Tourism Vehicle Research Articles

From yachts to spacecraft: Legal aspects of space tourism ventures in comparison with the legal regime governing marine tourism

Until recently space travel was considered a privilege of governmental astronauts, with the exception perhaps of a few billionaire space tourists, who had been accommodated on the International Space Station on some rare occasions. Nonetheless, with major space pioneers announcing plans for space tourism activities and after the successful launch in orbit of space tourism vehicles from the Virgin Galactic and Blue Origin companies, academic interest about human spaceflight for purposes of leisure and recreation has ignited. Taking into account that space tourism is in fact an unregulated activity, this paper will firstly examine whether space tourism activities fall under the scope of space law or under the scope of international air law, depending on the planned trajectory of the space tourism vehicle. Furthermore, the authors will attempt to draw conclusions concerning the legal implications of space tourism activities through a comparative analysis with the 1974 Athens Convention on the Carriage of Passengers and the Carriage of their Luggage by Sea. This international convention provides a great example on the regulation of touristic ventures, as it refers to commercial touristic activities realized within a res communis omnium, i.e., the high seas, similarly with touristic activities in space. Moreover, said Convention provides for a specialized regime for touristic activities and is of particular interest, since it has achieved stability and a desirable balance of interests between private tourism operators and passengers. In this connection, the authors will evaluate the provisions of the 1974 Athens Convention in comparison with the space treaties applicable to space tourism activities. Furthermore, suggestions will be made as to whether it would be appropriate and feasible to introduce in the space law realm certain rules of law similar to those of the 1974 Athens Convention, in order to facilitate growth in the space tourism sector, without compromising the safety of human spaceflight for space passengers.

Environmentally friendly tax measures in the Portuguese jurisdiction. Enforcement of the polluter pays tax principle

PurposeThis paper aims to understand what green tax measures Portuguese corporate tax law foresees and whether the measures observe the polluter pays tax principle.Design/methodology/approachThe legal research method is applied to achieve the goals. Specifically, the research analyzes the most relevant corporate tax legislation to identify legal provisions influencing taxpayers’ behavior in sustainability decisions, particularly corporate income tax (CIT) and value-added tax (VAT) laws.FindingsThe results show that the Portuguese Green Taxation Law introduces several environmentally friendly taxation measures by benefiting or increasing the tax burden. The influence on the CIT law results from instruments such as the autonomous taxation of expenses, depreciation, provisions and the local corporate tax. In the VAT, electric tourism vehicles’ VAT deduction is possible. These measures enforce the polluter pays tax principle, increasing the tax burden on less environmentally friendly options and decreasing the tax burden on more green economic choices. These measures directly influence the companies’ choice because of the increase or decrease tax burden according to more or less polluting choices.Research limitations/implicationsThis study only studies the Portugal case.Originality/valueThis study highlights the Portuguese experience reconciling taxation and environmental dimensions.

Impact of High-Speed Rail on the Development Efficiency of Low-Carbon Tourism: A Case Study of an Agglomeration in China

As an important indicator for measuring the development level of low-carbon tourism, reducing the carbon emissions of tourism transportation has become an essential strategic goal and task for the sustainable development of tourism. Among many tourism vehicles, high-speed rails have a significant role in reducing the carbon emissions of tourism transportation. To clarify the impact of high-speed rails on the development efficiency of low-carbon tourism, using the relevant data of Zhengzhou urban agglomeration from 2010 to 2020, the DEA-BCC model and the Malmquist index method were used to measure these data. The results show the following: (1) the average comprehensive development efficiency of the Zhengzhou metropolitan high-speed rail for low-carbon tourism is low, and the comprehensive development efficiency of each city varies greatly; (2) the impact of high-speed rails on the development efficiency of low-carbon tourism in some underdeveloped areas is increasing. The impact on the development efficiency of low-carbon tourism in more developed areas is declining; (3) affected by COVID-19, tourism carbon emissions have shown a downward trend, reflecting the importance of low-carbon travel to low-carbon tourism to a certain extent. The research results not only verify the existing research conclusions but also verify the role of high-speed rails in the development of low-carbon tourism, and have practical value with respect to targeted guidance for the development of low-carbon tourism.

