Tourism Network Research Articles

Analysis of Increasing Tourism Competitiveness in Selayar Islands Regency

This study aims to examine the potential and analyze the competitiveness of maritime tourism in the Selayar Islands Regency using the SWOT analysis method, as well as to find out the optimal strategy for increasing the competitiveness of marine tourism in the Selayar Islands Regency. This type of research is qualitative with a descriptive approach. Data collection techniques are carried out by observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis technique used consists of condensing data, presenting data and drawing conclusions. The results showed that the SWOT analysis model increased the competitiveness of marine tourism, namely having strength in the form of high social cohesion; good service standards; the natural wealth and diversity of marine biota in the Selayar Islands Regency. The strategy of the Selayar Islands Regency Tourism and Culture Office in increasing the competitiveness of marine tourism is the development of the tourist market; tourism product development; development through increasing human resources; developing quality and sustainable marine tourism networks and partnerships; increasing the quality and diversity of business products and tourism services.

User Interactions in Online Travel Communities: A Social Network Perspective

Online travel communities (OTCs) enable users to interact and share travel information voluntarily. Extant research has primarily focused on the content generated through user interactions but neglected how user interactions are structured. This study employed exponential random graph models to examine the formation of user interactions and the outcomes of homophily in terms of network structure across levels (actor, dyad, triad, and network). A dataset of 2,926 posts and 25,854 replies involving 9,712 users in an OTC was used. Results reveal that users’ question initiating and replying ties in OTCs exhibit significant positive structural dependencies in terms of reciprocity, activity spread, generalized transitive closure, and multiple connectivity. Homophily serves as the basis of dyadic interactions and homophilous ties evolve after formation. The study advances hospitality and tourism network research and methodology by going beyond traditional dyadic user interactions, and provides insights into user interactions in OTCs from the social network perspective.

Spatial Performance Measurement and the Resource Organization Mechanism of Rural Tourism Resources in Developing Countries: A Case Study on Jilin Province, China

Many developing countries are challenged with the revival of rural vitality against increasing urbanization. Rural tourism is effective in enhancing the countryside’s vitality. Previous studies used qualitative methods to explore the spatial organization of resources, but it was difficult to quantify the effective organization of tourism resources. Taking the example of Jilin Province, China, this study quantitatively measured the use of tourism resources in rural areas at the initial stage and created a developmental model to organize tourism resources more effectively. The organization mechanism has specific reference significance for the optimization model of upgrading rural tourism in developing countries. Spatial performance measurement was used to evaluate the spatial performance of rural tourism resources in the case area. The specific research included analyzing the coupling mechanism of rural tourism resources, constructing an evaluation system, analyzing a resource regulation mechanism, and establishing a rural tourism network model through a complex network analysis method and dynamic simulation. According to the spatial performance analysis, the allocation and linkage of various tourism-related elements are not yet mature. The structural restructuring mode in Jilin Province is mainly divided into internal and external dual-drive guidance, secondary integration, and a characteristic linkage mode. An organizational mechanism for optimizing tourism resources was proposed, which could be referred to for evaluating and optimally organizing the tourism resources in the rural areas of developing countries.

The Role of the Tourism Network in the Coordination of Pandemic Control Measures

The emergence and spread of COVID-19 has severely impacted the tourism industry worldwide. In order to limit the effect of new pandemics or any unforeseen crisis, coordinated actions need to be adopted among tourism stakeholders. In this paper, we use an evolutionary game model to analyze the conditions that promote cooperation among different stakeholders in a tourism network to control high-risk crises. A data sample of 280 EU regions is used to define the tourism network of regions with a heterogeneous dependence on tourism. The results show that cooperation is helped by the existence of a structured tourism network. Moreover, cooperation is enhanced when coordination groups include small numbers of participants and when they are formed according to the similarity of tourism dependence.

