Streets Of Towns Research Articles

The Moral Economy of the Ugandan Crowd in 1945

Abstract In 1945, actions which have been understood as strikes against wartime inflation occurred across colonized Africa: this essay identifies a deeper motivation in the events which happened in the Uganda Protectorate in early 1945. An understanding that people had a moral responsibility to act, and leaders had a moral responsibility to see them, to listen, and to respond led from a mobilization of workers on town streets, to efforts to see wrongful deaths acknowledged, to gatherings in the courtyard of the Buganda king in which he was almost overthrown. In each of the three stages of the protest, Ugandans of different ethnicities asserted an ethic of mutual obligation which acknowledged no boundary between the political and the economic, spoke to authority with an expectation that they would be heard, and drew on enduring knowledge of politics as well as a range of new ideas to solve the problems they confronted.

A Numerical Simulation-Based Adaptation of the Pedestrian-Level Wind Environment in Village Streets: A Case Study on the Chuan Dao Area of the Hanjiang River in Southern Shaanxi

Village streets are indispensable spaces for people to perform outdoor activities, and they also directly affect the outdoor wind environment in villages. At present, people are paying more attention to the wind environment comfort of urban residential areas and urban commercial streets, but there is a lack of attention and research on the wind environment comfort of village and town streets. By summarizing the field research and meteorological data of Lefeng Village, we propose the outdoor wind environment evaluation requirements applicable to the Hanjiang River’s Chuan Dao area in the winter and summer seasons. We found that more than 80% of the outdoor wind environment in the summer is less than 1 m/s. Based on the numerical simulation method of computational fluid dynamics, and on the basis of the characteristics of the streets and lanes in the Hanjiang River’s Chuan Dao area, we found that the wind environment is poor in the winter and summer seasons; regarding streets and lanes, we propose three appropriate values, namely building density, building height, and street width. It is suggested that it is appropriate for the building density of the area to be less than 36%, the height of the building to be less than 15 m, and the width of the street to be 6–11 m when the street is open to traffic and 3–6 m when only pedestrians are passing through the area.

Correlation of unobserved factors of old town street walkability using SEM: Case study of old southern area, Nanjing

Contemporary research on the walking environment focuses closely on the construction logic and internal correlation. Walkability is one of the vital characteristics of the old town street space. To understand how to improve the old town street space effectively, the investigation of the correlation mechanism of street walkability is essential. This study utilizes structural equation model (SEM) to construct a street walkability measurement model composed of four unobserved factors. Then, take Old Southern Area in Nanjing as an example, integrate Depthmap, ArcGIS and Python to obtain multi-source data, and establish a database of observed factors on street space. Finally, the matrix of the observed factors is set by SEM to calculate the correlation of the unobserved factors. This paper provides a novel technical approach for the correlation study of spatial construction logic as well as a reference for strengthening the spatial quality of the contemporary built environment.

Integrating carbon and water footprint into nature-based solution (NBS) for urban planning in a highly built-up area in Guangzhou, China

Stormwater management problems have been deteriorated with the high frequency and intensity of precipitation owing to rapid urbanization and climate variability, especially in urban highly built-up area. Nature-based solutions (NBS) have emerged as a powerful measure for rising these challenges due to their ability to mitigate urban waterlogging and increase carbon sequestration. Identifying optimal locations for NBS implementation remains a critical research focus. This study integrates carbon and water footprint accounting into NBS-based planning for sustainable urban development in central Guangzhou, China, to enhance urban flooding mitigation and carbon sequestration. Through carbon-water footprint analysis and weighting, we prioritized NBS planning. To achieve the objectives of increasing sequestered carbon and reducing urban runoff, three types of NBS—green roofs, permeable pavements, and bioretention systems—were optimized for a high-priority town street. The results showed that the implementation of green roof and permeable pavement reduced the surface runoff by 3.58 %, while the biological retention system reduced the runoff gray water by 27 %. Moreover, the application of green roof and biological retention increased the carbon sequestration by 2.57 million kg CO2-eq (life cycle). The findings of this study provide comprehensive insights into optimization of NBS planning based on carbon-water footprint accounting, facilitating to enhance mitigation of urban flooding vulnerability and carbon sequestration.