Business Case Study for the Cycler: A Circumlunar Vehicle for Development of Space Tourism and Lunar Infrastructure by 2030

Cislunar space tourism is still a futuristic concept. However, the thrill and innovation that it offers has the potential to attract the attention of High-Net-Worth Individuals. As a result, developing regular tourist-focused cislunar transportation could be an opportunity for space entrepreneurs. Moreover, once established, cyclic lunar transportation might be a factor that could improve lunar business and infrastructure such as those considered for Moon Village. Today, the commercial development of cislunar vehicles is limited by costs and long duration research and development programs, while, the commercial benefits of a reliable transportation system of crew, tools, materials, and supplies are not fully understood. Consequently, the authors present the commercial viability of a cislunar space tourism vehicle utilizing the cycler concept. This article presents a business case for such a cislunar transportation vehicle and a related portfolio of services that might be realized by 2030. The business case expands previous studies on the Cycler concept proposed by Bombardier, Farr, and Peraldi in 2016. The commercial viability of this cislunar vehicle offers the opportunity for international collaboration as well as the potential for providing access to spaceflights for the space emerging nations. The cislunar space tourism Cycler is envisaged as a modular vehicle that will orbit the Earth and the Moon on a free return trajectory in a 7-day crewed journey (based on a study by Genova and Aldrin). The modular structure provides comfortable to premium travel conditions for 8 paying customers and 3 crew members as well as transporting goods using a cargo unit and a dedicated module to conduct scientific experiments. The article proposes a vehicle architecture using available components with the current Technical Readiness Levels of 6 or higher. This approach identifies technology gaps that need to be addressed to develop cislunar tourism and transportation and demonstrates the limited number of nations that are currently involved in developing these components. Furthermore, the article introduces a risk assessment of the envisaged civil cislunar transportation system, a dedicated financial modeling tool together with potential approach for financing the system through International public–private partnerships.

Intensive and Integrated Assistance in the Development of the Tourism Sector in Racitengah Village, Sidayu District, Gresik Regency (Infrastructure Modeling)

The purpose of this community service activity in the assisted villages is to create a mapping model for the tourist vehicle of Raci Tengah Village, Sidayu Gresik District. The resurrected village rides are game tourism vehicles for children to improve the economic activity of local residents. This modeling is expected to be able to provide an overview of the mapping of the tourism vehicle sector and also the infrastructure sector supporting game tourism for these children.
 
 Keywords: Tourism Rides, Facilities

Necessity and Proportionality of Restrictions on Ride-hailing Services

Tourism Vehicles with Driver; with case note by Gonzalo Maria Nazar de la Vega

PROGRAM KEMITRAAN KELOMPOK PENGURUS DESA "POLAMANKU" TENTANG PENCEGAHAN PENULARAN VIRUS CORONA

Dukuh Polaman Desa Bedali Kecamatan Lawang Kabupaten Malang is a tourist village known as "Polamanku". The variety of existing tourist infrastructure has the potential to become a gathering place for visitors, especially during holidays, but these facilities and infrastructure have not been facilitated by hygiene facilities, especially for the prevention of the corona virus contagious disease (covid-19). The purpose of this community service activity is to increase the knowledge and skills of partners regarding the management of prevention and control of the corona virus (covid-19). This community service is carried out through the method of seminars, mentoring, and procurement of tools for partners. This community service was attended by 15 administrators of the "Polamanku" tourism village. The target output of community service that has been achieved is in the form of services and products. Services in this case are in the form of providing seminars on management of prevention of transmission of the corona virus (covid-19) as well as assistance on the use of thermogun, 6 steps to wash hands, and use of masks. Through this method it is proven to be able to increase partners' understanding of the corona virus (covid-19) and the prevention of transmission (100%). The products that have been produced are in the form of banners and hand washing tools as a means of supporting the sustainability of the corona virus (covid-19) transmission prevention program. It is hoped that this activity can be sustainable independently carried out by partners and can inspire other similar tourism vehicles, considering that these activities have not been carried out a lot.

Willingness to pay for casino-based integrated resorts: A choice experiment

As a new tourism vehicle, many casino-based integrated resorts are developed by several Asian countries to revitalize their sluggish economies. The aim of this study is to better recognize what principal attributes of these integrated resorts are considered by South Korean tourists and how much money they are willing to pay for each attribute. Using a choice experiment, this paper also intends to identify differentiated preference patterns embedded in casino users and non-users. Results of this study indicate that respondents implement intricate trade-offs among different integrated resort attributes to obtain the greatest amount of utility. Results provide supportive evidences that casino tourists place the heaviest weight on the attribute associated with a range of integrated resort facilities. A segmentation approach based on respondents’ experience of using casinos suggests that casino users show stronger preferences for free casino entrance policy than casino non-users. Useful management strategies are discussed based on study results. • A choice experiment is used to identify integrated resort preferences. • Respondents make trade-offs among different integrated resort attributes. • Respondents show strong preferences for family recreation opportunities. • Casino users are more willing to pay for no regulation of casino entrance.