COVID-19 Impacts on Whale-Watching Collaboration Networks

Whale-watching tourism generates high-income seasonal livelihoods in coastal communities on the Mexican Pacific Coast; however, this sector is at risk from accelerated global changes. We evaluated the responses of a collaboration of tourism networks regarding the impacts COVID-19 using a longitudinal social network approach. We used a two-wave snowball method to identify potential interviewees and followed geographic and jurisdictional criteria using a face-to-face survey to map collaboration ties between 38 stakeholders involved in whale-watching tourism before and after the second wave of the pandemic. We also asked this group of stakeholders about their perceived impacts of COVID-19. We found slightly higher connectivity and centralization levels in the social networks after the pandemic. Loss of income and reservations, a decrease in both conservations and pollution, and an increase in the reduction in wildlife tourism were the main self-reported impacts. We also detected harmful pandemic legacies, such as whale-watching tours conducted using unregulated private boats. This research directly informs Mexico’s whale-watching tourism policy by showing the management and coordination challenges that stakeholders face in a post-pandemic context. While the social fabric of coastal communities has been resilient to the COVID-19 pandemic, we found indications that the governance of marine resources can easily unravel if rule of law is absent.

Hierarchical Structure and Organizational Model of County Tourism Network of the Tibetan Plateau

Hierarchical structures and organizational models highly affect the sustainable operation of the spatial network of tourism destinations. This paper adopted the modified tourism gravity model and social network analysis method to reveal the spatial characteristics of the tourism network on the Tibetan Plateau based on tourism flow data in 2019. The results are as follows: (1) the spatial organization of tourism flows was unbalanced, showing the characteristics of “high in the east and low in the west”; (2) The county tourism flow formed a multidimensional system of spatial hierarchy with Chengguan District of Lhasa, Golmud City, and Pengzhou City as the top nodes, the spatial polarization characteristics, and zonal distribution differences were evident; (3) The inter-county tourism linkage conformed to the law of distance decay, and the multiple network structure hierarchy features highlighted the complex linkage pattern; (4) The tourism network had a more distinctive dominant flow and was influenced by county-level administrative divisions; (5) The tourism linkage network formed eight subgroups with significant geographical characteristics. This study provides recommendations for optimizing the spatial structure of the Tibetan Plateau county tourism network for the government.

Spatio-Temporal Evolution Characteristics and Spatial Differences in Urban Tourism Network Attention in China: Based on the Baidu Index

There is a long-term equilibrium relationship between urban tourism network attention (UTNA) and the volume of tourism. Understanding the spatio-temporal patterns of UTNA before and after the COVID-19 pandemic has important implications for destination management. On the basis of the Baidu index, this study collected the tourism network attention of 337 prefecture-level cities in China from 2018 to 2021 through data mining and analyzed the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics and regional differences in UTNA in China by using the seasonal concentration index, the Zipf model and the Dagum Gini coefficient. The results show that, firstly, the UTNA decreased significantly during the study period, with significant seasonal variability and spatial unevenness; April, July, August and October comprise the high season, while January, February, November and December comprise the low season. Secondly, in terms of regional heterogeneity, the seasonal differences in UTNA are generally greater in the northeast regions than in the central, and western regions, and are the smallest in the eastern regions. Thirdly, the UTNA shows a strong rank-scale characteristic, indicating that Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Xi’an, and others that are rich in tourism resources are the main high-value cities, and “core-edge” characteristics gradually formed around these municipalities and capital cities. Lastly, of the four regions, the northeast regions had the largest intraregional and inter-regional differences. From the perspective of the contribution to regional difference sources Gnb > Gt > Gw, inter-regional disparities are the main reasons for the overall differences. Accordingly, policy suggestions are proposed to further promote the sustainable development of tourism destinations.

Drivers Affecting Bitcoin Adoption as a Payment Mechanism in the Tourism Industry

While travelers' desire to visit the world's most remote places has grown, the inefficiency of global payments indicates a significant barrier to tourism growth. As an emerging, decentralized, and borderless digital innovation, Bitcoin technology seems to have the ability to serve as a payment alternative and address such fundamental inefficiencies. On the other hand, bitcoin adoption can only happen when tourists and business owners choose to operate bitcoin simultaneously. The study has developed a novel Bitcoin Collaborative Network and Tourism Collaborative Network model to examine Bitcoin adoption factors. Then a fuzzy DEMATEL method was applied to the factors influencing the adoption domain, as identified based on an extensive literature review, in-depth interviews, and an international Delphi process. The study offered a model for the heterogeneous collaborative network of Bitcoin and Tourism (BCN and TCN), revealing that Perceived Usefulness is the most influencing criterion and the most prominent variable in Bitcoin Adoption. Bitcoin Technological Complexity, Government Regulatory, and Bitcoin Awareness are the factors that give the highest impacts. Also, Bitcoin's Technological Complexity is the most significant factor in bitcoin adoption. The findings might assist businesses in adopting a new market expansion strategy and benefiting from technological spillover, while government officials can explore new supporting legislation.

