Tourist Capacity Research Articles

Factors Influencing City Attractiveness of Constantine

Objective: The objective of this research was to elucidate the various urban factors within the city of Constantine that contribute to its attractiveness. Theoretical Framework: The purpose of this study is to identify urban factors that influence personal satisfaction and the city's appeal for residents and non- residents of Constantine. By exploring the different dimensions of the city's image, the authors provide an analytical technique for quantifying the competitive structure of Constantine and its ability to attract peoples. Method: The research is structured in the following manner. Initially, we analyze conventional methods used in place marketing to determine perceptions of place and city branding. Next, we emphasize the urban elements that impact both the satisfaction of residents and the overall appeal of the city to both residents and non-residents. To assess the attractiveness of Constantine, we establish an extensive list of city branding factors derived from the influences on city brand perceptions. The third part of the research involves defining and characterizing the sample, questionnaire, and variables. Finally, we evaluate our findings and discuss the practical implications for place marketers. Results and Discussion: The results of this study indicate that Constantine's ability to attract people is primarily influenced by the environment's quality, level of internationalization, and healthcare quality. Factors such as economic development, touristic capacity, and cultural quality do not significantly contribute to its attractiveness. Moreover, city representation, communication, education quality, safety level, and social services quality have a non-significant negative impact on the city's ability to attract people. Research Implications: The aim of this study is to explore the various aspects that influence metropolitan complacency as they affect the city’s ability to attract peoples such as young entrepreneurs, international business people, highly qualified individuals and tourists. In this way, our study aims to bring some practical implications for local and global location marketing and management. Originality/Value: This study focuses on the Constantine metropolitan area, firstly because no studies have been published so far examining the region in this context, and secondly why Constantine a priority for the Algerian government to promote its economic, cultural and tourism development.

Analisis SWOT Wisata di Kampung Pasir Angling Desa Suntenjaya

Pasir Angling Village has tourism potential that can be developed as an agro-tourism destination in West Java, especially in the Lembang area. However, many tourist attractions in this village have not been managed optimally so they have not attracted many tourists. This Community Service Program aims to analyze and identify the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) of each tourism potential in Pasir Angling Village, as well as formulate effective suggestions and recommendations to overcome weaknesses and threats in the context of revitalizing the Agroedutourism Village. Data collection methods include interviews, discussions, filling out questionnaires, and direct observation at each tourist attraction in Pasir Angling Village. Observation results show several potential tourist attractions in Kampung Pasir Angling, including Curug Luhur Cibodas, Jaipongan and Pencak Silat Cultural Tourism, Sheep Farming and Cow Milking Tourism, Strawberry Picking Agrotourism, Bincarung Campground Park, as well as community MSMEs for souvenirs tourists such as Angling Caramel Candy, Angling Banana Sale, Lemon Slice, and Angling Coffee. After carrying out a SWOT analysis, it was found that this village has strengths and opportunities such as adequate tourist capacity, many tourist destinations, and the availability of clean water. Pasir Angling Village only needs more intense and focused development and management so that its tourist value becomes higher quality in the eyes of tourists. However, there are several weaknesses and threats that need to be corrected, such as less strategic location, lack of public transportation, lack of labor, lack of directional facilities, and competition with other tourist locations in the local area. This program is expected to increase public awareness of existing tourism potential, the importance of maintaining this potential, and promoting it to the general public.

Assessing social carrying capacity of tourists in protected natural areas

ABSTRACT Knowing the limits of the social carrying capacity of tourism is a fundamental component of sustainable destination management, especially in protected natural areas, which implies understanding the characteristics of demand and travel. The research presented in this paper was conducted in a natural destination, the Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas National Park (Spain), identifying two segments of tourists by means of cluster analysis according to a set of sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables, as well as their willingness to pay to improve the sustainability of destinations. Subsequently, each cluster was related to the variables of the social carrying capacity of tourism, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied. The results indicate that there is a relationship between the clusters identified and their social carrying capacity, which would be very useful to policy makers, managers, and business owners in protected natural areas, in terms of designing of pro-sustainability strategies.

