Tourism Activities Research Articles

The influence of trekkers’ personal and subjective norms on their pro-environmental behaviors

The call for pro-environmental behaviors (PEBs) is increasing amid the growing negative impact of human activity on the environment. Most studies in this domain have focused on the environmental impact of specific human behaviors, overlooking how these behaviors evolve over time. The purpose of this study is to elucidate how trekkers maintain and practice environmentally friendly behaviors in daily life. To achieve this goal, this study examined the influence of subjective norms and personal norms on daily PEBs and adopted environmental awareness as a mediating variable. This study recruited trekkers in Taiwan (n = 528) as the research subjects and employed structural equation modeling to test the proposed hypotheses. The results showed that subjective norms, personal norms, and their interaction effects all indirectly influenced PEBs through environmental awareness. In particular, the influence of subjective norms was much greater than that of personal norms, indicating that people's behaviors are more significantly impacted by others' expectations than by their own personal beliefs. These findings not only highlighted the importance of subjective and personal norms in shaping PEBs but also revealed that the PEBs cultivated during trekking activities may extend to behaviors in daily life. Management implicationsThis study offers practical implications for management teams and practitioners at trekking destinations: they should promote daily PEBs and effective communication with trekkers. Since 2020, the number of trekkers in Taiwan has surged by 57%, resulting in significant environmental degradation. This increase can largely be attributed to insufficient staffing, as the overwhelming number of trekkers places additional burdens and stress on existing personnel. Therefore, it is essential to implement measures to regulate the number of trekkers in sensitive areas. Furthermore, the government should enhance recruitment efforts for mountain rangers to ensure adequate oversight and support.Trekking activities often take place in remote and sparsely populated mountainous areas, where the natural environment is relatively undisturbed. As a result, environmental management faces greater challenges in these regions. In this context, local governments should consider adopting nature-oriented recreation and tourism activation strategies through direct and indirect experiences. These could include formal and informal educational programs and services, mass media, internet resources, and interpretive programs. Such initiatives aim to enhance human understanding, knowledge, and appreciation of nature, thereby shaping personal norms and subjective norms while fostering environmental awareness.In terms of durable outcomes, it is recommended that destination management agencies and environmental protection organizations invite trekkers to participate in destination environmental management and provide a platform for expression, organize public welfare activities (such as mountain garbage cleanup, and tree planting), and provide spiritual incentives and economic rewards, durable outcomes for travelers and continued PEB (Liu et al., 2024).

An Empirical Approach to Archaeological Heritage Conservation Through Tourism Planning: A Proposal in the Case of Tyana, Türkiye

ABSTRACT Archaeological heritage is too important and valuable a resource to be left to tourism professionals and/or archaeologists alone. Protecting archaeological heritage sites and transferring them to future generations is not possible only through legal regulations and archaeological studies. They need to be brought into tourism by involving local people in the scope of archaeotourism planning. To address the issue, the ancient city of Tyana was chosen as a model to theorise and design a micro-level archaeotourism plan. The study aims to reveal the significance and characteristics of the city’s archaeological heritage and to understand local people’s attitudes towards archaeotourism through qualitative research. The study revealed that local people are keen to be a part of tourism activities for better service and that the heritage site is an important chance for development. The study then proposes on how local people can contribute to tourism development in the site in line with these results.

The Impact of The Turtle Beach Tourism Destination Management Model on Improving The Economy of The Ekas Buana Village Community, Jerowaru Sub-District, East Lombok District

This study aims to determine the management model of turtle beach tourist destinations, and to determine the impact of the turtle beach tourist destination management model on improving the economy of the Ekas Buana Village community, Jerowaru District, East Lombok Regency. This research is qualitative research, data collection techniques using unstructured observation techniques, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Determination of informants using purposive sampling. Data analysis techniques used are data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing/verification. The results of the research based on the data as well as the results of interviews and field findings show that the turtle beach destination uses the management of the Community-Based tourism (CBT) model, an approach that focuses on active participation and empowerment of local communities in the management and development of tourism destinations which are managed by the Pokdarwis and the community around the turtle beach tourist destination. This shows that the impact of the management of the Community-Based Tourism (CBT) model on the economy of the Ekas Buana Village community has a positive impact on economic activities consisting of increasing income and opening up jobs and business opportunities for the community as tourism actors. The community around the tourist attraction gets a good livelihood as a food and beverage trader, and as a restaurant employee as well as a surfboard rental provider for tourists who want to surf on the turtle beach.