Preliminary study to determine the maximum safe speed of vehicles based on rolling moments and vehicle skid to reduce of driving accidents

Indonesia is one of the countries with the highest death rate due to road traffic accidents. Research on vehicle safety needs to be done immediately. Some travel companies, rental vehicles, and tourism vehicles have made permit speed regulations, but the basis for selecting these limits is not scientific. In this study will be presented how to determine the maximum speed allowed in a vehicle scientifically, and how to calculate the speed of the permit can be a reference to other vehicles. This research method is analytical and experimental methods. The normal force of the wheel when the vehicle turns will be different, where the normal force of the wheel inside will first be lifted due to rolling force, and will have an impact on the skid that might occur. So, this is becoming a reference in calculating the vehicle’s maximum clearance speed. The maximum speed allowed of the vehicle under study depends on the turning radius. Therefore, knowing the wheel’s normal force from various conditions and the maximum speed of the vehicle, a safety warning system can be developed in the future to avoid vehicle accidents.

Pengintegrasian Wahana Permainan Wisata Alam Ngarai Sianok dan Wisata Buatan MiFan Water Park Padang ke dalam Materi Fisika

Edupark is a park with a variety of rides and ecosystems that can be used as a learning tool. Ngarai Sianok, Bukittinggi is a national Geopark area that has a nature tourism vehicle and Minang Fantasy (MiFan) Padang Panjang Water Park is an artificial tourist game vehicle. In general, visitors to attractions only take advantage of the natural landscape or a vehicle to take photos, sports such as jogging, hiking, camping, family gathering or low impact outbound. Without them knowing it, there are many physics concepts in both natural and artificial games that can be used as learning resources by integrating into high school physics learning in the form of physics teaching materials or integrated in learning models. However, there are actually educa-tional values, especially the physical concepts contained in the game. The purpose of this study is to integrate Edupark Ngarai Sianok and MiFan Water Park because it remembers so many Physics concepts found in natural or artificial tourism. The process of collecting data through observation and study of literature. The results showed that Edupark physics could be integrated in learning physics according to the 2013 curriculum

PENGEMBANGAN WAHANA WISATA JONGGOL DI DUSUN BALANGAN, WUKIRSARI, CANGKRINGAN

KKN-PPM is an empowerment program that will be implemented in Dukuh Balangan, Wukirsari Village, Cangkringan District, Sleman Regency, D.I. Yogyakarta aims to focus on the development and packaging of jonggol tourism vehicles in Balangan needs to be implemented to realize outbound education tours and camping ground. Which has selling power by highlighting the uniqueness, and the authenticity of nature around the Balangan hamlet? This service uses observation, interview, and education methods. In this educational method, the ESD method is used which provides counseling, socialization, training, and implementation. The result of dedication is the availability of outbound vehicles, garbage disposal, and places of worship/ so that tourist attractions can be better in tourism management, and a tool for sustainable tourism development.Keywords: KKN PPM, Observation, Interview, ESD (Education for Sustainable Development) method, Jonggol Tourism

Análisis por elementos finitos del desempeño estructural de jaula de seguridad para vehículo Renault Logan bajo normatividad FIA

Este artículo presenta el análisis estructural de una jaula de seguridad para Renault Logan 2005 bajo la normatividad de la Federación Internacional de Automovilismo para vehículos de turismo; particularmente, se considera el ensayo de carga vertical sobre el arco principal. Se llevaron a cabo simulaciones por medio de un software de elementos finitos, en las cuales se definieron la geometría y material usado, además de establecer las condiciones de frontera, carga y contactos. Se analizó el comportamiento mecánico bajo la carga exigida por FIA de 90 KN teniendo en cuenta el criterio de falla de la energía de distorsión y la deformación total. Posteriormente, se encontró que deformaciones permanentes pueden originarse por encima de 32.2 KN, mientras que fallas localizadas pueden presentarse por encima de 44 KN. Hay que mencionar además que los resultados demuestran que la implementación de las exigencias mínimas geométricas, de material y de manufactura de FIA no garantizan necesariamente la seguridad de la estructura.

Employees' Perceptions of Environmental Impacts of Tourism Activities in the Okavango Delta, Botswana