Evaluation of tourist carrying capacity to support recreational beaches management

The overexploitation of sandy beaches by tourism reduces ecological integrity, rendering natural conditions unsatisfactory for the needs of the population and resulting in negative socio-economic impacts. In this context, the assessment of tourist carrying capacity aims to support beach management from a social, environmental, and economic perspective. The objective of this study was to estimate the tourist carrying capacity at nine beaches in the states of Rio de Janeiro (RJ) and Espírito Santo (ES), southeastern Brazil. The physical carrying capacity was calculated based on the available space for recreation in scenarios of one user per 5 m2 and 10 m2. Subsequently, limiting environmental factors for recreational use such as sunlight, precipitation, strong winds, tidal range, and temperature were considered, supporting the calculation of the tourist carrying capacity. For the calculation, management conditions (infrastructure and services) were estimated based on the scoring of 69 indicators, included in the international beach quality program called Blue Flag and in the main instrument for coastal management in Brazil, the Orla Project. At RJ beaches, the carrying capacity was not exceeded in the scenario of one user per 10 m2, except in the central region with a higher tourist appeal. In ES state, the results indicated overload for all beaches in the central southern region; for example, one received six times more users than its tourist capacity. Overall, the highest percentages of management capacity were recorded at beaches with Blue Flag certification. The beaches that require the most improvements in coastal management are those located in regions with lower Human Development Index (HDI) and farther from major urban centers. The results suggest priority management actions and guide efforts towards potential beach certification. The management of services, infrastructure, and overload highlights the need for preventive measures to avoid the tourism paradox, including loss of environmental quality and revenue. Moreover, the flexibility of this evaluation tool allows for its application in beaches of any country. The integration of tourist carrying capacity and assessment of the coastal scenario provides a more comprehensive and effective framework for the sustainable management of beaches.

MULTI-CRITERIA MODEL TO ASSESS THE POTENTIALS OF CAT BA NATIONAL PARK TO DEVELOP TOURISM TIED TO CONSERVATION

For a sustainable tourist destination, a multi-criteria assessment is essential. The assessment results are the basis for managers to make optimal development decisions for the destination. In particular, for the nature-based tourist sites (protected areas, national parks), the assessment of tourism potentials will establish the basis for protecting, monitoring ecosystems, and managing the tourism sustainable development calendar. The Multi-Criteria Method and additional methods were applied to assess tourism potentials as well as to propose conservation measures for Cat Ba National Park in Vietnam. Through the assessment of six criteria (location/accessibility, attractiveness, tourist capacity, environmental sustainability, travel duration, and tourism infrastructure/tourism technology), the results indicate that Cat Ba National Park (Vietnam) is an attractive tourist destination with a good tourist capacity, a convenient location for tourists to move, and a long tourism time of the year. However, Cat Ba National Park is a place where environmental sustainability is still limited; its exploitation needs to be considered along with its conservation, degradation prevention, and ecosystem monitoring.

When Information is Missing: Booking Decisions in Peer-To-Peer Accommodation

ABSTRACTGiven the limited tourist capacity for each listing and the frequent introduction of new properties, booking decisions in peer-to-peer accommodations inherently involve uncertainty due to incomplete information available to tourists. However, the psychological mechanism underlying customers’ booking decisions in such accommodations remains unclear. This study confirms that the presence of inference stimuli can enhance tourists’ booking intentions for a property without essential information. Furthermore, this study finds that tourists’ decision confidence mediates the effect of inference stimuli on booking intention, while customers’ information processing styles moderate the relationship. These results generate new insights to understand customers’ booking decisions under uncertainty in sharing economy services and provide strategies to mitigate uncertainty for listings with incomplete information, ultimately boosting accommodation bookings.

Generative processes of social vulnerability to flood risk: A proposal for the strategic management of social impacts

The mainstream approach of social vulnerability to flood risk faces some challenges regarding its ability to address the complexity of its causal processes. The objective of this study was to analyse the causal processes of social vulnerability to flood impacts from a relational perspective. To this end, a social network analysis was performed that identified the conditions and causes of social vulnerability and systematically articulated the relationships between them. This analysis was tested on the specific case of flood risk on the coast of the province of Alicante (SE Spain). To ascertain the conditions and causes of social vulnerability to flood risk, a multidisciplinary group of local experts was consulted, and the resulting data processed in a relational way using Atlas.ti and Gephi softwares. The result was a social vulnerability network comprising 84 nodes and 189 edges distributed into four dimensions: the adaptive capacity of tourists, socio-economic structure, land use planning and risk management. The information was ranked for betweenness centrality, revealing the components with highest causal power of social vulnerability to social impacts in flooding events: low flood risk awareness, economic growth based on real estate boom, property speculation and lack of political interest in flood risk management. This proposal places emphasis on the driving forces of social vulnerability and not exclusively on the specific adaptive conditions of the population, which allows a strategic identification and management of generative forces that ultimately induce the social impacts of floods.