Research progress on coral reef growth factors and their ecosystem restoration

Healthy coral reef ecosystems have various functions such as reef-building, reef protection, reef stabilization, wave protection, shore protection, and the prevention of land erosion. Additionally, coral reef ecosystems are characterized by high biodiversity, often dubbed the “rainforest” of the ocean, as one of the most crucial ecosystems on Earth. In recent decades, global coral reefs have been significantly affected or damaged to varying degrees by climate change and human activities, posing threats to marine ecology and reef safety. This paper outlines the factors influencing coral reef growth, including global warming, ocean acidification, eutrophication, suspended solids, and tourism activities. It also discusses the status of coral reefs and viable restoration methods. Finally, this paper proposes an updated strategy for coral reef conservation, offering fresh insights into coral reef restoration efforts.

Barriers influencing the sustainable development of community-based tourism (CBT): evidence from Ciaotou heritage village in Taiwan

PurposeIn recent years, community-based tourism (CBT) in the global market has been combined with specific themes in order to establish various tourism activities. Relatively few studies have comprehensively investigated how this type of CBT should be developed. Therefore, this study takes CBT with festival themes combined with community characteristics as a case study, which explores what obstacles exist in CBT with a combination of community characteristics – the industrial history of sugar factories and external themes, such as, formal flower displays.Design/methodology/approachThe thematic analysis is employed for data analysis of interviews. All interview participants were stakeholders.FindingsThis study identifies five types of obstacles: policy-related, environmental-related, innovation-related, industry-related and communication-related. Based on these findings, it is vital to consider both community and other characteristics of CBT. At the same time, after evaluating the rational perceptions of different stakeholders within the same type of obstacle, this study proposes a more specific and comprehensive development strategies for CBT.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study of community agricultural tourism which collected the viewpoints of different stakeholders – tourists, residents, community associations, local businesses and the government. This study employs in-depth analysis of external policies and environmental and agricultural factors to discover and develop relevant coping strategies and implications.

Development of a welfare assessment tool for tourist camp elephants in Asia.

Approximately one-third of Asian elephants are managed under human care, participating in educational, cultural, religious, and tourist activities. Management conditions vary considerably among venues, raising questions about whether welfare needs are consistently being met, particularly for Asian tourist camp elephants. To evaluate the well-being of elephants engaged in tourist activities, an evidence-based tool is needed for routine assessments to identify potential welfare risks, aid in the development of better camp standards, and enable caretakers to address specific concerns. While many animal welfare tools exist, none have been designed to consider specific environments and management practices faced by elephants living and working in tourist camps. Using direct observations and interviews, the Elephant Welfare Assessment Tool (EWAT) was developed for tourist camp elephants using the Five Domains Model as a framework. Measures were selected based on peer-reviewed literature, existing standards and guidelines, and opinions from animal welfare experts working with zoo and tourist camp elephants. The EWAT differs from existing tools by including criteria on work activities and restraint methods (e.g., chaining and ankus use), factors common in Asia but not often encountered by western zoo elephants. Measures were scored using a 0-2 Likert Scale. The tool was tested in Thailand and determined by calculating a content validity index (CVI) and conducting inter-rater and test-retest reliability tests. The initial tool included 18 animal-based and 21 resource-based measures across four domains: Nutrition (n = 5), Environment (n = 14), Health (n = 10), and Behavior and Mental State (n = 10). Index scores of content validity (CVI) (Item CVI (0.83), Scale CVI/Average (0.98), and Scale CVI/Universal (0.89)) were high. Measures scoring less than 0.83 were removed: the opportunity to mate, the mahout-elephant relationship, and mahout job satisfaction. The final tool consisted of 42 questions related to 36 measures, including 18 animal-based and 18 resource-based measures within the Nutrition (n = 5), Environment (n = 11), Health (n = 10), and Behavior and Mental State (n = 10) domains. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for inter-rater reliability (0.78-0.90, p < 0.05) and test-retest (0.77-0.91, p < 0.05) analyses conducted at two camps showed good agreement. This new assessment tool (EWAT) is a context-specific, holistic method designed to offer a practical means of conducting individual and institutional-level assessments of elephant welfare in tourist camps. It is based on the Five Domains Model using reliable and validated animal- and resource-based measures, data collection through direct observation and interviews, and a numerical scoring system. The tool includes several criteria applicable to tourist rather than zoo venues to make it more relevant to the challenges faced by working elephants in Asia.