Factors influencing consumer choices and food safety awareness in street-vended foods: A case study of Meru town, Kenya

The consumption of street-vended foods is common in many developed and developing countries, including Kenya. This study investigated the food safety knowledge of street food consumers (SFCs) and the factors influencing their choices of street-vended foods in Meru town, Kenya. A total of 456 respondents were randomly selected from different streets in Meru town to participate in this study. Data collection was carried out through in-person interviews using pretested structured questionnaires. The results of the survey revealed that a significant proportion, 79.2% of the participants were consumers of street vended foods. In addition, the study found a gender disparity that 58.8% of respondents were male and most of them had a primary or secondary education levels, while the majority of the female respondents reported that they had obtained college education. Furthermore, the majority of the respondents were self-employed (48.7%) and earned between KES 10,000 (USD 74) and KES 20,000 (USD 148) per month. The study also found that the average weekly expenditure on street-vended foods was estimated at KES 694.25 (USD 5.14). There was a highly significant association between the income range of the SFCs and their education level (p < 0.001), age category (p < 0.001) and employment category (p < 0.001). Education level (p=0.0274) and age (p=0.0205) of the SFCs were significant factors in predicting the personal hygiene knowledge scores of the SFCs. About 31.6% of consumers reported being sick once or twice a month after eating street foods. The study revealed that convenience, cost, quantity, hygiene and service were important factors considered by SFCs when purchasing street vended foods. The findings of this study offer valuable insights that can inform the development of appropriate strategies and policies aimed at promoting food safety awareness and ensuring the availability of safe and hygienic street-vended foods in Meru town, Kenya.

Road traffic accidents and the contributing factors among drivers of public transportation in Mizan Aman town, Ethiopia: a Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

Traffic accidents on the road is an accident is a terrible accident that causes death, injury, and property damage. However, limited studies were addressed to investigate the prevalence of traffic accidents on the road and the contributing factors among drivers that help in developing strategies to cop-up the incidence within the research domain in Ethiopia, particularly in the study area. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of road traffic accidents and the contributing factors among drivers of public transportation in Mizan Aman town, Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional survey was employed among 376 drivers of public transportation. Every research subject was selected by using a simple random sampling technique. Semi-structured and open-ended questionnaires which comprised demographic characteristics, risky personal behaviors and lifestyles, driver's factors, vehicle condition, and environmental conditions were used to gather data. And then after, data was collected through interviewer-administered using KoBo Collect tools. Completed data were edited and cleaned in the Kobo collect toolbox and then exported for additional analysis to a statistical tool for social science statistics version 26. The descriptive statistics were displayed as figures, tables, and texts. Binary logistic regression was analyzed to identify the contributing factors. Statistically significant was decided with a p-value of ≤ 0.05. The results showed that the prevalence of road traffic accidents among drivers of public transportation in Mizan Aman town was 17%. The study identified factors influencing traffic accidents on the roads including marital status (being single), employee condition (permanent), monthly income (1001-2500 Ethiopia Birr), alcohol use, vehicle maintenance (not), road type (non-asphalt), and weather conditions (being windy). The overall prevalence of road traffic accidents among drivers of public transportation in Mizan Aman town was relatively low. Despite this, sociodemographic characteristics, driver factors, vehicle conditions, and environmental conditions [road type and weather conditions] were the predicting factors of traffic accidents in town. Therefore, reduction strategies should be the highest priority duty for concerned bodies like Mizan Aman town road and transport office, Bench Sheko zone transport and logistics office, and Southwest Ethiopia People Regional State (SWEPRS) transport bureau in the study area.

Risk assessment of land subsidence based on GIS in the Yongqiao area, Suzhou City, China.

