mexico Press, 1996); John Nieto-Phillips’s The Language of Blood: The Making of Spanish-American Identity in New Mexico, 1880s–1930s (University of New Mexico Press, 2008); and David Holtby’s Forty-Seventh Star: New Mexico’s Struggle for Statehood (University of Oklahoma Press, 2012). Gonzales describes well how Nuevomexicanos readily adapted to American democracy and political structures, such as how the Mexican ayuntamiento transitioned to the American style of town government. However, having started his analysis at the dawn of the U.S.-Mexico War (mid-1840s), he misses the opportunity to question whether decisions by some influential ricos to send their children east on the Santa Fe Trail to be educated in Jesuit and American schools (rather than south to Chihuahua) played a role in familiarizing young Nuevomexicanos with the American political system—a situation he briefly describes about Territorial Delegate to the U.S. Congress José Francisco Chaves in the 1860s. Were these young leaders predisposed to affiliate with the Euroamericans, particularly during the initial transition? Were they influenced by the economic opportunities and development offered by Americans? With the knowledge that this book focuses on the first thirty years of the American period of New Mexico history, historians will find Política a detailed and valuable contribution to our understanding of Nuevomexicanos that expands our horizons beyond the previous political histories of Americano leaders in this same...

Corrupt Illinois: Patronage, Cronyism, and Criminality by Thomas J. Gradel and Dick Simpson

Reviewed by: Corrupt Illinois: Patronage, Cronyism, and Criminality by Thomas J. Gradel and Dick Simpson David Schultz Thomas J. Gradel and Dick Simpson, Corrupt Illinois: Patronage, Cronyism, and Criminality. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015. 270pp. $19.95. Corruption knows no bounds. At least this is the case with Illinois. Chicago is as famous for its corrupt city politics as it is for its food, architecture, and sports. But over time corruption has ebbed beyond its borders and the suburbs of Cook County, infiltrating every corner of Illinois from the lowest town government to the governor, snaring even federal offices that touch on the president of the United States. No branch of government is immune, no level, and no type of or form of corruption beyond the possibility. This is the argument of this entertaining yet sobering account of corruption in the prairie state. Corrupt Illinois: Patronage, Cronyism, and Criminality is neither the first nor the last word on the history and legacy of corruption in the land of Lincoln. Instead the authors, Thomas Gradel, a media consultant and former staffer to former governor Dan Walker, and Dick Simpson, a University of Illinois at Chicago professor and former Chicago alderman, have produced one of the best documented accounts on the history and extent of corruption in the state. First, as the subtitle describes, the authors define [End Page 124] corruption broadly to include not simply criminal acts of bribery, extortion, office selling, and influence peddling, but also political favoritism, conflicts of interest, and other assorted unethical behavior. Yet only defining corruption as mere criminality, from 1976 to 2012 the Chicago area recorded 1,597 federal corruption convictions, the most of any city in the country. All of Illinois during that time ranked third in federal convictions per capita, right behind the District of Columbia and Louisiana. It was also third in total number of convictions, behind only California and New York. These statistics substantiate that corruption is more than simply anecdotal—its flourishes in the state. But why? Corruption infused the political culture of Illinois from the start. Gradel and Simpson declare the first stolen election was in 1833 when the town of Chicago sought to incorporate and several of the votes were by individuals ineligible to vote. Governor Matteson left office in 1856, owing the state “a quarter of million dollars for selling false script.” In 1869 fourteen Chicago alderman and Cook Country commissioners were tried for contract rigging. Why this legacy? The authors invoke political scientist David Elazar’s discussion of the three types of political cultures that exist across the country. Illinois is dominated by an individualistic culture, one seeing politics as less about serving the public than furthering private interests. It envisions government as a necessary evil, one where political decisions are seen as market transactions to exchange personal favors. For reasons not even the authors can explain, from the earliest days of Illinois’ history this individualistic culture has persisted, reinforced both by repeated unethical behavior of public officials and a public tolerant or indifferent to it. So long as this culture of corruption persists, no amount or number of convictions will stem it. Having established Chicago and Illinois as among the most corrupt governments for the duration of their history, the core of the book tells their sullied story in charming detail. Chapter two focuses on stolen elections and boss politics, detailing mostly the practices of Mayor Richard Daley who also served as chair of the Cook County Democratic Party from 1955 to 1976. The chapter charts the structure of Daley’s machine, how the use of patronage was swapped for votes, campaign contributions, and precinct work. Yet Chicago machine politics goes back to right after the Civil War where Michael McDonald was a party boss employing similar techniques to protect saloons, brothels, and his friends. As for stolen elections, Daley is credited with delivering questionable votes to put Kennedy on top over [End Page 125] Nixon in 1960. Chapter three summarizes the history of corruption in Illinois, noting its legacy downstate and in Springfield. Among the conclusions is that corruption has taken three visible forms: small bribes as pay to play, stealing money from...

Case Study #1: A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner

In “A Rose for Emily,” Faulkner discusses the relationship of the individual and thecommunity. So assume, for the time being, that you live in a modest town, possibly in Yoknapatawpha County somewhere in rural America. Not only are you a long-time member of the community, but you are also one of the several people who keep the town government operating smoothly. You might be the town’s clerk, its manager, or its mayor. Those townspeople are your friends and your neighbors as well as the public that you serve. The era might be the early 1900s, as it is here in “A Rose for Emily;” in certain respects, however, it could almost be today.Now with that frame of reference in mind, read William Faulkner’s short story.