Analisis Daya Dukung Wisata dalam Mendukung Konsep Pariwisata Berkelanjutan di Kebun Raya Bogor

The purpose of this research is about the carrying capacity of tourism and its impact in relation to managing sustainable destination development so that it leads to environmental conservation. This research method uses primary and secondary data obtained from the results of questionnaires by tourists and interviews with management. The technique for taking samples is by non-probability sampling. The results showed for 1) tourists' perceptions of facilities at the Bogor Botanical Gardens such as food courts, parking lots, accessibility, toilets, places of worship, souvenir shops, information counters, directions, seats, cleanliness and security with an average value of 4.12. in the GOOD category, 2) for the carrying capacity of the area for weekdays the carrying capacity ratio is still below 30% of the maximum threshold and for weekends and holidays the carrying capacity ratio is between 70% - 90% of the maximum capacity of the Bogor Botanical Gardens of 28,554 tourists, 3) Land Suitability Index for tourism activities in the Bogor Botanical Gardens from the results that this area is classified as VERY APPROPRIATE (S1) with an index value of 90% which means that land suitability for tourism activities has a high level of feasibility. Suggestions are given to managers to pay attention to the capacity of tourists in accordance with the carrying capacity of the area to be used as a strategic basis for future tourism development.

Features of tourism management based on PESTLE analysis

The article examines the topical issue of the development of the tourism industry in territorial communities, i.e. the impact of the external environment and the dependence of the development of the tourism sector of the economy on the system of macroeconomic factors which are not directly formed and controlled by territorial communities, despite being an integral element of their management. The authors outline the approaches to the application of PESTLE analysis as the strategic management tool, which makes it possible to analyze the external environment of influence on the development and functioning of tourism in communities, which does not exist outside the integration with other sectors of the economy and markets. The author emphasizes the definition of consumer values in tourism, which is the main goal for a tourist, a visitor to the territory, and a traveler when receiving certain services, which imply obtaining certain sensations: pleasure, emotions, cognition, comfort, health improvement, rest, etc. The article defines certain steps of the PESTLE analysis, which can be used in communities to prepare strategic planning. The authors reveal that when conducting a PESTLE analysis, it is necessary to try not only to describe and evaluate existing external factors but also to predict their changes for 3-5 years. It is necessary to identify the factors that can directly influence the development of the territorial community, the growth of its economic potential, and the preservation of the environment, and systematize them according to their importance for the achievement of the strategic goal. It remains important to predict and minimize possible risks and threats that occur/will occur during the functioning of the complex of tourist capacity of communities – tourist facilities, tourism industry enterprises, infrastructure, and communications.

THE ANALYSIS OF COMBATIBILITY AND SUPPORT CAPACITY IN THE MANGROVE TOURISM AREA AT SUSUK POOL, DUALAUS VILLAGE, BELU DISTRICT, EAST NUSA TENGARA PROVINCE

The Susuk Pool Mangrove Ecosystem is a protected area. The conservation area is protected for the preservation purposes which in its development is directed as ecotourism areas. Mangrove tourism activities are limited to the mangrove ecosystem. Therefore, in its development, it is necessary to study the conditions and potentials in it through an analysis of suitability and Carrying Capacity towards the tourists. This study aims to determine the suitability of tourism and to measure the Carrying Capacity of tourists. The method used was descriptive quantitative with the data collection using surveys and observations. The analysis used was the Tourism Suitability Index (IKW) and Spatial Analysis, which then continued by using the Carrying Capacity Assessment. The result has shown that the mangrove area was 28.5 ha, based on spatial analysis. The category of IKW has shown that the total of 15.5 ha was categorized as Very Appropriate, the total of 8 ha was categorized as Appropriate while only 5 ha was categorized as Not Appropriate. The Carrying Capacity of Mangrove area at Susuk Pool was 280 people per day with an operating time provided by the tour manager for 9 hours. Generally, the entire Susuk pool mangrove area has a tourist capacity in the Good Category because it did not exceed the maximum recommended limit. Therefore, the suggestion for policy making is to make regulations for the management of mangrove areas.