This study focuses on the Yongqiao District in Suzhou City, Anhui Province, China, aiming to analyze the current situation of ground settlement and its influencing factors in the area. The selected risk indices include settlement rate, cumulative settlement amount, groundwater level drop funnel, thickness of loose sediment layer, thickness of soft soil layer, and the number of groundwater extraction layers. Additionally, vulnerability indices such as population density, building density, road traffic, and functional zoning are considered. An evaluation index system for assessing land Subsidence risk was established. The risk evaluation of land Subsidence was conducted using the Hierarchical analysis-composite index method and ArcGIS spatial analysis, The evaluation results show that the area of higher risk area is about 2.82 km2, accounting for 0.96% of the total area, mainly distributed in the area of Jiuli village, Sanba Street. The middle risk area is distributed around the higher area, with an area of about 9.18 km2, accounting for 3.13% of the total area. The lower risk areas were distributed in most of the study area, covering an area of 222.24 km2, accounting for 75.82% of the total area. The low risk assessment area is mainly distributed in Bianhe Street and part of Zhuxianzhuang Town, with an area of about 58.88 km2, accounting for 20.09% of the total area. The findings of this study are not only crucial for informing local policies and practices related to land use planning, infrastructure development, and emergency response but also enhance our understanding of the complexities of land Subsidence processes and their interactions with human activities, informing future research and practice in environmental risk assessment and management.

Calico Madams and South Sea Cheats: Global Trade, Finance, and Popular Protest in Early Hanoverian England

AbstractIn the summer of 1719, woolen and silk weavers took to the streets in cities and towns across England to protest the East India Company's importation of cotton calicoes from South Asia. English weavers viewed these popular imports as hurting their economic livelihoods. During the protests, they violently turned their anger against women wearing calico, tearing off their clothes and even throwing acid on some victims. Their actions spurred widespread condemnation, but the weavers got what they wanted in the end. In March 1721, an act banning the importation and use of all calico cloth in Britain received royal assent. On that same day, an act arranging the first in a series of financial rescues of the South Sea Company in the wake of the South Sea Bubble became law. Drawing from a range of archival and printed sources, the author explores the political and cultural connections between the calico crisis and the South Sea Bubble and investigates how reactions to both episodes intersected ideologically with fears of Jacobitism and foreign invasion and with broader anxieties about gender, the social order, and the political influence of financial corporations.

"ЕВРЕЙСКИЙ КОРОЛЬ ЛИР" ЯКОВА ГОРДИНА: РАЗГОВОР С РУССКИМ ЗРИТЕЛЕМ НА ФОНЕ ЕВРОПЕЙСКОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРНОЙ ТРАДИЦИИ

Jacob Gordin [1853–1909] was an influential reformer of Yiddish theatre in first half of the 20th century. His dramatic works were created in the U.S. period of his life, but they were also popular in Russia where they were adapted and directed on the Russian scene. The article focuses on the Russian version of Gordin’s Yiddish King Lear. The play juxtaposes Jewish and European cultural elements and unites Russian and Jewish audiences. Situations of Shakespearean plots happen in streets of Jewish towns and neighborhoods. But at the same time Gordin fills the European plot with Jewish features, such as the polemics between religious movements, ideas about the purpose of man (tikkun olam, pikuach nefesh). The reference to the classical European fabula breaks down the public perception of Jews as a group isolated by the Talmud and rabbis, off the axis of history. In parallel, the text demonstrates to the Jewish viewers that the European world is its own cultural space for Jews as well is a relevant place for them, too.

Chemical modifications of old natural stone pavements surface for safety reuse – Risk mitigation

Ex-situ acid treatment of surface of old natural cobblestones has been analysed as a new technique for pavements reuse according to environment risk. Cubes of granite, basalt, field stone and slag concrete previously removed from Old Town street, were exposed to: H2SO4(30%,96%), HNO3(30%,65%), 10%HF and 85%H3PO4 by 1–4 weeks to increase the surface roughness and improve the anti-slip properties. The use of HF and 30%HNO3 influenced increase of open porosity value (up to 2.5-fold). In turn, 30% and 65%HNO3 treatment increased the BET surface area and decrease micropore area and volume. Moreover, 30% HNO3 had the least negative effect on the Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, Pb leachability. XRD, digital and SEM analysis confirmed the poor silica susceptibility (as main compound of analysed minerals) to 30%HNO3 treatment. This is the first work focused on use chemical treatment in such a way that the effect is only superficial, without affecting the integrity of the entire cube.

