Town Planning Research Articles

Connecting the Dots

The Modern Movement encompasses a diverse collection of both iconic and ordinary treasures of architecture worldwide, among which some are safeguarded with respect to their values, while others were demolished, have undergone alterations, neglect, or lack of maintenance and preservation over time. Docomomo has been playing a pivotal role in documenting and safeguarding significant architectural works of the 20th century. Its National and Regional Working Parties (WPs), spread across the globe, have diligently compiled archives of photographs, drawings, historical records, and research materials related to Modern Movement architecture, town planning and landscape design. However, the decentralized nature of these archives poses challenges in terms of accessibility, coordination, and attaining a more comprehensive record of the Modern Movement with a global perspective. Therefore, this study undertakes the explorative task of compiling data from these separate online-available archives of the WPs to attain a broader overview of the documented objects of Modern Movement architecture on a global-scale. The collected data is analyzed to identify patterns, trends, and influential architects and to elaborate on the potential factors contributing to the current status. The study involves analysis of the predominant format of building use/function among documented architectural works, examination of the geographical and chronological coverage of available lists, and the distribution of intervention status within the inventory. These aspects provide valuable insights into the functional diversity, geographic spread, and preservation status of architectural works documented in the dispersed archives. This study also facilitates comparative studies between different regions and countries, shedding light on the shared characteristics and unique contributions of the Modern Movement across diverse cultural contexts. The results help identify trends, gaps, and areas of focus for future research and documentation efforts, ensuring the holistic appreciation of architectural works, and contributing to the scholarly understanding and preservation of this modern heritage.

“There are no secrets here”: Sex and Scandal in the Streets of Curaçao

This article challenges the assumptions about what spaces were actually private in the late early modern colonial world. Centered on a case of adultery amongst the Sephardic Jewish community of Curaçao in the late eighteenth century, this piece looks at the entangled lives of enslaved people, Dutch colonial officials, free people of color, Protestants, Catholics, and Jews. Gossip, private information transition, and the architecture and town planning of Willemstad, Curaçao, are integral to this story of community norms, legal systems, and colonial spaces.

RUIS - A WEB BASED GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR RISHIKESH AREA, INDIA

Abstract. An attempt has been made to develop Rishikesh Urban Information System (RUIS) with this concern in mind so that efforts made during data collection and acquisition of latest data on resources available in the Rishikesh township and its environs can be used by the administrators, town planners, tourists and even common man to locate and appraise of the areas of their interest. The study of Rishikesh township and its environs carried out in this work would be useful in formulating developmental planning strategies in the area, as the spatial and attribute information about various utilities-facilities and geoenvironmental parameters is available in a georeferenced GIS mode. RUIS is a GIS based application system that amalgamates Visual Basic .Net, ESRI MAP OBJECT 2.0, and Microsoft Access. This system allows linkage of spatial and attributes data with suitable visual display of both the data types. RUIS supports on screen map viewing with attribute information to provide meaningful insights into the geo-aspects of the region for updating the knowledge of planners and tourists interested in this area. Anyone can easily access it anytime, anywhere by using internet.

Application of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System in Identification of Urban Growth nodes: A Case of Surat City, India

With the passage of time, the city's growth behavior will not change unless and until the government intervenes, and thus its identity will shift from monocentric to polycentric to meet the needs of citizens. As a result, this study is being conducted to identify emerging growth nodes within a selected area of Surat City, as well as their growth drivers over a 30-year period. Quantified built-up area within a patch size of 1km x 1km was used to compute patch density at five-year intervals from 1991 to 2021. In addition, the spatial changes that occurred within patches over the same time period were examined. Both analyses aid in determining the emerging growth nodes over a 30-year period. From 1991 to 2021, the city was driven by socioeconomic criteria such as land price, availability of good health and educational facilities, water and sewerage networks, fire stations, proximity factors such as proximity to major roads, bridges, bus stations, metro, railway stations, airport, environmental factors such as the development of riverfront and linear park, bio-diversity park, and government interventions in terms of Town Planning Schemes. This study thus aids urban planners and decision-makers in selecting which growth nodes to plan for new development and type of development, what to connect, and what to protect in the years to come.