Dex-Based Evaluation of Sustainable Rural Tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina

The research objectives presented in this paper are to assess the current state of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s rural tourism offer and to recommend a course of action for its development based on the model’s data that was gathered from subject-matter experts. In this paper, the multicriteria analysis method DEX (Decision EXpert) was utilized to assess the capacity of rural tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH) and to obtain the results. All establishments were rated “very good”, seeing that they made use of the natural beauty that BIH has to offer. The outcomes of using this model were used to generate suggestions for the long-term development of rural tourism in BIH. The contribution of the employed model is in the developed starting points for the advancements of rural tourism in BIH, and the proposed model presents a novel method for evaluating a nation’s tourism potential that could be used in future studies in other tourism-related fields as well. The limitations of this paper stem from the fact that not all tourist establishments were considered due to the lack of unified records for all of these establishments. The model used in this research, on the other hand, is applicable to all tourist capacities, which is an advantage.

Toward multi-granularity spatiotemporal simulation modeling of crowd movement for dynamic assessment of tourist carrying capacity

ABSTRACT Dynamic process simulation and prediction of crowd movement are effective approaches to understanding the complex human behavior system in GIScience. At present, obtaining full-sample individual trajectory data still faces challenges because of privacy and cost constraints, thereby resulting in difficulty solving geographic modeling problems that require full-sample individual data. In this paper, a general model for crowd movement simulation is proposed by taking the dynamic evaluation of tourist carrying capacity as an example. Such method is a multi-granularity coupling model, which considers behavioral process and spatiotemporal heterogeneity of tourists. First, a secrete event-based logic model of tourist behavior is proposed. Second, a social force-based inference method of tourist path is designed. Finally, the simulation and evaluation model of remaining spatial carrying capacity of tourists based on a behavioral dynamic system is achieved. In addition, the correctness and applicability of the model are demonstrated through a case study. The proposed model will positively affect time- and space-sharing analysis and assessment of crowd flow within a specific area of activity.

Tourism Planning Based on Educational Tourism in Agro-Tourism

The focus of this research is on educational tourism which is specifically designed to fulfill the scientific capacity of tourists, thereby being able to fill in their insights with travel activities. In this study, tourism planning based on educational tourism will be carried out by involving local communities. The potential for educational tourism is seen based on the components of tourism products, explains the form of educational tourism, and explains the planning of educational tours based on Buana Amertha Sari Agro-tourism. This type of research is descriptive with a qualitative approach. Data were collected through observation, interviews with village heads, agro-tourism owners and workers in Agro-tourism, as well as literature studies related to educational tourism. The results showed that the condition of the attractiveness of Buana Amertha Sari Agro-tourism as a tourist destination which was reviewed through the components of tourism products and was sufficient to support the implementation of this form of educational tourism. For educational activities that have the aim of providing visitors with direct learning, in terms of the principles of educational tourism that are applied, they are adequate. In educational tourism planning there is a description that describes each step of the tourism planning process and is supported by the role of actors.

Evaluating the sustainability of scenarios for port city development with Boussole21 method

This research aims to evaluate the sustainability of urban strategies in Skikda, a prehistoric, ancient, and Mediterranean port city of northeastern Algeria, known as by the Punic name Russicade. The port city of Skikda shows a diverse landscape of heritage sites and the industrial reality of a city, rich by its under-exploited cultural and tourist capacities. Nevertheless, the industrial port activities of the petrochemical refinery impose a state of urban vulnerability for the inhabitants and built, landscape, and natural heritage. The use of the open software Boussole21 of the "Smart" trend as a qualitative method allows assessment of decisions by the actors. The sustainability assessment (findings) shows that smart thinking contributes to the development of port performance and competitiveness in the international context.

Valorization of Natural Cardio Trekking Trails Through Open Innovation for the Promotion of Sustainable Cross-generational Health-Oriented Tourism in the Connect2Move Project: Protocol for a Cross-sectional Study.