Resilience of Living Streets in Small and Medium-Sized Towns: A Grounded Theory Study of Yixing, China

In the context of the global fine-grained urban renewal initiative, living streets closely related to people’s lives have become a hot topic. This study provides a comprehensive framework for addressing prominent issues such as the limited adaptability and inability to accommodate development in living streets. It explores the value and design innovation points of incorporating resilience concepts in the renewal of living streets. Taking the living streets in Yixing, Jiangsu Province, as an example, the grounded theory approach was employed to conduct in-depth interviews and three-level coding of the data to systematically elucidate the influencing factors and implementation paths of resilience in living streets. The study reveals that the resilient development of living streets is influenced and constrained by six factors: positive values, demand factors, spatial environment, contextual factors, operation and management, and resilience characteristics. Each of these six main dimensions encompasses multiple subcategories and the factors influencing living streets’ resilience through different mechanisms. Building upon the guidance-demand-design-context-operation pathway model for enhancing the resilience of living streets in small and medium-sized towns in the Jiangnan region, the study proposes new perspectives such as correct orientation, adaptability to change, and a balance between rigidity and flexibility tailored explicitly to the enhancement of resilience in living streets. These novel perspectives contribute to the theoretical research achievements on the resilience development of living streets in small and medium-sized towns in the Jiangnan region of China to a certain extent. Furthermore, these findings hold significant implications for attaining SDG11, which emphasizes sustainable urban development.

Ilościowe i jakościowe przemiany sieci ulic w przestrzeni geograficznej Nowego Miasta – historycznej jednostki morfologicznej Łodzi

This article analyses the historical transformation of the New Town streets, a historic morphological unit of Łódź designed in the early 19th century. The research is based on a detailed study of historical cartographic materials, contemporary geodetic data and the use of GIS to compare the changes in the area occurring over nearly 200 years. First, the origins and layout of the area’s early urban pattern are illustrated. Then, the process of changes that has taken place in this part of the city up to the present day is shown. The study involved a reconstruction of the streets in retrospective terms, taking the contemporary street grid as the first period. The archival city plans served as the basis for the identification of those parts of the historic district that survived unchanged as well as the areas that went through major transformations with their following consequences. The analysis is spatial in character—quantitative and qualitative. What is discussed are changes that have occurred in the geometry of the street network and in their naming. Reference was made to the geographic environment and social, economic and political aspects. The impact of systemic and political changes on the choice of street names was noted.

RetroV2X: A new vehicle-to-everything (V2X) paradigm with visible light backscatter networking

The Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technology has become essential with the increasing interest in intelligent transportation systems. It connects multiple vehicles and infrastructure by digitizing road traffic signs, signals, and other facilities and arranging sensing devices. However, conventional V2X solutions, such as Celluar Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X), have been slow to deploy due to their high cost, external power requirement, and dependence on Internet backhaul connectivity. Recently, Visible Light Backscatter Communication (VLBC) technology has emerged as a promising solution to overcome the practical issues of conventional V2X technologies. This paper presents RetroV2X, a protocol designed to support a networked VLBC-based V2X system that facilitates the transmission of road sensory data between vehicles and road infrastructure. We have designed several mechanisms, including backoff, virtual ID assignment, and excitatory carrier sensing, to handle different types of collisions, namely downlink, synchronous uplink, and asynchronous uplink collisions. Overhear and relay mechanisms are also designed to improve the performance at high vehicle densities. Our evaluation demonstrates that RetroV2X is capable of meeting the needs of V2X applications in typical rural road, town road, and highway scenarios with varying road sign densities, vehicle densities, and velocities.