Rural tourism networking and covid-19 crisis: a gender perspective

This paper studies networking in rural tourism from a gender perspective comparing pre and post Covid period. The empirical study consisted of a questionnaire answered by 154 tourism promoters. Results showed a higher percentage of promoters belonging to an association during the Covid-19. There was a link between receiving training and belonging to an association and a significant relationship between participation in associations and receiving public funds, this relationship being found more among male promoters. On the other hand, a higher score was given by women for the advantages of networking, and mainly for the following: ‘Simplifies the management of booking’.

Intangible Cultural Heritage Reproduction and Revitalization: Value Feedback, Practice, and Exploration Based on the IPA Model.

Intangible cultural heritage has a unique value. It is very important to evaluate and discover the value of intangible cultural heritage. Therefore, referring to the relevant references of countries around the world, this paper compares the research status of countries around the world with the development trend of China's intangible cultural heritage, indicating that the network resources of intangible cultural heritage can be converted into cultural capital according to the basic theory of cultural capital and then get an economic value. The use value of intangible cultural heritage is analyzed and considered according to IPA entity model analysis, kernel density estimation (KDE), and gray correlation calculation (calculated by using IPA analysis conclusion). Among them, because intangible cultural heritage cannot be measured and verified immediately, indirect measurement verification is carried out by selecting indirect indicators such as the total number of intangible cultural heritage and the development trend of intangible cultural heritage tourism. Based on the gray correlation analysis of the total number and relative density of national intangible cultural heritage and the intangible cultural heritage tourism and related industrial chains, the following proposals for the development trend of intangible cultural heritage are clearly put forward as follows: (1) Further excavate the meaning of “non-material property tourism” and increase the scope of development and design of cultural and art tourism network resources. (2) Make full use of the guiding effect of government departments on “intangible cultural heritage tourism,” and improve the normalization of the combination of culture, art, and tourism. (3) Expand the whole industrial chain of “intangible cultural heritage tourism” in an orderly manner, and promote the concept of coordinated and sustainable development of cultural and art tourism.

Analysis of Public Big Data Management under Text Analysis

Based on text analysis, public big data management is studied. The public data management of Mount Wutai tourism network travel notes is discussed. The positive, neutral, and negative effects of the naive Bayesian classification model and decision tree classification model on the tourism sentiment attitude of Mount Wutai are compared. The relationship between tourism resources, tourism facilities, tourism services, tourism environment, and tourism sentiment and attitude of Wutai Mountain is analyzed. The results show that the true positive rate, true negative rate, and F-measure of the Bayesian decision tree classifier to classify positive text are 86.64%, 81.27%, and 84.62%, respectively. The true positive rate for neutral text is 82.05%, the true negative rate is 78.89%, and the F-measure is 77.11%. The true positive rate for negative text is 83.67%, the true negative rate is 98.29%, and the F-measure is 82.83%. The Bayesian decision tree classifier can evaluate positive and negative texts better than neutral texts. The true positive rate of the C4.5 decision tree classifier for positive text is 91.44%, the true negative rate is 86.57%, and the F-measure is 89.45%. The true positive rate for neutral text is 90.17%, the true negative rate is 83.28%, and the F-measure is 84.06%. The true positive rate for negative text is 91.84%, the true negative rate is 99.05%, and the F-measure is 90.91%. The decision tree classifier has a better evaluation effect on positive and negative texts than on neutral texts. The ROC curve of the evaluation effect of the two classifiers shows that the evaluation effect of the two classifiers has a better evaluation effect on positive text than that of the neutral and negative texts, and the evaluation effect of the C4.5 decision tree classifier is better than that of the Bayesian classifier. The promotion degree of tourism resources and facilities in forwarding online travel notes is obviously higher, and there is a high correlation between tourism resources and facilities and forward online travel notes. In negative online travel notes, the promotion degree of tourism service and tourism environment is high, and the correlation between tourism service and tourism environment and negative online travel notes is high. In summary, improving the quality of tourism services and the tourism environment of Mount Wutai scenic spots can better enhance the recognition and satisfaction of tourists with Mount Wutai tourism.