PERANAN PERBADANAN ADAT MELAYU DAN WARISAN NEGERI SELANGOR DALAM PEMULIHARAAN DAN PEMELIHARAAN BANGUNAN WARISAN DI NEGERI SELANGOR: GEDUNG RAJA ABDULLAH, KLANG

This study looks at the role of a state statutory body agency that carries out its functions and powers in the conservation and preservation of a heritage building in Selangor, namely Gedung Raja Abdullah, Klang, Selangor, as well as the challenges faced in maintaining this building as a heritage building. The research method is based on observation and analysis on the documents of conservation projects carried out from 2014 to 2019 by the department on this building, as well as field interviews with the curator of the National Heritage Department, engineer, surveyor and architect of the Department of Conservation and Structural Conservation of the Department of Public Works Malaysia, Klang District and Land Office Land Administrator, Klang Municipal Council Town Planning Officer, and Global Heritage Consulting Conservator Sdn. Bhd. The main challenge faced by the Perbadanan Adat Melayu dan Warisan Negeri Selangor is to re-align the process of gazetting the land lot boundaries of the Gedung Raja Abdullah, Klang in line with the National Land Code 1965 and the National Heritage Act 2005 and determining the correct conservation method (method statement) in overcoming repeated damage to this building. Among the issues that may cause PADAT to not be able to carry out its functions properly are the lack of provision for building repairs, lack of specialist manpower, the threat of surrounding development and limited enforcement activities. In addition, buildings that will be reused for public visits require detailed safety checks in all aspects to prevent structural failure. In conclusion, the Perbadanan Adat Melayu dan Warisan Negeri Selangor has successfully carried out its role as well as the functions and powers stipulated for it in conserving and maintaining the building of Gedung Raja Abdullah, Klang, in addition to maintaining the heritage status of this building and being able to upgrade it to national heritage status, further increasing the income of the state government with reopening (reuse) this building as a Klang Tin and History Museum.

FORMATION OF FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGGLOMERATIONS IN THE TERRITORIAL PLANNING SYSTEM: WORLD EXPERIENCE

The problem of urban construction and development of agglomeration associations is urgent and rapidly growing in the modern world, as cities are becoming key centres of economic, social, and ecological development. Understanding the factors that influence this process is important for sustainable urban planning and development. This study aims to analyse and study the formation of factors influencing the development of agglomeration associations in the system of territorial planning, in particular by researching world experience and analysing relevant literature. The object of the study is the process of development of agglomeration associations, and the subject of the study is the factors that influence this process in the territorial planning system. The methods of literary analysis, statistical data analysis, and comparative analysis were used in this study. The literary analysis made it possible to collect and analyse domestic and foreign sources related to the problem of the development of agglomeration associations. The analysis of statistical data provided an opportunity to confirm and emphasise certain trends in the development of agglomerations. The comparative analysis made it possible to identify differences and common features of the development of agglomerations in different countries. In the course of the study, scientific sources on agglomeration growth and territorial planning were carefully analysed and systematised. A comparative analysis of agglomeration growth in France, Germany, Japan, China, India, and Brazil was conducted, which made it possible to identify common trends and differences. Based on the conducted research, it was established that the development of agglomeration associations is a complex process with various consequences. For the practical implementation of the research results, it is recommended to develop individual approaches to territorial planning and urban development, taking into account the specific factors of each country. It is also important to actively involve the local population in the decision-making process and ensure effective monitoring and control of the sustainable development of agglomeration associations. Keywords: urban construction, territorial planning, town planning, urbanism, development of agglomerations.