Queer Country, by Shana Goldin-Perschbacher

Review| April 01 2023 Queer Country, by Shana Goldin-Perschbacher Queer Country, by Shana Goldin-Perschbacher. Music in American Life. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2022. x, 268 pp. Kristine M. McCusker Kristine M. McCusker KRISTINE M. McCUSKER is Professor in the Department of History at Middle Tennessee State University. She is the author of Just Enough to Put Him Away Decent: Death Care, Life Extension, and the Making of a Healthier South, 1900–1955 (University of Illinois Press, forthcoming 2023) and of the essay “‘Dixie Chicked’: Sony vs. the Chicks and the Regendering of Country Music in the Early Twenty-First Century” in the edited volume Whose Country Music? Genre, Identity, and Belonging in Twenty-First-Century Country Music Culture (Cambridge University Press, 2023). Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Journal of the American Musicological Society (2023) 76 (1): 238–242. https://doi.org/10.1525/jams.2023.76.1.238 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Kristine M. McCusker; Queer Country, by Shana Goldin-Perschbacher. Journal of the American Musicological Society 1 April 2023; 76 (1): 238–242. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/jams.2023.76.1.238 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentJournal of the American Musicological Society Search I love Lil Nas X—an odd thing, perhaps, for a cisgender white woman in her fifties to admit. But his brilliance in bending genre boundaries, utilizing new technologies, and blending different musical strands is nothing short of genius. His phenomenally successful “Old Town Road,” recorded haphazardly and uploaded to TikTok, merges a Nine Inch Nails sample with trap music, which is, in itself, musically interesting. What is really interesting, however, is his use of nostalgia and cowboy imagery—both core themes in the country music genre and both associated with white, mostly male, conservative listeners. To make the country music connection even more obvious, Billy Ray Cyrus of “Achy Breaky Heart” fame sings the chorus. Other country artists, too, sing “Old Town Road” with Lil Nas X, as when, for example, Keith Urban appeared on stage with Lil Nas X and Cyrus at the 2019 CMA Fest.1 Through this appearance,... You do not currently have access to this content.

Openings after the Last Sky

Openings after the Last Sky

Study on the Spatial and Temporal Distribution and Traffic Flow Parameters of Non-Motorized Vehicles on Highway Segments Crossing Small Towns

The traffic flow of non-motorized vehicles on the highway segments crossing small towns is disorderly and chaotic. In order to improve the traffic environment and regulate the order of non-motorized operations, this article studies the spatial and temporal distribution and traffic flow parameters of non-motorized traffic on the highway segments crossing small towns. The non-motorized traffic within the section of the National Highway G310 crossing small towns in Henan Province, China, is investigated through various research tools such as questionnaires, interviews, and on-site statistics. The regularity and characteristics of non-motorized traffic in terms of travel purpose, travel distance, travel time, and travel frequency were obtained. Meanwhile, based on the actual collected traffic data, the speed–density relationship, flow rate–density relationship, and speed–distance relationship of non-motorized traffic flow were studied using mathematical and statistical methods. The results show that thresholds exist for both time and distance traveled by non-motorized vehicles on small town road sections. The threshold value of riding time is 30 min, and the threshold value of riding distance is 5 km. Under the free flow state, the speed distribution is near a certain desired speed, and the flow rate–density relationship conforms to the exponential function relationship when the flow rate is greater than the critical flow value. The speed and distance show a cubic function relationship, and the speed gradually increases with the increase in distance between the non-motorized vehicles and towns. Based on the results of the above analysis, it is possible to grasp the travel regularity of non-motorized cyclists on highway segments crossing small towns. This provides a theoretical basis for enhancing the efficiency of non-motorized travel and improving the non-motorized travel environment.

Ræningjarímur séra Guðmundar Erlendssonar í Felli og erlendar fréttaballöður

News ballads are poems about recent events or the poets’ contemporaries that were printed on cheap paper and sold by street vendors or performed/sung in the squares and streets of towns and cities in Europe in the early modern period. This genre has not been studied in Icelandic literary history hitherto, since poems belonging to news ballads (or disaster ballads) have not been printed but only preserved in little-known manuscripts. We can see, however, from the book of poems by pastor Guðmundur Erlendsson (primarily in the manuscripts JS 232 4to and Lbs 1055 4to, preserved in the National Library of Iceland, Reykjavík) that seventeenth-century Icelandic poets knew of news ballads. Here I examine four of his poems belonging to this genre. One deals with an earthquake in Italy in 1627; the second describes the fall of the German city Magdeburg in 1631; the third describes the execution of King Charles I of England in grotesque and horrendous detail; and the fourth portrays the king himself, bidding farewell to his wife and children and to the crown. One may infer from the texts of Guðmundur’s poems that they were intended for performance and entertainment. They feature dramatic staging, an exciting plot, and a clear moral message addressed to the audience at the end. All the poems are based on real events that happened in the poet’s time; that is, natural disasters, disasters of war, and political execution. They are presumably translations of European ballads, but the poet places the events in the context of the reality of his audience in Iceland. The poems demonstrate that the genre of news ballads reached Iceland no later than the early seventeenth century, thus expanding the repertoire of early modern Icelandic poetry. Also of note is the fact that Guðmundur Erlendsson’s Rover rhymes do not deal with ancient heroes or fictional characters from the distant past, as was the general rule for seventeenth-century rhyme cycles, but with tragic events from the poet’s own time, the so-called “Turkish Raid” of 1627. In the rhymes, the trail of the raiders is traced around the country; place names are mentioned to support the veracity of the narrative, as are the names of people assaulted or captured by the raiders. The narrative is dramatic and suspenseful, and descriptions of the pirates’ actions are presented in grotesque detail. The last rhyme contains a warning to the audience and a moral message. The terrible events happened because of the disobedience and immorality of Icelanders, and the poet urges his compatriots to obey the Lord and pray for peace in the country, just as he did in the ballads. Thus, the poet not only translated European news ballads into Icelandic, introducing the genre to his audience/readers, but he also used the genre’s characteristics and subject matter in an innovative way in a rhyme cycle on a contemporary event in Iceland. It is entirely possible that the influence of news ballads was more prevalent in Icelandic poetry of later centuries. That needs, however, further research.