Peran Masyarakat Lokal dalam Pengelolaan Daya Tarik Wisata Alam Arung Jeram Papulangi Kabupaten Gorontalo Uatar

Currently tourism activities in Indonesia are experiencing rapid development, this can be seen from the various regions in Indonesia developing tourist destinations in their respective regions. In Law Number 10 of 2009 which states that the existence of tourist attractions in an area will be very profitable, including improving people's standard of living, expanding employment opportunities, increasing Regional Original Income (PAD), then increasing love for the environment and preserving nature and local culture. The existence of the tourism sector in a region can have both positive and negative impacts. However, basically it depends on the management and management of tourism played by all stakeholders from government, private sector and community elements in the area. Achieving the goals and mission of good, sustainable and environmentally friendly tourism development will be possible if the achievement process can be carried out through good tourism governance. (good tourism governance). The principle of implementing good tourism governance is the coordination and synchronization of programs between existing stakeholders and the involvement of synergistic (integrated and mutually reinforcing) active participation between the government, private sector or tourism industry and the relevant local communities.

Resilience Components in Mexican Whale-Watching Regulation

Whale watching (WW) is a growing tourist activity that is at risk of becoming unsustainable. Legislation regarding WW must mitigate adverse effects on species and address the dynamics of complex systems. This study proposes analyzing this interaction using a socio-ecological resilience framework, considering both social and ecological components. Resilient governance is characterized by four features: flexibility to respond to change, adaptability, multi-level governance, and participation. The aim of this study was to assess how Mexican WW regulations contribute to the resilience of the socio-ecosystem through a literature review on compliance with the regulations and the presence of resilience elements in the regulations. Non-compliance with 12 guidelines was identified, with vessel crowding, distance, and unauthorized vessels being the most frequently reported issues. The analysis of the regulations revealed the presence of all four elements of resilient governance; however, participation is limited to certain key stakeholders, which undermines whale conservation due to non-compliance. In conclusion, the Mexican regulations contribute to resilient governance; however, to ensure whale conservation and socio-ecological resilience, it is essential that all involved parties understand their roles and actively participate in decision-making processes.

Slow tourism experience: impact on emotions, engagement and well-being

PurposeAs the overflow of information accelerates the pace of life, people search for opportunities to escape from their fast-paced lifestyle by engaging in slower consumption. This research empirically tested the role of slow tourism experience (STE) in improving one’s well-being.Design/methodology/approachIn Study 1, 205 qualified tourists participated. Exploratory factor analysis using principal component analysis with Promax rotation in SPSS v.26 was deployed to examine scale factors. Study 2 consisted of 460 tourists to test the conceptual model using partial least squares structural equation modeling. Multi-group analysis identified statistically significant differences between path coefficients in the structural models for males and females.FindingsResults revealed a three-dimensional STE measure: deceleration, immersion and self-reflection. STE significantly impacted positive emotions and mediated tourist engagement and subjective well-being. Gender multi-group analysis indicated STE had a positive direct impact on SWB for male tourists; however, STE positively affected SWB through tourist destination engagement for female tourists.Research limitations/implicationsThe study was limited to tourists who had stayed at a destination. Future research may consider the different modes or mindsets that tourists use in designing their itinerary, length of stay, type of transportation, level of investment in the environment and culture.Practical implicationsPractitioners can distinguish tourism activities based on gender, focusing on engaging female tourists and triggering emotions for male tourists.Originality/valueThis is one of the first studies to operationalize and examine STE, extending the broad-and-build theory’s relevance in slow tourism research by revealing the effects of STE on tourists’ SWB.

The Jurassic Park and Ata Modo in Eastern Indonesia

Famous for its distinctive Komodo dragons (Varanus Komodoensis) and features home to underwater ecosystems, the Komodo National Park (KNP) has become a prominent and favorite destination of visitors locally and globally in recent years. Situated in Labuan Bajo, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia, KNP has three prime islands: Rinca, Komodo, and Padar. The infrastructure development in KNP formulated in 2020 by the central government of Indonesia, including establishing offices, photograph areas, clinics, warehouses, public spaces, and tour guides' offices, raises controversy about this decision. While the government of Indonesia persuaded citizens that this erection was a conservation effort for protection, preservation, and utilization, UNESCO refused this plan by enacting a refusal document and assessing whether the development could affect the property's Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) before the review of the relevant environmental impact analysis by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Additionally, the local people argue this plan will threaten the giant lizard's habitat regarding the entry of heavy equipment and disadvantage local tourism actors. Using a systematic literature review method, this piece collects and discovers a different concept in the issue of infrastructure development in KNP instead of another scholar's perspective. Walpole and Goodwin (2000) find that economics and facilities are the prominent aspects of tourism, while UNESCO considers the environment in development. In contrast to popular belief, this paper indicates a significant role of local people, known as Ata Modo, in the KNP establishment. This paper's findings propose that Ata Modo, as local people/tribes in KNP, should not be relocated from their area and instead be involved in the decision-making process. The bottom-up approach can be executed as a practice in a democratic process. From the fiscal approach, this development will positively impact local people's economy through collaboration and stakeholder participation.