Detailed urban plan – between specific regulation and uncertain legal nature

Spatial planning and town planning are regulated in the provisions of Law no. 350/2001 and have as their basic purpose the establishment at a centralized level of a unitary framework for the development and planning of all construction, reconstruction and restructuring works.
 The detailed urban plan is a frequently encountered urban design tool in the field of territorial planning, and obtaining it is required in some situations precisely to respect the need for public safety and security, being a concrete application of the elements of the local urban planning regulation.
 Although it is classified as a specific regulation, the detailed urban plan does not enjoy a coherent and predictable legal framework, the proof of this fact being the extensive jurisprudential discussions regarding the legal nature of this administrative act, and the objective of this paper is to analyze the legal incidents and national jurisprudence provisions to answer the question of whether the determination of the legal nature of the detailed urban plan can affect the imperative of public safety and security of legal relations.

A comparative study of bike-sharing and e-scooter sharing users and services in a college town during COVID-19

Shared micro-mobility services have seen a sharp increase during the last decade only to be hindered by the pandemic. Bike-sharing and e-scooter sharing services are the two main services of shared micro-mobility and are often perceived to be similar. However, they may differ because of different mobility trends, associated with each service, stemming from distinct usage habits, particularly in a campus setting, distinct from major cities. In this regard, there is limited understanding of how bike-sharing and e-scooter sharing services differ or are similar in terms of user characteristics within a campus context. Moreover, the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on shared micro-mobility in campus settings has not been investigated. This study aims to: (a) uncover the users’ perceived barriers and benefits that are associated with each service, (b) determine whether user characteristics and preferences differ between bike-sharing and e-scooter users, (c) evaluate how travel habits and user characteristics can help determine trip purpose of shared micro-mobility services, and (d) detect any change in trip characteristics, namely trip purpose and length, due to COVID-19 for both services. To this end, a survey was conducted between October 2019 and August 2020 in West Lafayette, Indiana, home of Purdue University, gathering 615 responses. Comparative tests were carried out to evaluate the change in trip purpose and length of bike-sharing and e-scooter sharing trips during the pandemic. It was found that commuting trips increased in frequency after COVID-19, while the average trip length during COVID-19 increased for bike-sharing but not for e-scooters. Binary logistic regression results indicate that e-scooter sharing and bike-sharing users hold different characteristics and preferences, which suggests diverse usage patterns. The study findings offer valuable implications for transportation and policy planning in college towns.

A cascading model of stakeholder engagement for large-scale regional development using structured dialogical design

We present a large-scale systemic intervention conducted in the wine village communities of Cyprus. The scientific aim of this paper is to contribute to expanding community operational research's purpose, scope, and tools by reflecting on a cascading engagement model of stakeholders toward regional development in Cyprus. An ad-hoc committee comprising three representatives of the Department of Town Planning and Housing, three members of the Cyprus Academy of Public Administration, and a few external consultants came up initially with about a dozen stakeholders’ categories they considered “relevant.” Using a stepwise (cascading) expansion, they eventually engaged over 200 actors representing 26 stakeholder categories. The first 29 stakeholders identified 71 obstacles to developing the wine villages using Structured Democratic Dialogue (SDD). They clustered the obstacles into themes and formed working groups to address them. Each group identified and invited experts and additional stakeholders they considered relevant to form extended theme-specific groups. Each group conducted a SWOT analysis to deepen understanding and produced a thematic vision map using SDD. A holistic vision map was constructed through a final SDD process in which participants were the authors of the most influential factors from each thematic vision map. The approach adheres to the bottom-up, community-led method and falls within community operational research and citizen science. The cascading model offers a formula for multi-methodological intervention. The stepwise bottom-up identification and engagement of stakeholders empowers and engages authentically, especially those marginalised. The expansion in numbers and the effective engagement of stakeholders creates the required momentum for societal change. We discuss the model's broader applicability, frame it within third-phase science, and suggest future directions.