Marketing Model of Tourism Enterprises Based on New Media Environment

New media is a scientific and technological product under the background of the new era, and now new media technology has been widely used in all aspects of social development, and it has spawned the arrival of the new media era. In the new media environment, the survival and development environment faced by enterprises have undergone earth-shaking changes; if you still follow the traditional marketing methods, it will not only reduce the effectiveness of marketing but also because of the deviation from the development requirements of the times be eliminated, bringing threats to the survival and development of enterprises. The development of new media, represented by the Internet and mobile phones, has brought great changes to various industries in the world including tourism. The market size of the travel network is expanding, and online sales are soaring. At the same time, all kinds of tourism organizations often have blind optimism in the construction of tourism networks and lack of reasonable application means, so that tourism network marketing is far from exerting its potential in reality; on the one hand, it cannot provide transaction services that satisfy both supply and demand; on the other hand, it also affects the economic benefits of tourism organizations. Compared with the rapid development of the tourism media industry, the theoretical research related to the actual situation lags significantly. Although the number of related studies at home and abroad is increasing, most of them stay at the level of explanation and introduction, and the analysis of the tourism industry chain is not enough. The breadth and depth of the study are sorely lacking. The future letter needs to summarize the successes and failures of the development of the tourism media industry from a theoretical height and carry out theoretical improvement to guide practice, and it also needs to strengthen forward-looking research, summarize the laws and models, and put forward practical implementation plans to improve the overall development level of the tourism and media industry. Aiming at the problem of new media marketing strategy in shopping tourism scenic spots, this paper applies descriptive research, questionnaire survey, statistical processing, mathematical model, and other research methods to analyze the characteristics of new media such as prominence of personalization, increased audience selectivity, and diversified forms of expression presented by new media compared with traditional media, as well as the differences between the two in terms of communication status, dominant state, and audience state. 4I Marketing theory is applied to new media marketing, the changes in the marketing environment and marketing needs under the background of new media, and the extensive impact of these changes on the marketing mix strategy; the basic strategies and expected effects of new media marketing of tourism enterprises are studied from the aspects of product, price, channel, and promotion; the IPA model is constructed, and the empirical analysis of the shopping tourist attractions of Changshu Garment City in China is carried out. Through the research of this paper, in theory, the understanding of new media marketing is enriched, and in fact, it provides guidance for optimizing the new media marketing strategy of tourist attractions.

COOPERATION NETWORK OF POTENTIAL TOURIST ATTRACTIONS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF INTEGRATED TOURIST DESTINATIONS IN THE BROMO TENGGER SEMERU NATIONAL PARK AREA

The aims of this study are to 1) identify the potential of tourist attractions in four areas of Malang, Pasuruan, Lumajang, and Probolinggo in supporting the management of integrated tourist destinations in the Bromo Tengger Semeru (BTS) area; 2) identify cooperation networks between local governments (Malang, Pasuruan, Lumajang, and Probolinggo) in the management of integrated tourist destinations in the BTS area; 3) identify the cooperation model that is built in the management of integrated tourist destinations in the BTS area, and 4) develop recommendations for the cooperation model in the management of integrated tourist destinations in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS) Center area and the BTS National Strategic area. The targets in the study are the potential for tourist attractions in the four areas surrounding the BTS, the cooperation in the management of integrated tourist destinations between the TNBTS Center and each local government in the four areas around the BTS, the cooperation in the management of integrated tourist destinations among the local government of Malang Regency, the Government of the Republic of Indonesia. The Pasuruan Regency area, the Lumajang Regency government, and the Probolinggo Regency government are located in the BTS ring area, and the model was built to manage integrated destinations in the BTS ring area. The research method uses qualitative methods with in-depth interviews. Novelty in this study is a tourism network cooperation based on the local wisdom of each region by taking into account the economic potential of the four districts and the accessibility of the Catchment area.