Long-term pollution status of microplastics in sediment of a typical mariculture area

Microplastics (MPs) are pervasive in various environmental media, posing a significant global issue. However, long-term data on marine MPs pollution trends are limited. This study investigates sediment samples from six stations in Sishili Bay, Yellow Sea, collected in 2015, 2018, and 2021, an area impacted by industrial, maricultural, and tourism activities. Findings reveal an annual increase in MPs abundance, with mean concentrations of 92.60 ± 23.93 items/kg.dw in 2015, 146.18 ± 14.80 items/kg.dw in 2018, and 203.21 ± 20.31 items/kg.dw in 2021. MPs distribution is spatially uniform, showing no significant seasonal changes, attributed to the bay's semi-enclosed nature. Predominant MPs are fibers (>70 %) and transparent particles (>35 %), with most particles <1000 μm. PET and Rayon are the main polymers identified. The study emphasizes the escalating MPs pollution in the mariculture area, highlighting the urgent need for targeted pollution control and mitigation strategies.

Sources Affecting Microplastic Contamination in Mountain Lakes in Tatra National Park

The global atmospheric transport of microplastics (MPs) plays a crucial role in the contamination of remote, especially higher-elevation, environments. Precipitation is considered the main source of MP pollution. Meanwhile, plastic waste generated from, for example, tourism activities can be a local source of MP pollution. In this study, we specify which of the mentioned sources of MP, global or local, have a higher impact on the pollution level in the high-elevation oligotrophic lakes of Tatra National Park in Poland. Due to its unique natural value, it is listed by UNESCO as an international biosphere reserve and meets the criteria for Natura 2000 areas. We comprehensively analyzed the morphometric and anthropogenic features of 11 lakes in terms of the contamination level, color, shape, and polymer type of the MPs found in the surface waters. MP fibers were found to be present in all studied lakes, with contamination ranging from 25 to 179 items/m3. Polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and natural or semi-natural cellulose fibers—black or red in color with a length of 0.2–1.0 mm—predominated, which corresponds with other studies conducted on remote mountain ecosystems. We did not find any correlation of the number of MPs with local anthropogenic pressure characteristics. In turn, the significant correlation with lake area, coastline length, lake volume, and catchment area indicated airborne sources, including global transport of MPs to the lakes with reduced water outflow.

Pengaruh Instagramable, Memorable Tourist Experience dan Destination Image pada Revisit Intention di Pantai Sayang Heulang Kabupaten Garut

This research aims to determine the influence of instagrammable, memorable tourist experience and destination image on revisit intention to Sayang Heulang Beach in Garut Regency. The research sample consisted of 100 respondents. Data is taken through a questionnaire that has gone through rigorous testing to ensure its validity and reliability. The data analysis technique used is descriptive analysis with SEM PLS 3.0. The research results show that there is a direct effect of the instagramable variables, memorable tourist experience and destination image on revisit intention. This means that interest in revisiting (revisit intention) can be built or influenced by instagrammable photo spots and facilities that support tourist activities so as to provide good memories and a unique destination image.

Promoting Responsible Tourism: Assessing Sustainable Practices, Community Engagement, and Environmental Conservation for Balancing Economic Growth and Ecological Preservation in Global Travel Destinations