Unpacking the Perceived Scarcity of Town Planners in South Africa

On the 15th of November 2022, during a question and answer session in Parliament, the President of South Africa was asked how the impact of apartheid planning was being addressed in the country. In response, he stated that the ‘country does not have good town planners and transformation is slow.’ This statement had the professional community up in arms, since many in the professional community remain unemployed. However, the statement reiterates the findings of numerous policies passed over the last 25 years,including JIPSA, LGTAS, ASGISA and NDP, which all emphasised the scarcity of professionals. In light of this, the article seeks to unpack the scarcity of town planning professionals using the definitions given by the Local Government Sector Education and Training Authority (LGSETA), as well as from a young planner’s perspective. The study utilised a purposeful sampling technique which identified town planners via LinkedIn and conducted 105 online structured interviews. The interviews confirmed the scarcity in the profession, but not in the labour force. Rather, the scarcity is created through skills gaps, vague policies, lack of professional registration, and BBEE policies. As a result, the town planning capacity in the country is fragile due to the complex environment within which it operates. The current study provides insight into the lack of town planning professionals in South Africa and suggests recommendations to reduce this dilemma.

Analysis of the Variability in Land Surface Temperature due to Land Use/Land Cover Change for a Sustainable Urban Planning

Abstract In modern days, a sustainable urban planning system requires a balance of vegetation, water, and settlement. The proportions of these surface features directly influence the land surface temperature (LST) in an urban area. LST primarily depends on the emittance of land use/land cover (LULC) categories. In an urban area, changes in LULC categories as well as local warming are the prime regulators of LST change. The study analyses the LULC change and its impact on LST in Imphal City, India. Landsat satellite data for the summer season and winter seasons for 1991, 2001, 2011, and 2021 have been used in this study. Results show that the mean LST of the study area increased at >1% rate/decade. The green area and water area decreased the LST values whereas the built-up area and fallow lands increased the LST values. The study indicates the consequences of proper land conversion to regulate the LST change. Moreover, the influence of population on LST is also determined. The continuous rising trend of population is a positive factor of increasing LST. The study may help the town and country planners to generate sustainable urban land.

Evolution of Landscape Architecture and Urban Design discourse in B.Arch. Schools, India

Architectural Discourse in a typical B.Arch. program across architecture schools in India was dominated by the “Star Architect”, for the most part in post independence India. It probably continues to do so in many schools or is at least an inherent thinking block in the minds of most young architects. However there are many compartments that post independent India can be categorised into, depending on the location and associated growth pattern. The late 90s to 2000s heralded a construction boom in the country, importing many building prototypes mainly from the western world. Landscape Architecture and Urban Design were more peripheral in this context, being limited to historical studies and as a secondary context to the architectural built form. Landscape Architecture was seen through a decorative lens, to be considered post finishing the construction of a building, as an afterthought, as mere decoration. On the other hand Urban Design was not necessarily taught even as an elective in many schools. It was found buried under the aegis of town planning, in very introductory formats in B.Arch. schools. At best it found a place in master’s programs trying to imagine the future India but tied to history in its thinking. Economic growth and associated development became the focus, further blurring boundaries of development, planning and design. Amongst the major centers of architectural training, the School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi, Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology (CEPT), Ahmedabad and Sir J J College of Architecture, Mumbai and many other schools in Mumbai, a certain shift in this viewing lens started to occur post liberalisation in the 1990s. Growth fuelled urbanisation and urban sprawl forced the focus on these disciplines at the bachelors study level also. This paper brings forth observations in these changes and how the viewing lens and discourse of these two disciplines now informs architectural education, particularly outside these centres of excellence. Key Words: Discourse, architectural education, viewing lens

Analysis of the Consequences of Job-Pressure Among Skilled Workers on Performance Standards in the Building Industry in South-Eastern Nigeria

