Tourism Recovery Research Articles

Trends and factors in the development of world tourism in the post-pandemic period

<p>This article is devoted to the study of modern factors and trends in the development of world tourism. Researching the impact of the pandemic on the state of modern tourism is extremely relevant, as COVID-19 has had a significant impact on the tourism industry worldwide. Various factors and trends in the development of this process, which are affected by the pandemic, were considered. That is why the study determined that the COVID-19 pandemic primarily led to the restriction of movements and the closing of borders between countries, which significantly reduced the volume of international travel. The analysis was carried out taking into account such factors as travel restrictions. The introduction of restrictions on international and domestic travel has become one of the main measures to combat the spread of the COVID-19 virus. This led to a sharp reduction in tourist trips and a significant deterioration of the global tourism sector. Also, the loss of revenue when the travel-related tourism sector faced severe financial difficulties due to the pandemic. Cancellations, border closures, and restrictions on international flights were found to have resulted in a significant loss of revenue for companies and hotels and affected employment in the sector. Differences in recovery have been identified when the recovery of international tourism after the pandemic is uneven in different regions of the world. Some countries and regions that quickly implemented effective measures to control the spread of the virus began to recover earlier than others. This led to the emergence of new “tourist hotspots” and the redistribution of tourist flows. New trends in tourism have been identified. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a change in the preferences and behavior of tourists. Safety, health, and hygiene have become the main priorities when choosing a direction and types of recreation. As a result, the popularity of ecological tourism is growing, and new formats of tourist services are emerging, such as virtual tours and remote travel. In general, the COVID-19 pandemic has a serious and long-term impact on the current development of world tourism, leading to changes in the preferences and behavior of tourists, as well as causing a redistribution of tourist flows and difficulties of a financial nature in this area.</p>

Impact Investing in the Hospitality Industry: Social Responsibility and Economic Benefits

This research investigates the intricacies of impact investing in the hospitality industry and its potential implications for fostering corporate responsibility. The study highlights the pivotal role of impact investing policies in promoting regional economic development and environmental betterment. In the face of pressing global environmental challenges, such as climate change and energy resource scarcity, the study underscores the need for effective measures that positively shape state policy formation. The primary goal of such policy initiatives is to bolster human capital development and ensure the long-term realization of strategic objectives. This holds particular significance for nations with substantial potential in the tourism industry, where the hospitality sector acts as a linchpin for tourism recovery and presents compelling opportunities for impactful investments. As energy shortages and dependence took center stage in 2022, the research calls for the exploration of alternative renewable energy sources and the development of new commodity markets to invigorate energy sector growth. Against the backdrop of the hospitality industry’s post-pandemic resurgence, the integration of impact investing emerges as vital for both developing and developed nations. Given the prevailing global environmental crisis, the study underscores the imperative of effective international cooperation mechanisms to tackle environmental challenges, positioning impact investing as a catalyst for achieving sustainable economic development goals, advancing eco-friendly practices, and addressing global environmental imperatives.

Adaptive Co-Management for Regional Tourism Governance Under the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Greater Bay Area, China

ABSTRACT This study examined the process of adaptive co-management (ACM) among actors and institutions in the Greater Bay Area (GBA) in China to rejuvenate the region’s tourism recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with 19 key informants from various government departments within the region. Results demonstrated how actors and flexible institutions at multiple geographical scales and levels had joined efforts to cope with the various phases of uncertainty through a learning-by-doing process. Several essential factors leading to the success of the learning process within the region, its positive outcomes, and barriers encountered. This study contributed to understanding how the region, through ACM, was able to balance the pandemic control measures and restoration of its tourism industry during the crisis. Practical suggestions were also offered.

Innovation-based Human Resources Performance Improvement Strategy to Support Tourism Recovery at Tourism Village

Research aim: This study aims to analyze the internal and external factors of human resource performance in order to formulate a strategy to improve human resource performance based on innovation in tourism villages in the Magelang area
 Design/Methode/Approach: This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach. Primary data were obtained based on interview data collection methods and participatory observation. SWOT analysis was used as the data analysis method.
 Research Finding: The results showed strategy formulations to improve human resource performance. The proposed strategies become an effort to restore tourism activities in the new normal era after Pandemi Covid-19. 
 Theoretical contribution/Originality: This study identified the internal and external conditions of human resources based on innovation factors.
 Practitioner/Policy Implication: The results give implications to the manager in order to improve human resource performance including increasing the intensity of human resource training and development programs, increasing the competence of human resources to innovate and create an integrated tour package according to the needs of tourists, providing adequate health facilities for human resources, increasing cooperation with other tourism actors, and make a long term of human resource development planning based on innovation.
 Research limitation: This research conducted limited on the tourism villages in the Magelang area as a tourism object. Further research can develop other tourism areas with different characteristic to expand research benefits.