BackgroundHiking is one of the most popular forms of exercise in the alpine region. However, besides its health benefits, hiking is the alpine activity with the highest incidence of cardiac events. Most incidents occur due to overexertion or underestimation of the physiological strain of hiking.ObjectiveThis project will establish a standardized cardio trekking test trail to evaluate the exercise capacity of tourists within hiking areas and deliver a tool for the prevention of hiking-associated cardiac incidents. Further, individual exercise intensity for a hiking tour will be predicted and visualized in digital maps.MethodsThis cooperation study between Austria and Germany will first validate a 1-km outdoor cardio trekking test trail at 2 different study sites. Then, exercise intensity measures on 8-km hiking trails will be evaluated during hiking to estimate overall hiking intensity. A total of 144 healthy adults (aged >45 years) will perform a treadmill test in the laboratory and a 1-km hiking test outdoors. They will wear a portable spirometry device that measures gas exchange, as well as heart rate, walking speed, ventilation, GPS location, and altitude throughout the tests. Estimation models for exercise capacity based on measured parameters will be calculated.ResultsThe project “Connect2Move” was funded in December 2019 by the European Regional Development Fund (INTERREG V-A Programme Austria-Bavaria – 2014-2020; Project Number AB296). “Connect2Move” started in January 2020 and runs until the end of June 2022. By the end of April 2022, 162 participants were tested in the laboratory, and of these, 144 were tested outdoors. The data analysis will be completed by the end of June 2022, and results are expected to be published by the end of 2022.ConclusionsIndividual prediction of exercise capacity in healthy individuals with interest in hiking aims at the prevention of hiking-associated cardiovascular events caused by overexertion. Integration of a mathematical equation into existing hiking apps will allow individual hiking route recommendations derived from individual performance on a standardized cardio trekking test trail.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrails.gov NCT05226806; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05226806International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/39038

Evaluation of Rural Tourism Carrying Capacity Based on Ecological Footprint Model

The evaluation of the environmental carrying capacity of tourism resources has important guiding significance for the sustainable development of tourism. This study uses the ecological footprint index to construct the evaluation model of rural tourism environmental carrying capacity and quantitatively analyzes the impact of rural tourism ecological footprint on the environment, ecological pressure, and the maximum carrying capacity of tourists in Nanyang City (China) from 2011 to 2020, so as to provide a reference basis for local rural tourism planning and ecological environment management. The empirical analysis results show that (1) during the decade 2011–2020, the overall ecological footprint increased by 31.47%; however, the per capita ecological footprint showed a downward trend year by year; (2) in the ten years from 2011 to 2020, although the environmental carrying capacity was in surplus, it showed a downward trend year by year, and the ecological pressure index initially appeared; (3) taking the number of tourists in 2020 as the reference value, the prediction of the ecological pressure of rural tourism environment and the carrying capacity of tourists shows that although the ecological pressure is in a relatively safe state, it will show an unsafe state with the increase of the number of tourists. Based on the above results, it is suggested that local governments and tourism planning and management departments should pay full attention to the adverse impact of tourism development on the environment, strengthen the construction of green transportation, balance the development of tourism resources, scientifically control the number of tourists, improve tourists’ awareness of environmental protection, protect the ecological environment of Nanyang City, and realize the sustainable development of rural tourism.

Multicriteria approach to rural tourism development in Republic of Srpska

The purpose of this paper is to examine the current state of rural tourism in Republic of Srpska as well as to provide guidance and recommendations for the development of this form of tourism. The used model approach expert opinion and, on this occasion, the DEX method of multicriteria decision-making was used. With this model, an assessment of rural tourist capacities is carried out on a random sample of four tourist facilities. The reason for the results obtained in this way is that the observed facilities have adequately used the natural resources available to Republic of Srpska. In addition, recommendations and guidelines are given in order to further develop this type of tourism in Republic of Srpska. The presented model offers an innovative approach in the assessment of current and potential tourist facilities. For this reason, it should be used in future research.

