Tourism Index Research Articles

Testing general and special Färe-Primont indices: A proposal for public and private sector synthetic indices of European regional expenditures and tourism

This contribution develops a general and a special case of the Färe-Primont total factor productivity index that has the critical property of transitivity for application in the tourism sector. In particular, its empirical application focuses on the respective contributions of public and private expenditures to the economic activity of tourism services at a regional level in Europe. Since the focus of measurement is oriented towards tourism activity, this synthetic index can be interpreted as a tourism effectiveness index. Depending on how the variables are included in the underlying technology specification, the same tourism index can be oriented towards the assessment of either the private or the public sector’s effectiveness. Consequently, the existing interdependencies between both sectors can be estimated. The empirical application contains a sample of European regions in the three years 2003, 2007 and 2011.

Dynamics of Tourism in Special District of Yogyakarta

Tourism in special district of Yogyakarta which is represented by Slemanregency andBantul regency is ranked fourth and tenth in Indonesia tourism index of Tourism Ministry version. This position shows the Special district of Yogyakarta displaced by other areas that always fix the tourism places. Previously, the special district of Yogyakarta was being the second tourist destination after Bali for both domestics and overseas tourist. The purpose of this study is to analyze the dynamics of tourism in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The primary data collection of qualitative research is obtained through in-depth interviews to the informant. The data analysis was used situation analysis (SWOT). To maintain the strength, reach the opportunities and make weaknesses and challenges as a force need serious handling which is supported by local government policies for the tourism. Local government policy becomes a generator in improving the tourism performance.

Dark cities: a dark tourism index for Europe’s tourism cities, based on the analysis of DMO websites

PurposeDark tourism is a topic of increasing interest, but it is poorly understood when considering its significance for mainstream and commercial tourism. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the significance of dark tourism in the top ten most visited European tourist cities and propose a dark tourism index for Europe’s tourism cities.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from the websites of the cities’ Destination Management Organisations (DMOs) using a content analysis methodology, based on keywords related to dark tourism taken from the research literature in this area. Descriptive statistics were produced and the variance between the frequencies of keywords related to each city was analysed for statistical significance. These results were then used to construct a darkness ranking of the cities.FindingsThere are significant differences in the extent to which dark tourism products and services are promoted by the DMOs of Europe’s top ten most visited European cities. The ranking of cities by darkness does not correspond to the ranking by visitor numbers, and further qualitative analysis suggests that, that the ranking is also independent of the actual presence of dark sites within the destination. This implies that European city DMOs are engaging with the emerging dark tourism market with to varying degrees.Research limitations/implicationsThe purposive sample of ten cities can be extended in future research to increase the validity of the findings of this paper. A further limitation is the selection of keywords for content analysis, which have been developed following the literature review contained below. Future research could develop an extended list of keywords using a systematic review process.Practical implicationsThis paper shows that it is possible to create a ranking of tourist cities in terms of their darkness, and that this methodology could be extended to a much larger sample size. This links dark tourism research to the urban tourism literature and also offers possibilities for creating a global ranking that could be used by destinations to judge their success in engaging with the dark tourism market, as well as by tour operators seeking to develop products for the same market.Social implicationsThis paper will offer DMO’s and others the opportunity to hone their tourism products more effectively in a way which offers a better understanding of tourism, and therefore provides for better management of its issues.Originality/valueDark tourism is a growing niche area of study, and this paper seeks to provide a framework to better understand supply-side aspects of it.

Modeling the role of topography on the potential of tourism climate in Iran

Investigating climatic features of any place can be of considerable contribution to tourism managers and planners in determining and assigning areas for particular kinds of tourism activities. To investigate the role of elevation levels (topography) on Iran tourism climate, meteorological data from 144 synoptic stations were gathered during the (1980–2010) period. Data include: daily mean and daily maximum temperature, daily mean and daily minimum humidity, monthly total precipitation, sunshine hours, and wind speed. Evaluating monthly tourism climate condition was done by using Miskofski Index (TCI); altitudinal diversity of the stations being taken into account, monthly correlations between the differences of climate tourism indexes and elevations were computed using Pearson correlation model at the significant level p value < 0.05.Then comparing the ordinary least square with geographically weighted regression, the best model was selected. Thereafter, considering the result of geographically weighted regression as the best model and using Digital Elevation Model of Iran, different zones for TCI scores were recognized. Categorizing stations was done on the basis of TCI scores, using hierarchical cluster method. The findings showed that elevation has a positive role in increasing TCI scores, only in warm half of the year. The coordinating role of elevations appears in May, so the high index scores are concentrated at high elevation levels of 800 m and more in June, July, August, September, and October. Results of clustering revealed three tourism zones: Winter, Autumn-Spring, and Spring-Summer zones. In general, 6 tourism regions and 12 areas were distinguished.