Post-COVID Tourism Recovery Strategy for Tourism Villages: Multi-Stakeholder Participatory Approaches

This article examines recovery strategies in post-COVID-19 tourism villages in Bantul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, utilising a rural tourism resilience approach involving multi-stakeholder participation. This qualitative study collected data through interviews, literature, social media, and local news online observations. The data obtained were then analysed with the help of a code from NVivo 12 Plus to visualise the multi-stakeholder network in the five tourism village recovery strategies through the sociogram network, group queries, and concept mapping queries. The results of this study reveal the following: First, the five tourist villages have different ways of getting back on their feet and getting more substantial for a massive recovery. Second, all government levels strongly support accelerating the five tourist villages' recovery via various media promotions of the four (Tembi, Kakilangit, Kebonagung, and Kampung Santan), except for Lopati's tourism village destinations. In addition, the two villages, in terms of the resilience of social networks, mostly need support in increasing institutional capacity (Kampung Santan and Lopati), fostering collaboration, and requiring creativity. Therefore, post-COVID, mechanisms for development and new ideas in two tourist villages (Lopati and Kampung Santan) were relatively noticeable. Some tourism villages still need leaders for programmes and activities. Further, the government's persistence in popularising tourist villages requires further improvement through media promotion, tourism awareness groups, and participation in the tertiary sector.

REIMAGINING TRAVEL INTENTIONS TO CHINA IN THE POST COVID-19 ERA: EXPLORING THE ROLE OF PERCEIVED SAFETY, ELECTRONIC WORD OF MOUTH AND DESTINATION IMAGE

The past decade has seen the rapid proliferation of theory, literature, and research, in the field of tourism disaster and crisis management, however empirical studies linking Covid-19 to destination image are limited and have not been well understood. Nations are certainly gearing up to pursue various tourism recovery strategies in the hopes of tourism activity returning to normal. As informed by the S-O-R theory this study tests an empirical model that investigates the influence of Iranian’s perceived safety and electronic word of-mouth (eWOM) on destination image and travel intention to China in the post Covid-19 era. Data were obtained from a sample of 305 respondents in Shiraz, Iran. The findings revealed that perceived safety and eWOM were able to predict destination image which subsequently had a positive effect on intention to travel. Additionally, destination image significantly mediates the relationship between perceived safety, eWOM and behavioural intention. The study certainly adds to the dearth of literature pertaining to destination image and tourist behavioural intention in a post Covid-19 context from the lens of the SOR paradigm. The study confirms the validity and salience of the SOR framework as a theoretical cornerstone in uncovering tourist behaviours and responses; whose use within tourism related research is gaining traction.

IMPLIKASI PENERAPAN KEBIJAKAN GOLDEN VISA DALAM RANGKA MENDORONG PENGEMBANGAN INVESTASI PADA SEKTOR PARIWISATA

Many countries already have efforts to accelerate tourism recovery (including the Government of Indonesia). One of the issued policies is facilitating investment in the tourism sector, which is expected to encourage economic growth and create sustainable jobs. This study uses a qualitative desk study approach or literature research to analyze the implications of implementing the golden visa policy to encourage investment development in the tourism sector. Besides, this study elaborates explicitly 3 (three) things: existing policies related to visa applications and the context of tourism investment, benchmarking of golden visa policies in some countries, and strategic policy implications. Based on the analysis, a comprehensive approach is needed in formulating appropriate and relevant policies to support sustainable tourism investment, manifested in regulations along with adequate and effective implementation supervision. Related to the efforts to attract foreign investors to invest in Indonesia, and referring to the example of the application of the Golden Visa that has been carried out by several countries, existing policies in Indonesia can be added with several requirements in the prerequisite of golden visas aimed, so the goal of national economic development to prevent harmful excesses can be reached.