This research was conducted to identify pressing influences among skilled workers in the building industry in South-eastern Nigeria. This is because not much is known about job pressure among skilled workers in the building industry in the sampled areas to date. The investigation involved the administration of a questionnaire to about 108 skilled workers including architects, builders, town planners and quantity surveyors randomly selected from 60 uncompleted building projects in Imo, Ebonyi and Enugu States, Nigeria. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and findings show that the prime sources of pressure were high volume of tasks, uncomfortable site offices, lack of feedback on previous and uncompleted building projects and variations in the scope of work in uncompleted building projects in the selected states. This study recommended taking job responsibilities that one has adequate capacity to handle, establishing realistic budgets and time frames for project delivery, providing spatially adequate, visually and thermally comfortable site offices, adopting appropriate job construction practices, and educating skilled workers on pressure management will reduce the incidence of pressure among skilled workers in the study area. Keywords: Job pressure, building industry, skilled workers, job seekers, south-east, Nigeria

Emigration, War and Reconstruction: Imagining the International Dispersal of Britain in the 1940s

ABSTRACT Debates about reconstruction in Britain at the end of the Second World War included proposals to migrate up to half of the country’s population across the Dominions. The advocates for mass migration included prominent figures in British civilian and military planning who were informed by anxieties about the consequences of a future war, the potential for demographic and trade imbalances to provoke social and economic problems, and concerns about Britain’s place in the new balance of power. This article looks in detail at proposals to disperse millions of people from Britain by influential planner E.A.A. Rowse and Sir Henry Tizard, a prominent military scientist who held numerous high positions in the wartime and post-war governments. Proposals for mass migration on such a scale were outlandish and radical and have been somewhat dismissed in the historiography as a result, but a close analysis of these two interventions highlights how continuities in thinking about town planning and development in Britain intersected with those about migration and imperial development and were reframed by the emerging Cold War.

Google Earth Augments Viewing the Spectacle of Ruin in Selected ‘In-Between Places’ of Old Industrial Johannesburg

South Africa is said to have the worst social inequality in the world, and examples of this inequality can be seen in the shack settlements, backyard shacks and hijacked properties in many parts of the city of Johannesburg. These unsafe and neglected ‘interstitial places’ are where the poor live in inadequate housing, squeezed between factory buildings, railway lines and motorways in the city. One of the challenges of capturing visual information about these settlements in these difficult settings is getting access to the areas where photographs can be taken. In Johannesburg, many areas are no longer safe for outsiders to visit. These unsafe, informal and often well-hidden areas can be considered ‘interstitial’ in relation to other areas where middle-income earners live in decent houses in pleasant suburbs with amenities. It is these ‘unsafe’ areas that the author wished to explore as a source of images and impressions for creative works.
 This study takes an autoethnographic approach to exploring three neglected suburbs of Johannesburg, South Africa (Cleveland, Denver and Jeppestown), which all date from soon after the first discovery of gold in 1886. Through this work, the author hoped to make sense of observed changes within the city and the proliferation of informal, survivalist settlements seemingly arising without town planning interventions. Many open areas and dilapidated buildings are now occupied by low-income earners, perhaps because city governance has been overwhelmed by the thousands of work-seeking migrants arriving in the city on an ongoing basis.
 To explore the many visual indicators of poverty in these selected areas of Johannesburg, the author used Google Earth remote sensing images and Google Earth Street View to augment site visits. Google Earth is a valuable research tool, as one can quickly explore marginal areas that are not safe for outsiders to visit. One can also view activities that are not visible from the street – for example, illegal motor repair operations occurring behind high walls. Ethical issuesabound in these acts of anonymous looking at the poor and destitute and finding the picturesque in neglected buildings, dismal living conditions and slums, as well as the privacy and surveillance issues relating to those being observed. This essay will dwell on some of the benefits of the Google Earth virtual globe software, as well as the ethical discomfort that can result when observing people, poverty and informal living places – whether using remote sensing methods and driving around these areas with a camera, or using the images and perceptions gained for personal use as a source of inspiration for art making and fiction writing.