Evolution and Driving Mechanism of Tourism Flow Networks in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration Based on Social Network Analysis and Geographic Information System: A Double-Network Perspective

This study’s purpose was to analyze the network structural characteristics, nodal roles, spatial structure, and evolution laws from the dual network perspective, and apply the Quadratic Assignment Procedure (QAP) to conduct correlation analysis and regression analysis on the influencing factors of tourism flow networks in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomerations. Using a mixed-method of social network and spatial analysis, Ucinet and ArcGIS software were used to comprehensively analyze the nodes in the travel routes covered in travel notes. The results show that the density of tourism flow network increases on the whole, while the spatial difference decreases, and the overall network density value is much lower than the average of the network density of provinces. Degree centrality, closeness centrality, betweenness centrality and the core–periphery structure analysis were used to examine the tourism function, distribution function, connection function and the position of nodes in the network, and nodes were divided into various types of roles according to their function. Meanwhile, the role changes of each node in different periods were also investigated. This study also builds an evaluation model of the influencing factors of the evolution of tourism flow network structure and uses QAP to find that the tourism network is affected by factors such as tourism resource endowment, transportation convenience, economic development level, tourism reception and service capacity. The research results are helpful for the Chinese government and tourism enterprises to understand the spatial behavior of tourists and its evolution rules, and to clarify the role and status of node cities in the tourism flow network and their influencing factors. It is of great significance for the formulation of joint marketing measures and promotion of the sustainable development of tourism in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration.

Network Structure Influence on Tourism Industrial Performance: A Network Perspective to Explain the Global Tourism Development

Global tourism development can be seen as a tourism network evolution; however, how the network structure influences the tourism industrial performance has not been clearly outlined. This paper utilizes complex network theory to understand the global tourism network changes and detect the global network structure effects on international tourism industrial performance, aiming to explain the tourism development from a network perspective and help to organize international tourism effectively. Using the data of 222 regions’ statistics from 1995 to 2019, this paper explores the influence of the global-level network structure on the tourism industry through Pearson’s correlations test and the individual-level effects through a combination of the gravity model with the mixed-effect model. At the global level, results indicate that a network structure with a higher density or clustering coefficient can improve the global tourism arrivals, but the high value of the network average path length and small-worldness characteristic have negative effects. At the individual level, the node’s characteristics including the high degree, closeness, and betweenness centrality of a region in the network positively improve its international tourism arrivals, while the eigenvector centrality and local clustering coefficient generate negative effects. Additionally, most network structure measurements of a region show stronger effects on its own tourism performance than the regions with which it connects. This paper verifies that the network structure has significant impacts on tourism performance and development, which can aid international tourism development both globally and individually.

Actor-network theory and organizational resilience to climate change in community-based tourism

The tourism industry is witnessing disturbances due to climate change, increasing the risk to community-based ecotourism organizations in developing countries. There are limited studies on the resilience of tourism organizations, particularly in Latin America. We apply Actor Network Theory (ANT) in our study of an indigenous, community-based ecotourism organization in southern Mexico to understand its resilience to climate change. We generated interview data with community members both active and not active in the ecotourism organization, as well as tourists, using purposive convenience sampling, chain-referral sampling, and negative case sampling. Using theoretical thematic analysis, we examined the four steps of translation of the actor-network, as well as the adaptive capacity of the ecotourism organization. We conclude that the use of ANT provides a robust description of a tourism organization's adaptive capacity and helps elucidate the role out-migration plays in the resilience of this tourism network. By including human and non-human actants in the tourism network, this study adds to the literature on organizational climate change resilience, and provides a much-needed starting point from which to study community-based ecotourism and climate change in Latin America. The paper shows how managers can apply the Actor-Network-Theory as a lens for systems analysis: - to study the resilience in social-ecological systems in tourism - to understand the role of certain actants in the network - to examine relationships and key factors- to strengthen the adaptive capacity, and - to better withstand disturbances from climate change.

Research on the Development Model of Rural Tourism Based on Multiobjective Planning and Intelligent Optimization Algorithm

In order to improve the effect of rural tourism development, this study combines multiobjective planning and intelligent optimization algorithms to analyze the development mode of rural tourism and further deals with the problem of multisensor target tracking under unknown input interference conditions by designing a tourism network consensus algorithm. The algorithm adopts a distributed multisensor fusion structure combined with consensus estimation, and each sensor first performs two-level information filtering estimation and unknown input parameter estimation locally. The experimental research results show that the rural tourism development model based on multiobjective planning and intelligent optimization algorithm proposed in this study can play an important role in the development of rural tourism.