EXAMINING THE GLOCAL FORCES THAT DETERMINED THE MICE TOURISM RECOVERY POST-COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The paper focuses on the determinants of MICE tourism recovery post the COVID-19 pandemic. Using the case of South Africa, empirical data were collected by way of in-depth interviews with 19 key stakeholders in the MICE sector. The study findings reveal five key determinants of the recovery, (1) change in focus of geographical markets, (2) varied recovery of the different economic industries, (3) limited airline access and connectivity, (4) destination image and (5) level of confidence of MICE attendees to travel. The paper’s theoretical significance lies in its timely contribution to studies on MICE tourism recovery and resilience, focusing on the developing nations' context. Further, the findings of the study, which delineate the recovery process of MICE events post-COVID-19 provide insights into building a resilient MICE sector.

The Analysis of the Impact of Covid-19 on Chinas Tourism Industry

Tourism in many parts of China has been hit hard by the Covid-19 outbreak. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact on the tourism industry in China before and after the epidemic, the current situation of tourism shutdown and damage, and the impact on the overall tourism market. In addition, the study analyzes the current state of the population's willingness to travel. The paper will use the tourism industry in Sanya and Daqing as case studies. In order to get rid of the impact of the epidemic as soon as possible, Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises have to come up with reasonable and effective measures to cope with it. For this reason, China should work together to fight the epidemic and make a concerted effort for the early recovery of tourism.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND INNOVATIVE PERSPECTIVES OF THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY IN ROMANIA UNDER THE INCIDENCE OF GLOBAL CHALLENGES AND RISKS

The hospitality industry in Romania is faced with a number of factors that unbalance the sustainable prospects of this industry, mentioning: the incidence of the pandemic context, the increase in inflation, the general increase in prices, the increase in electricity and heat tariffs, as well as the increase in the salary level of employees integrated in the activity the hospitality industry. Starting from 2020, tourist operators face the decrease in the number of tourists, as well as the exponential increase in costs resulting from the provision of tourist activity. Looking from this perspective, organizations operating in the hospitality industry are exposed to global socio-economic risks, limiting the innovative perspectives necessary for the development of this industry. Through the article, the incidence of negative socio-economic perspectives on the hospitality industry is measured, identifying the main factors that determined the decrease in the activity and profitability of economic organizations. The content of the article focuses on the innovative perspectives of the hospitality industry, presenting rural tourism and psychotherapeutic tourism as a pillar of tourism recovery and resilience identified in the national context.

CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTATION OF COMMUNITY-BASED-TOURISM AND HOMESTAY POST-COVID-19 MOVEMENT CONTROL ORDER (MCO) AT KUNDASANG, SABAH

This article discusses the challenges in implementing the community-based tourism and homestay post covid-19 movement control order (MCO) at Kundasang, Sabah. The spread of the Covid-19 virus has had a significant impact on the community and, at the same time, on tourism activities. The implementation of the MCO, announced by the Prime Minister of Malaysia on March 18, 2020, has led all sectors, including the tourism sector, to stop operating temporarily to curb the virus from continuing to be prevalent among the community. On June 10, 2020, the government implemented the Recovery Movement Control Order (RMCO), allowing all sectors to operate again. However, there is a question of what challenges the tourists face in implementing the post-covid-19 recovery strategy and plan in Kundasang. The primary approach to this study is qualitative, based on primary and secondary data sources. The preliminary data is used through in-depth interviews while in the field. Secondary data is from journal articles, academic reference books and newspaper news widely used in this writing. The results of this study found that there were challenges facing the community, especially homestay operators, where the challenges they faced were different in implementing the post-covid-19 tourism recovery strategy in Kundasang, Sabah.