Review: Pop Masculinities: The Politics of Gender in the Twenty-First Century Popular Music, by Kai Arne Hansen

Review: <i>Pop Masculinities: The Politics of Gender in the Twenty-First Century Popular Music</i>, by Kai Arne Hansen

Direct Imaging of Stabilized Optical Flow and Possible Anomalies From Moving Vehicle

Machine perception of dynamic scenes becomes more and more important for autonomous vehicles and vision-based driver-assistance systems. Even with other 3D ranging devices, dense, detailed and instantaneous detection of optical flow is essential for early distinguishing small moving objects in the 3D environment from the moving vehicle. To overcome the limited performance in the immediacy, resolution, accuracy and acuity of existing methods, we provide an optical flow detection scheme based on a three-phase correlation image sensor (3PCIS) that is capable of Fourier-coefficient imaging combined with an exact and direct algorithm derived from the weighted integral method of identifying the differential equation model from a short-duration observation. To utilize inherent performances of the detection scheme by removing the large and rapid disturbances induced by the rotational fluctuations of the platform, we introduce a software operation of gaze in which the image coordinates are fixed on and smoothly pursue a forward stable object so that the optical flow field is relative to the moving coordinate system. In it, the gaze subsystem continuously provides angular velocity and pose between the camera and gaze target, while the imaging subsystem instantaneously obtains two optical flow distributions by cancelling the ego-rotation components and then removing the outwardly diverging components derived mainly from stationary 3D environments. Possible anomalies captured in each frame instantaneously provide candidates of hazardous objects that should be tracked and further investigated. We examine the performance of optical flow stabilization and anomaly detection using image sequences of monocular 3PCIS mounted on a moving vehicle on town roads and a highway.

Amid signs of change: language policy, ideology and power in the linguistic landscape of urban Rwanda

In this paper we explore the nexus of language policy, ideology and power in the linguistic landscape of urban Rwanda. In post-genocide Rwanda, English has been promoted and gained status. This has led to an increased usage of English on shop signs in the streets of Kigali and other towns in Rwanda at the expense of both French and Kinyarwanda. Unique quantitative language data documented in streets before 2008 are in this study compared to data collected in 2018, in the same streets. This forms the background for analysis of official discourse, targeting language policy changes, especially after the 2008 decision to appoint English as the language of administration as well as the medium of instruction throughout the educational system from grade 1 on. This decision was made despite the fact that Rwanda has a national language, Kinyarwanda, known by 99.4 per cent of the population. The analysis shows that political aspects of language policy decisions are downplayed. Officially, both discursively and in practice, the Rwandan government, that is the English speaking elite in power, legitimize their decisions by pretending that imposing English is an inevitable, pragmatic and rational measure for economic development. This narrative reveals ideas about inherent qualities of specific languages while simultaneously discarding others. Additionally, in public discourse all four official languages are equal. Reality is different. In a society where the status language is only acquired through education and used as medium of instruction, power differences and socioeconomic inequalities are neglected and obscured.