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL FRAMEWORKS FOR SIA AND EIA IN MALAYSIA

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Social Impact Assessment (SIA) are the primary assessment tools used to generate information on the likely impacts of a project on all aspects of the environment and society, aiding the decision-making process to achieve sustainable development. While EIA is mainly concerned with assessing the potential environmental consequences of a proposed development, SIA evaluates the potential social consequences. These two mechanisms play a crucial role in promoting resilient and sustainable development in Malaysia. The legal framework for EIA has been enforced since 1988 and evolved through several legislations, including the Environmental Quality (Amendment) Act 2012 (Act A1441), very much earlier compared to the SIA legal framework, which was introduced in 2017 by virtue of the Town and Country Planning (Amendment) Act 2017(Act A1522). Thus, this paper aims to analyse the legal framework of both assessment mechanisms, employing the qualitative method of library research, content and comparative analysis. The result shows that the EIA framework is more comprehensive and practical and is an effective model for the improvement of the SIA framework in Malaysia.

Technology Adoption Among Town Planners in Malaysia

The integration of technology in the planning practices of the Malaysian construction industry has significantly transformed how planners approach the development process. The objective of this research is to examine the extent to which technology has been adopted in planning practices in Malaysia. To accomplish this, a mixed methods approach was used, which involved distributing an electronic survey form to the members of the Malaysian Institute of Planners(MIP). The study has revealed three important findings.Firstly, for software adoption rates, the majority of respondents used basic storage, communication, CAD, graphic design, and GIS software with varying skill levels. On the other hand, hardware adoption rates were lower, likely due to financial constraints, and most respondents had average skills in operating GPS, drones, remote sensing, cloud computing, and 3D printing hardware. Secondly, the annual budget for most organisations was below RM30,000, with software subscriptions accounting for the largest budget allocation. Lastly, financial resources, a lack of skilled workers, and network constraints were identified as the biggest challenges faced by planning agenciesin adopting technology. The research suggests that providing grants for technology adoption for small firms and local authorities, standardisation of systems, and flexible data sharing can increase productivity in planning activities across agencies. In summary, planners must adapt to technology due to the increasing demand for new development. Effectivedata management is required for decision-making. Malaysia’sgovernment and planners are willing to adopt technology for increased productivity, and recent developments such as I-Plan and OSC 3.0 Plus Online demonstrate a commitment to data-driven decision-making. There is still much to learn and improve for planners in the public and private sectors to contribute to the success of the construction industry in Malaysia.

Site Suitability Assessment for Petroleum hubs and Oil retail assets in the Jomoro District: A Hybrid Approach using Fuzzy AHP and VIKOR Method