러시아-우크라이나 전쟁과 국제관광

Since the World Health Organization(WHO) declared a pandemic due to the COVID-19 outbreak on March 11, 2020, the international tourism industry has suffered an unprecedented blow. In the international tourism market, which was in a gradual recovery of period, Russia's invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, subsequent Western sanctions, and a counterattack by Russia, were enough to cause a new level of uncertainty. After the Russia's invasion of Ukraine, Ukraine and Moldova closed their airspace, and Western countries imposed measures such as a ban on takeing off and landing and flying in their own airspaces, and the suspension of the code-sharing agreement on planes belonging to Russian airlines. Russia also responded and it has become inevitable for neighboring countries to change air routes. This led to an increase in flight time and an increase in air ticket costs, which negatively affected international tourism. Nevertheless, international air ticketing declined for the two weeks after the outbreak of the war, but demand for international tourism has gradually recovered since then. According to the UN World Tourism Organization's Tourism Recovery Tracker data, the number of international tourist arrivals around the world at the end of 2022 recovered to 65% compared to 2019 before the pandemic, exceeding the expected recovery of 37% to 50% compared to 2019, an estimated scenario announced by the UN World Tourism Organization in January 2022. In particular, the number of international tourist arrivals in Europe has recovered to 80% compared to 2019, indicating a fairly rapid recovery compared to 27% in the Asia-Pacific region. In addition, the number of international tourist arrivals around the world from January to March 2023 recovered to 80% compared to 2019 before the pandemic, 90% in Europe, and 72% in Central and Eastern Europe. And it can be seen that the recovery is faster not only than experts expected at the beginning of the outbreak of war, but also than the result of the survey on the recovery period of international tourism to the pre-pandemic level, which was surveyed by experts from each country by the UN World Tourism Organization before the outbreak. And the number of Russians entering Korea in 2022, 60,019, which is 17.5% compared to 343,057 in 2019 before the pandemic, and the number of Russian patients using medical institutions in Korea was 9,616 in 2022, which is 32.2% compared to 29,897 in 2019. Although the pace of recovery is not faster than that of other countries, considering that the number of arrivals from January to May 2023 was 60,671, which has already exceeded the annual number of arrivals in 2022, the impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on the Korean inbound tourism market can be seen as insignificant.

Post-Pandemic Tourist Behavior in the Context of the Industrial Revolution 4.0: An Empirical Study in Vietnam

Recovery and growth of tourism are one of the greatest concerns of the Government as well as enterprises specializing in the travel sector. This paper aims to explore the impact mechanisms of factors on the travel intention and satisfaction of tourists in Vietnam, focusing on perceived service quality, monetary promotion, and social media. A survey was conducted with 421 tourists; the collected data was processed by Smart-PLS software. The research results have shown that perceived service quality and travel intention positively impact tourist satisfaction. Besides, both monetary promotion and social media show a favorable influence on travel intention. However, monetary promotion negatively impacts tourist satisfaction. Based on these findings, some practical implications are suggested to enhance the intention and satisfaction of tourists traveling to Vietnam in the future.

The embodied experience and self-identity construction of Chinese gay tourists in Thailand

This study proposes an extension of the interactive ritual chain model that explores the intrinsic construction of the embodied experience and self-identity of Chinese gay tourists visiting Thailand. The expanded elements include stock, tension, loose, and transformation, which can reflect the intrinsic association of the inner interaction framework. An exploratory sequential mixed methodology approach was adopted. It includes the interviews of 16 respondents followed by a questionnaire survey involving 330 respondents. While most previous research subjects and contexts are from Western countries, this study adds a new knowledge framework and empirical basis for the tourism interactions and identity-based tourism of gay tourists in non-Western countries. This study has practical implications for policymakers in gay tourism destinations in Asia, particularly as this study provides a better understanding of the tourism psychology and behavior of Asian gay tourists, which may be useful in guiding tourism recovery policies in gay-friendly destinations in Asia.

The value and resilience of beach tourism during the COVID pandemic

The coronavirus disease (COVID) had a greater impact on travel and tourism (T&T) than on any other industry sector, causing the worst downturn in world and U.S. history. The downturn in U.S. T&T caused a $937 billion drop in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and a 7.1 million job loss in 2020 and a $708 billion GDP drop and 6.3 million job loss in 2021. Trillion dollar government programs saved the sector from complete collapse. Although overall T&T in the U.S. was hard hit in 2020 and did not recover greatly in 2021, beach tourism had a very different response to COVID. Some beaches were closed for months during the first half of 2020, but beach tourism largely recovered by the middle of 2020 as people decided the safest recreation during COVID was outdoors in the sun and fresh air of beaches or parks. Scientists have since come to the same conclusion. The number of international visitors remained low as air transportation remained largely dormant, but the number of domestic tourists going to beaches recovered in 2020 and boomed in 2021 despite the pandemic. Beach tourist spending in 2021 often greatly exceeded pre-pandemic 2019 levels and caused hotel and rental properties to hit capacity limits. The collapse of beach tourism in the first half of 2020, largely due to beach closures, highlighted its value to the economy. The recovery of beach tourism in the second half of 2020 and boom in 2021, despite continued problems in non-beach tourism, demonstrated its resilience. The boom continued in 2022 and 2023.