Deformation monitoring and thematic mapping of the Badaling Great Wall using very high-resolution interferometric synthetic aperture radar data

The preventive monitoring and sustainable conservation of large-scale cultural heritage sites require satellite-based Earth observations. In this study, we present the first monitoring and thematic mapping results of the Badaling Great Wall (Beijing, China) using deformation indicators calculated from very high-resolution (VHR) multi-temporal spotlight TerraSAR-X data. The proposed coarse–fine search algorithm achieved high computational efficiency for calculating the unknown parameters of the two-tier network persistent scatterer synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry (PSInSAR) approach. The spatiotemporal deformation anomalies, characterized by the absolute velocity, deformation deviation and acceleration, are informative to identify suspected hotspots for prioritizing monitoring activities. We provide an understandable method for thematic mapping and subsequent sustainable conservation of heritage sites by synergistically exploiting impacts from natural degradation and the tourism industry. We determine that the optimum tourist capacity of the site could be 1.0 million per month based on comparing pre- and post-COVID data (2019–2020). This study demonstrates the potential and performance of spaceborne PSInSAR tools for the intelligent management of large-scale architectural heritage sites by integrating InSAR deformation products with environmental and social data.

Study on Comprehensive Evaluation of Tourists in Forest Park Based on AVC Theory ——Take Fuzhou National Forest Park as an Example

Forest Park plays a decisive role in ecotourism, because of its ability to provide visitors with a close natural experience. In the construction of urban ecological civilization,Forest Park also plays an indispensable part.In order to make the Forest Park healthy and orderly development, this articlechooses Fuzhou National Forest Park as an example, based on the AVC theory, combined with the questionnaire survey, and then draw out the factors that significantly affected the comprehensive evaluation of tourists,Finally, the results are summarized and discussed in order to guide the development and construction of Forest Park.The results showed that: (1) The overall evaluation of Fuzhou National Forest Park by tourists reached "excellent" class; (2) Attraction> vitality> capacity of tourists in the three comprehensive evaluation points. Among them, the overall rating of attraction and vitality is "excellent" and the capacity is only "good"; (3) In the indicator level, the comprehensive evaluation level of tourists with 9 indicators reached "excellent", 11 indicators comprehensive evaluation rating of "good"; (4) Pearson correlation coefficient analysis found: The architectural style, soundscape, customs, comfort, signage, external traffic facilities and fitness facilities are the significant factors that affect the comprehensive evaluation of tourists at Fuzhou National Forest Park. Analyzing the 20 indicators’ Importance - Comprehensive evaluation, we draw out the development of the advantages and disadvantages in Fuzhou National Forest Park, for each quadrant put forward the corresponding development strategy. Fuzhou National Forest Park comprehensive evaluation of excellent level. However, there is a certain lack of infrastructure construction. In the future development should pay attention to the harmonious development of the three forces, Maintain its unique attraction, Strong its vitality, focus on the development of its capacity, that Fuzhou National Forest Park can develop more and more healthy and orderly.

Soundscape Quality in Recreation Areas of Khao Yai National Park in Thailand

Soundscape is an important component of national parks that are established for conserving biodiversity, natural resources and ecological processes, as well as serving tourism to inculcate conservation awareness. Nevertheless, anthropogenic noise from visitors is difficult to control and can disturb wildlife and visitor experiences. This study aims to illustrate the quality of soundscape in recreational areas of Khao Yai National Park (KYNP) based on soundscape components, sound pressure level, perception and the satisfaction of visitors on soundscape, and satisfaction on Sound pressure level in term of LAeq (dBA). Significant differences in the overall soundscape components, sound pressure level, perception and satisfaction on soundscape and satisfaction on sound pressure level at each recreational area were found. Noise from tourism also impacted the presence of wildlife in recreational areas. A correlation was identified between a higher nature-based experience and higher satisfaction on biophony and geophony. Soundscape satisfaction was influenced by satisfaction on sound pressure level, perceived soundscape, and some demographical factors (gender, the day of visit, hometown, recreational areas, visit frequency, income, education, and occupation). KYNP must monitor soundscape components, soundscape satisfaction, and sound pressure levels to maintain the quality of natural soundscape and visitor experiences in the recreational areas. Further research is recommended on using the proportion of soundscape components and sound pressure level as a key monitoring tool to determine the practical carrying capacity of tourists, as soundscape components can be changed due to sound pressure level and also affect the soundscape satisfaction of tourists.