This study explores the concept of responsible tourism and its role in balancing economic growth with ecological preservation in global travel destinations. By assessing sustainable practices, community engagement, and environmental conservation, the research aims to highlight the importance of a holistic approach to tourism development. Sustainable tourism practices, such as energy and water conservation, waste reduction, and eco-friendly infrastructure, are essential for minimizing the environmental impact of tourism activities. Moreover, community engagement is a critical aspect, as it ensures that local populations are actively involved in tourism decision-making and benefit from economic opportunities while preserving their cultural heritage. Environmental conservation efforts, including biodiversity protection, the establishment of protected areas, and eco-tourism initiatives, are crucial for maintaining the ecological integrity of destinations. This study employs a qualitative methodology, incorporating a comprehensive literature review, case study analysis, and expert interviews to gather insights into the challenges and successes of implementing responsible tourism. Case studies of destinations such as Costa Rica, Bhutan, and Kerala illustrate how these regions have integrated sustainable tourism practices while fostering community participation and environmental protection. The findings suggest that while responsible tourism presents numerous opportunities for long-term economic and ecological sustainability, challenges such as over tourism, resource constraints, and conflicting stakeholder interests remain. The study concludes that effective collaboration among governments, businesses, and communities, supported by clear policies and tourist education, is essential for promoting responsible tourism. This approach ensures that tourism not only contributes to economic growth but also safeguards the natural and cultural assets that make destinations attractive to visitors.

Exploration of Sustainable Potential Sports Tourism in Sumedang, Indonesia Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making

Objective: This research aims to explore sports tourism, which has the greatest potential for the development of sports tourism, economic quality, regional image and human resources Theoretical Framework: Sport Tourism is a form of special interest tourism in the world of tourism and is widely developed in various regions because it can encourage tourists to visit. Method: The method used in this research is the qualitative method, a Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach withusing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to determine potential sport tourism. Criteria AHP using the concepts of Marketability, Sustainability, Participation, and Disaster Mitigation (MSPDM). Results and Discussion: The results of this research, based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis utilizing the MSPDM indicator, the three most promising sports tourism activities among the eight currently operating in Sumedang were identified: paragliding, golf, and rafting. Among these top contenders, paragliding and rafting emerged as priorities for further development. While golf also holds potential, it is managed by a private company, which might limit its reliance on government funding due to its own revenue streams from the resort business. Research Implications: The implications of this research are discussed. The ranking of potential sports tourism activities provides valuable insights for the government in determining which areas to prioritize for development. Originality/Value: This study use A multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach, employing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, was utilized to assess the potential of various sports tourism activities. The AHP criteria were based on the concepts of MSPDM.

Teaching health disparities on the road: An experiential educational intervention for doctor of nursing practice students

AimThis analysis was conducted to understand the nuanced and underlying benefits and challenges of an experiential educational intervention for DNP students learning how neighborhoods and health disparities may be related. BackgroundPoor social and environmental conditions in many low-income urban neighborhoods are linked to deleterious health outcomes. Many of the structural and political influences are unknown to health providers, which can inhibit their understanding of the social effects on health. One aspect of a new DNP social determinants of health curriculum is a guided community bus tour in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods to enhance understanding of health disparities. DesignA concurrent mixed methods design, including comparison surveys and thematic analysis, was used to analyze student responses to the experiential educational intervention. MethodA community-based bus tour implemented in socially disadvantaged neighborhoods in an urban environment was the study focus. New DNP students (n=91) in a midwestern university introductory course agreed to provide feedback following an experiential learning activity. The analysis of responses to the educational intervention was completed using a systematic thematic analysis alongside descriptive statistics and paired t-tests in a convergent mixed methods analytical approach to answer the research aim. ResultsStudents expressed confidence in naming and addressing health disparities after the bus tour activity. Analysis showed: (a) A visual tour can impact new learning, (b) Policy can explain inequity and is new to students, (c) Students do not well articulate racial disparities and (d) Understanding racial history requires attention and conversation. ConclusionA community bus tour met our expectations for teaching DNP students concepts related to health disparities as it illustrated real-life situations in actual neighborhoods. However, there were unusual student responses that prompted us to reflect on the activity and consider improvements. More emphasis needs to be placed on cultural wealth and on discussion planning for such experiences. Our results lay the groundwork for curriculum development. Setting goals and targets in line with the 2022 CDC’s Core Health Equity Science and Implementation Strategy is essential.