Has the outbreak of tourism research involving COVID-19 been cured by 2022?

Expanding on the recommendation of Assaf et al. (2022), this research note provides insights and recommendations for the post-COVID-19 future of tourism research. We reviewed 56 recent papers related to COVID-19 published in the top three high quality tourism journals. Whilst there was a glut of relatively descriptive research on the pandemic, especially involving the economic impacts as a result of the virus, the results indicate that inadequate attention has been given to technology adoption and tourists’ well-being. Recent discussions of post-COVID-19 tourism have emphasised crisis management, which remains an important direction for future research. We recommend tourism recovery and resilience as one of the major focuses for tourism research and for greater importance to be attached to crisis planning and preparation so that lessons can be learned from COVID-19. Rather than a single country, cross-sectional studies, the adoption of cross-cultural, cross-contextual, and longitudinal study approaches is also recommended. Keywords COVID-19; Tourism; Future; Post-COVID-19 tourism research

Coastal Tourism Recovery amid COVID-19: Insights from a Participatory System Dynamics Approach

This study aimed to examine the impacts of COVID-19 on coastal tourism in Nelson Mandela Bay (NMB), South Africa, and propose effective management interventions to enable swift recovery. A participatory system dynamics modelling approach was applied through a qualitative causal mapping processes to support a quantitative model. Multiple stakeholder perspectives were incorporated to gain a holistic understanding of the local impacts. The study revealed that the effects of the pandemic on tourism in NMB were dynamic and accompanied by shifts in governance responses and traveller behaviour. Uncertainty surrounding the rate of recovery in different sectors was observed. Through collaboration with local stakeholders, recovery interventions were identified and tested according to short-to-long-term tourism needs in stages of recovery, revival and growth. The findings highlight the importance of cross-sectoral collaboration in facilitating informed decision-making for sustainable tourism recovery. Moreover, it is encouraged that participatory, multi-stakeholder approaches are adopted to explore the impacts of exogenous factors on the tourism sector, such as those arising from public health, climate, and social–political change. This inclusive and dynamic approach can be used to develop management strategies that are responsive and adaptable to complex and evolving circumstances that can impact the tourism industry.

Sustainability of digital marketing strategies for driving consumer behaviour in the domestic tourism industry

This study examines the effectiveness and sustainability of digital marketing strategies for driving consumer behaviour in the domestic tourism industry. Based on the findings of a mixed research design involving 13 face-to-face interviews with tourism marketers as well as 401 surveys of domestic tourists, understanding tourism marketers’ digital marketing preferences, digital marketing platforms influencing travel decisions and factors motivating the use of digital platforms is crucial in developing sustainable digital marketing strategies. Digital marketing has the resilience to influence tourists’ decisions to engage in domestic tourism. Stakeholders must constantly adapt their digital marketing strategies to stay abreast of the changing trends in technology adoption. It is paramount that tourism destinations spearhead their tourism recovery strategies for increased competitiveness, sustainability and long-term recovery. As digital marketing becomes more sustainable for changing consumer behaviour, future studies can focus on artificial intelligence tools and consumer behaviour in tourism.

Studying tourism recovery options under economic constraints: does stakeholder engagement and financial stability matter?

Researchers neglected the relevance of combining tourism with stakeholders' engagement and financial stability for unlocking the economic constraints. For this, current research intended to study the interplay of tourism recovery options under economic constraints with the role of stakeholders' engagement and financial stability. According to our data, China outperforms the other OECD members. The results shown that Russia comes in second with a consistent in tourism recovery, financial stability, and stakeholders' engagement; Indonesia and Turkey, which finished fourth and fifth in the rankings, have good tourism recovery prospects. Mexico and Brazil come in second and third, respectively, with the worst performance and the lowest scores recorded in the survey findings. The overall interplay among the variables was empirically produced based on the findings of this study and is a new inclusive assessment of financial stability and tourism recovery parameters. It is a useful tool for policy development and evaluation. This study also addresses the criticism of load selection at random and accurately depicts the entire scope of fiscal intervention in the economy to prudently enhance tourism recovery at large.

Tourism Recovery Strategies on Post Covid-19 Pandemic: A Review

Tourism Recovery Strategies on Post Covid-19 Pandemic: A Review