Countermeasures for the Development of Data Integration of the Internet Ice and Snow Tourism Industry under the Background of Artificial Intelligence.

Under the background of “Internet + Ice and Snow Tourism,” the tourism industry has ushered in new development opportunities and external challenges. “Internet + tourism” breeds a new huge tourism market. This new market consists of netizens + purchasing power + purchasing desire. This paper mainly selects the integration of mobile ice and snow tourism and tourism and leisure industry as the main research subject, focusing on the in-depth study of the future development trend of the integration of ice and snow tourism and leisure industry and the mobile Internet industry. The analysis found that the tourism industry in the ice and snow area mainly has the following problems: the division of functional areas is not clear, there is a large gap between service innovation capabilities and industrial demand, and the level of industrial informatization is inconsistent with development goals and the lack of market service credit. On the basis of combining tourism Internet service platform and big data marketing experience, creatively propose to create a new development pattern of “one network, three places and one platform” for ice and snow tourism, promote the “Three New Coverage Projects” of the tourism network, and build a new cross-business cooperation mechanism of “Internet + Tourism”; rely on Internet marketing and publicity measures to enhance the development of tourism service integrity and other countermeasures; use Internet thinking to solve the problems of tourism industry development; and provide suggestions for the innovative development of the tourism industry in the ice and snow regions and the entire autonomous region. The implementation of these countermeasures predicts that the local economy will increase by at least 51.28%, so the development of the “Internet + ice and snow tourism” type industry in combination with the actual situation is not waiting.

Tourism Network Attention Variation of Chinese Cities under the COVID-19 Pandemic

At the end of 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic broke out globally and had a tremendous impact on tourism development in countries around the world. The rapid shift of tourism from “over-tourism” to “under-tourism”, threatening the future of the global economy and society, has generated considerable interest from academia and the policy community, but the impact of COVID-19 on tourism variation remains untested by empirical evidence. Based on the daily Baidu Index of 247 prefecture-level cities in China from 2018 to 2021, this study assessed the treatment effect of COVID-19 on tourism and analyzed its dynamic characteristics using the regression-discontinuity-design (RDD) method combined with tourism network attention (TNA) data. The results show that after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the level value of TNA dropped significantly by 2.12 (p < 0.10), and the difference value of TNA (TNA_diff) dropped significantly by 10.77 (p < 0.01), indicating that COVID-19 has a negative causal effect on tourism development, and its impact is more pronounced in major tourist source cities, with a coefficient of −14.91 (p < 0.01) corresponding to −4.57 (p < 0.01) for non-major tourist source cities when the dependent variable TNA_diff. The identification of dynamic effects further confirms that the negative impact of the pandemic on tourism network attention is fluctuating and persistent during the study period, with the two major “golden weeks” and peak season being the most severe. Compared to 2020, the TNA has generally shown an upward trend since 2021, indicating signs of a rebound in the vitality of resident tourism, which is conducive to the healthy development of the tourism market.

Network of Tourism-Industrial Complex in Cities: Typologies and Implications through a Critical Literature Review.

Although tourism has increasingly become an important activity with wide influences on the economic, social, and spatial development of a city, knowledge and interest mostly remain on its industrial performance and promotion. The synergy between tourism and city development is largely overlooked in many cases, resulting in suboptimal design and planning of city tourism activities and unfledged potentials of city development. The aim of the paper is to propose a view of tourism–industrial complex based on a synergistic perspective in order to clarify the systematic characteristics of urban tourism in an integrated, sustainable manner. Availing of bibliometric methods and drawing on city/urban tourism literature, this paper proposes a concept of tourism–industrial complex to cover current complicated and various tourism activities that are embedded in cities at diverse levels regardless of social, economic, and spatial factors. Then, four types of tourism–industrial complexes are proposed, including demand-driven, resource-dependent, externally forced, and hybrid-driven models. Due to the networked connectivity of urban tourism, urban backgrounds, tourism industry, and external circumstances all contribute to a coupling the tourism city development system. The results provide theoretical constructs and policy recommendations for optimization and sustainable city and tourism development.