Petroleum Infrastructure is indispensable considering the current local and global energy demands, however explosions from such establishments often cause loss of lives and properties within the surrounding communities thereby posing great concern to government and the citizenry. This condition calls for research that would provide meaningful solutions to mitigate this menace. Unlawful siting of oil refineries, petrochemical plants, berthing terminals, pipelines, storage terminals, oil and gas retail assets results from non-consideration of environmental impact on growing human population, competition for customers and lack of enforcement of energy standards. The study aims to employ a multifaceted approach comprising of suitability, proximity and spatial statistical analysis in assessing viable areas for developing petroleum hubs in the district. This study further investigated the efficiency of the method and level of compliance to standards set by the Ministry of Energy, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Town and Country Planning Department through validation using the newly acquired land for petroleum hub and existing filling stations in the study area. Primary and secondary data were used for the study. The primary data consist of locations of oil and gas filling stations picked with the Garmin handheld GPS and surveyed boundary of the land. The secondary data was obtained from the Survey and Mapping division of the land commission of Ghana. It comprises of topographic data, geology and soil maps from which soil types, lithology, roads networks, water bodies, terrain slope and land use features of the area were extracted and used. The dataset was reclassified and weighted using Fuzzy AHP and VIKOR. Spatial analyses were carried out using ArcGIS software to show areas suitable or otherwise for siting petroleum hubs in the study area. Results shows 67.44% of the area are highly suitable for establishment of petroleum hubs, 32.33% of the area falls within moderate suitability zones whereas the least suitability zones occupied 0.23% of the total area. The newly acquired government land for the petroleum hub project fell within the highly suitable zone confirming the validity of the studies in comparison with studies from field experts via environmental impact assessment. The proposed petroleum hub covered areas dominated by very high and high area suitability for its establishment constituting 75.9 km2 (90.3%) of its entire area whereas the moderate suitability zones constituted 8.2 km2 (9.7%) of the remaining areas. Towns situated in very high areas includes; Bakakole Nkwanta, Ahobre, Nawule, Allowule, Tikobo No.1, Edu, Damofu, Ave lenu and Ebonloa, Mpatabo. High areas comprises of Kengen Kpokezo, Alenda wharf, Tekyinta. Anwonakrom, Nkwamta, Elubo and Agege are among the moderate and low area zones for hub and oil retail assets establishment 75% of the oil retail assets complied with the required set standards whiles 25% defaulted. The integration of GIS techniques with multi-criteria decision analyses has proved to be an effective tool for selecting suitable sites for petroleum hubs, oil retail assets and very useful in determining places of high fire risk for proper planning of the area. It is recommended that the authorities and stakeholders put measures in place to educate, perform site suitability assessment and enforce set standards in establishment of petroleum infrastructure.

‘We shall probably call the place Zaria, as it is such a pretty name’ – Medical discourse and town planning in Northern Nigeria, 1899–1914

Early colonial administrations faced multiple challenges in their daily work. In specific areas, administrators reached out to science as a tool to understand and support their decisions. Town planning was an issue that brought together Europeans and Africans, and therefore created common living and working spaces for them. It became an important issue immediately after the conquest of Northern Nigerian territories, especially because a growing number of Europeans started living in the region on a more permanent basis. Town planning often seemed an arbitrary policy, yet, as it is demonstrated in this paper, daily administration reached out to science as helping tool to guide and validate their goals. Segregating Europeans from Africans was a question that very soon became a hotly debated topic, that was supported or rejected by some governors. This contested question shows that colonial policy was not by default racial based, let alone racist.

Critical analysis of factors affecting land use allocation in delta state, Nigeria 2012-2022

Critical analysis of factors affecting land use allocation in Delta state between 2012 and 2022 involves a comprehensive analysis of various elements that influence the distribution and utilization of land resources in the region. Land use allocation refers to the process of determining how different parcels of land are designated for specific purposes such as agriculture, residential, commercial, industrial, or conservation. The aim of the study is to analyze the various factors that influence the allocation of land for different purposes within the state. Sample size of 885 was obtained from the population using Taro Yamane’s formula for sample size determination. This study adopted qualitative and quantitative research methods to analyze the opinion of the respondents in relation to the objectives of the study. Questionnaires were distributed to Estate Surveyors and Valuers in Delta State, members of Real Estate Developers Association of Nigeria in Delta State, Town planners in Delta State, Occupiers of Delta Development and Property Authority, Allottees of the Delta State Government and Delta State Land Use Allocation Committee to get their opinions. Data collected were presented using frequency table, percentage and analyzed using mean score analysis, PCA was used to analyze the four distinct factors affecting land use and allocation procedures to determine their individual contributions and understand their impact on land use allocation. The results found that the PC 1 which captures the most variation in the data is related to population density. The higher the population density, the more demand there is for Land in Delta state. The study recommends that Government should intensify efforts in protecting Land Use Allocation and ensure that citizens adhere to Land Use Allocation and avoid unnecessary Conversions or Change of Use.