Evaluation of Urbanization Influences on Beach Sediment Contamination with Heavy Metals Along the Littoral Zone of Alexandria City, Egypt

The western coastal area of Alexandria City, Egypt, faces significant environmental challenges due to heavy metal (HM) contamination in beach sediments, driven by intensive urbanization, tourism, commercial harbors, and industrial activities. Therefore, this study focuses on geochemically assessing HM levels in sediment samples from 28 sites and employed various descriptive and multivariate statistical approaches, pollution indices, and sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) to identify pollution hotspots, define contamination grades, and assess the quality of beach sediments. The average concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn were 25.7, 30, 2.2, 7.5, 2.9, and 8.0 times, respectively, compared to the geochemical background (carbonate sedimentary rocks). et al.-Hanuvil Beach, relatively elevated contents of these metals were recorded. In addition, samples showed Zn levels higher than the corresponding probable effect concentration (PEC) and effect range medium (ERM) values, suggesting adverse impacts on biota. The principal component (PC) analysis revealed the anthropogenic origin of Cd, Co, and Pb in PC1, the mixed origin of Cr, Cu, Mn, and Zn in PC2, and the natural source of Fe in PC3. According to the applied single pollution indices, HM contamination grades were ranked in ascending order of Mn < Fe < Cr < Cd < Cu < Pb < Zn < Co. In conclusion, the HMs (Cu, Zn, Cd, Co, Pb, and Cr) in the study area are anthropogenic, attributed mainly to untreated discharge of municipal and industrial wastewater and solid wastes, atmospheric deposition of air pollutants, and tourism activities.

Application of Protection Features to a Biosphere Reserve for the Control and Development of Tourist Activities: The Case of the Gêres–Xurés Park

In this study, we consider the importance of applying legal protection and management measures to natural tourist areas. We assess the sensitivity of these areas with respect to tourist demand, which drives the need for protective and corrective measures, such as carrying capacities controlled via admissions; in particular, we analyse the protective features that exist in a transboundary biosphere reserve, the Gêres–Xurés Baixa Limia Reserve, which occupies territory in northern Spain, southern Galicia (Spain) and northern Portugal. Our objective is to assess the relevance and effectiveness of the features used by both countries to protect their natural spaces while guaranteeing sustainability and environmental development. These measures ensure that the value of their resources is not compromised for future generations or negatively affected by tourist use. To carry out the analysis, we first conducted a geographical study of the area to characterize the different areas found in this biosphere reserve. Subsequently, we analysed the regulatory norms used for protection in both countries, and we explain the management mechanisms that have been implemented in both countries. This approach enables us to compare the relative importance assigned by each country for the sustainable management of the chosen territory and tourist space. Furthermore, we can compare the use of control measures for sustainable and respectful tourism planning, such as guiding plans, use plans and management and protective regulations.

Luxury or Cultural Tourism Activities? The Role of Narcissistic Personality Traits and Travel-Related Motivations.

This study aimed to examine the role of travel-related motivations and preferences for activities (such as learning about local culture, relaxation and entertainment, status and social recognition, escape and curiosity, and experience) in the relationship between narcissistic personality traits and the preference for luxury tourism versus cultural tourism. A sample of 1342 Israeli community members was analyzed. The methodology utilized parallel mediation analyses to assess how different forms of narcissism (extraverted, antagonistic, neurotic, and communal) were associated with the desire for luxury tourism over cultural tourism, as mediated by various travel-related motivations. The results indicated that narcissistic personality traits were generally associated with a preference for luxury tourism, primarily through indirect associations via travel motivations such as relaxation and entertainment, status and social recognition, and experience. The conclusion highlights the implications for understanding how specific travel-related motivations influence tourism preferences among individuals with varying levels of narcissistic traits, suggesting that tourism management strategies could benefit from a nuanced approach to personality in marketing.

Implementasi dan Perkembangan Halal Tourism pada Destinasi Pariwisata Lombok

Lombok has long been touted as a "new Bali" tourism destination. Along with the changing times, changes in tourist trends also develop and begin to recognize various new types of tourism. Lombok has a uniqueness that is thick with Islamic nuances. Therefore, Lombok applies a type of Muslim-friendly tourism / halal tourism. Muslim-friendly tourism types have been implemented indirectly by tourism actors in Lombok. Visits to various tourism destinations in Lombok were taken as samples representing the city. With qualitative descriptive research methods, the author wants to present observations supported by exposure to documentation and interviews. The author also bases research on a theory tested in reality, especially in Lombok tourism destinations. Based on the study results, several Lombok tourism destinations still need help implementing Muslim-friendly tourism. Problems are known both from destination location factors and market segmentation factors. However, some locations have been found to have long-term development opportunities that make it possible to implement Muslim-friendly tourism as a whole through certain efforts. The fulfillment of the minimum requirements for Muslim-friendly tourism does not have a coercive nature but has the opportunity to influence tourists' interest in visiting. Therefore, the Lombok government, with Muslim-friendly tourism branding together with stakeholders, maintains and improves the quality of tourism services for the sustainability of Lombok's tourism economy.