Tourism is second largest economic activity to mining in Botswana. Botswana tourism is wildlife based and is dependent heavily on water resources. Tourists are attracted by the ecological scenic beauty and wildlife based activities which include camping, game drive, photographing, boating among others mainly in the northern Botswana (Chobe and Okavango Delta). Tourism accommodation facilities are increasing rapidly to cope with the increase in wildlife tourism in the Okavango Delta. Tourism development in contrast erodes the natural environment which it depends on. This paper describes employees’ perceptions of environmental impacts of tourism activities in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Sustainable tourism with emphasis on environmental sustainability forms the theoretical framework of this paper. Data were collected using both primary (employees and key informants interviews) and secondary (intensive review of journals, reports and government publication) data sources. Results indicated that 56.4% (54) agreed of which 26.2% (22) strongly agreed that tourism activities are causing environmental impacts in the Okavango Delta. Perceived environmental impacts include pollution (land, water, noise and air), creation of illegal roads and disturbance of plant and animal species by tourism activities. Tourism vehicles especially for game drive are increasing rapidly in the Okavango Delta. This includes tourism private cars, mobile safaris, suppliers of goods and services to accommodation facilities and researchers. Factors resulting in environmental degradation are linked to poor policy implementation by both tourism operators and government officials. Poor monitoring and implementation of environmental policies, plans and laws together with authority manpower, equipment and vehicle shortages propagates environmental impacts in the Okavango Delta. Despite the perceived environmental impact the Okavango Delta is pristine and has rejuvenating properties. This paper suggests that the respective authorities should reinforce, monitor and implement environmental strategies, policies and regulations in collaboration with tourism stakeholders with the aim of sustainable tourism development in the Okavango Delta.

Estudio de la influencia de la apertura de las ventanas y la velocidad de circulación en la aerodinámica de un vehículo de turismo

En este artículo se presenta el estudio aerodinámico de un vehículo de turismo, tomando como muestra el Chevrolet Forsa 1.3, en el que se realizan pruebas de carretera para obtener valores de los coeficientes aerodinámico (Cx) y de fricción (Fr) en diferentes posiciones de apertura de las ventanas y diversas velocidades del vehículo. Para corroborar la información obtenida en las pruebas en las cuales se basa para el cálculo del Cx, se realiza un modelado del vehículo a utilizar en SolidWorks, con la intención de efectuar una simulación que permita obtener los valores del Cx cuando las ventanas se encuentran en diversas posiciones y a una velocidad específica. Además, se realiza un diseño experimental en Minitab, el cual permite conocer la incidencia que tiene cierta variable sea de apertura de las ventanas o velocidad del vehículo sobre el Cx y Fr. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que el valor de Cx aumenta conforme se abren las ventanas del vehículo cuando se viaja a velocidades superiores a los 90 km/h, lo que significa mayor resistencia al avance y por ende un incremento en el consumo de combustible y emisiones contaminantes.

Monte Carlo simulations of the secondary neutron ambient and effective dose equivalent rates from surface to suborbital altitudes and low Earth orbit

Occupational exposures from ionizing radiation are currently regulated for airline travel (<20 km) and for missions to low-Earth orbit (∼300–400 km). Aircrew typically receive between 1 and 6 mSv of occupational dose annually, while aboard the International Space Station, the area radiation dose equivalent measured over just 168 days was 106 mSv at solar minimum conditions. It is anticipated that space tourism vehicles will reach suborbital altitudes of approximately 100 km and, therefore, the annual occupational dose to flight crew during repeated transits is expected to fall somewhere between those observed for aircrew and astronauts. Unfortunately, measurements of the radiation environment at the high altitudes reached by suborbital vehicles are sparse, and modelling efforts have been similarly limited. In this paper, preliminary MCNPX radiation transport code simulations are developed of the secondary neutron flux profile in air from surface altitudes up to low Earth orbit at solar minimum conditions and excluding the effects of spacecraft shielding. These secondary neutrons are produced by galactic cosmic radiation interacting with Earth's atmosphere and are among the sources of radiation that can pose a health risk. Associated estimates of the operational neutron ambient dose equivalent, used for radiation protection purposes, and the neutron effective dose equivalent that is typically used for estimates of stochastic health risks, are provided in air. Simulations show that the neutron radiation dose rates received at suborbital altitudes are comparable to those experienced by aircrew flying at 7 to 14 km. We also show that the total neutron dose rate tails off beyond the Pfotzer maximum on ascension from surface up to low Earth orbit.

A cost-engineered launch vehicle for space tourism

The paper starts with a set of major requirements for a space tourism vehicle and discusses major vehicle options proposed for this purpose. It seems that the requirements can be met best with a Ballistic SSTO Vehicle which has the additional advantage of lowest development cost compared to other launch vehicle options — important for a commercial development venture. The BETA Ballistic Reusable Vehicle Concept is characterized by the plug nozzle cluster engine configuration where the plug nozzle serves also as base plate and re-entry heat shield. In this case no athmospheric turn maneuver is required (as in case-of the front-entry Delta-Clipper DC-Y concept). In our specific case for space tourism this mode has the avantage that the forces at launch and reentry are in exactly the same direction, easing passenger seating arrangements. The second basic advantage is the large available volume on top of the vehicle providing ample space for passenger accomodation, visibility and volume for zero-g experience (free floating), one of the major passenger mission requirements. An adequate passenger cabin design for 100 passengers is presented, as well as the modern BETA-STV Concept with its mass allocations.