Research on Tourism Network Index Model Based on Baidu Index --- A Case Study of Sanya

Tourism index is a "barometer" to reflect the overall development level of tourism. The tourism index compiled by historical data can not reflect the real situation accurately with the increasing influence of network events on tourism In the Internet era. This study collects time series data of tourism network search by Baidu index tool and uses data mining method and principal component analysis method to detect and standardize the stability of the data. The spss system and the weighted analysis method are used to construct the tourism network index model. Finally, the model detection is carried out by comparing the actual tourism data in Sanya. This study is an important supplement to the existing tourism index.

MODELLING OF BIST TOURISM INDEX S TRADING VOLUME WITH STABLE PARETIAN DISTRIBUTIONS

Purpose- The contribution of tourism sector to the national economy is crucial. But the sector has a structure which is always hold risks and uncertainties. For this purpose, the distribution of daily trading volumes of the tourism companies that are located in the high-risk tourism sector and traded in BIST will be modelled. Methodology- As the distribution of BIST Tourism trading volume data does not suitable for normal distribution, it is modeled by analyzing with stable distributions. Findings- The parameters of stable distribution are estimated according to the quantiles method which one of the most used estimation methods. Conclusion- Estimated parameter values show that the stable distributions can be used as an appropriate model for daily trading volume of BIST tourism index.

Türkiye ve Rusya Arasındaki "Uçak Krizinin" Borsa İstanbul Gıda, İçecek ve Turizm Endeksleri Üzerine Etkisi

On November 24, 2015 at the Syrian border, boundary violations of Russian combat aircraft was shot down by Turkish warplanes that has caused serious problems in terms of bilateral relations. After the incident, Russia unilaterally froze all its military and economic cooperation and has decided to apply economic sanctions to Turkey. Many of the sectors, especially tourism and food sector, were directly affected by these sanctions decisions. In this context, the purpose of the study is to reveal how the companies of BIST Food, Beverage and BIST Tourism Indexes react to this circumstance by employing the event study methodology. According to the findings, it is observed that the companies that are listed in the BIST Food, Beverage Index generally are affected negatively. Also, it has been determined that companies in the BIST Tourism Index exhibit positive AR values in the post-event period. On the other hand, it was noted that the majority of CAAR values were negative. Moreover, although there are no obvious predictable trends, the presence of statistically significant results in the event window on some days has shown that the market is not efficient in a semi-strong form.

Kano 모델을 이용한 부산지역 해양레저관광지 서비스품질 속성분류 및 잠재적 고객만족개선지수(PCSI Index) 분석

Kano 모델을 이용한 부산지역 해양레저관광지 서비스품질 속성분류 및 잠재적 고객만족개선지수(PCSI Index) 분석

Travel and tourism competitiveness index: The impact of air transportation, railways transportation, travel and transport services on international inbound and outbound tourism

The objective of the study is to examine the impact of air transportation, railways transportation, travel and transport services on international inbound and outbound tourism in a panel of 19 tourists - oriented countries, over a period of 1990–2014. By applying principal component analysis, the study constructs travel and tourism competitiveness index for inbound and outbound tourism. The main constructs of inbound tourism index include international tourists' arrival, tourism receipts, receipts of passengers' transports items and travel items while the constructs of the outbound index include international tourists' departure, tourism expenditures, and expenditures for passengers transport and travel items. The result of panel Fully Modified OLS (FMOLS) regression shows that the presence of air transportation, railways transportation, and trade openness positively affect inbound tourism index, while travel and transport services negatively affect tourism competitiveness index. The causality results confirm the bidirectional relationship between inbound tourism, air transportation, railways passengers carried, trade openness and travel and transport services, while there is a unidirectional causality running from inbound index to railway goods transported, from air transport freight to trade factor, and from travel services to air transport freight. Outbound tourism index confirmed the bidirectional causality relationship with air transportation, railways transportation, and travel and transport services, while the causality running from outbound index to trade factor, from air transport passenger carried to travel services, and from railway goods transported to trade and transport services, which support the unidirectional causality relationship between them. The variance decomposition results show that air transportation freight is the contributor that largely influences inbound-outbound tourism, while railways passengers carried and trade openness has the least share to influence inbound and outbound tourism index for the next 10-year period. The impulse response function indicates that air transportation, railways transportation, trade openness and travel services will positively impact on inbound truism while travel and transport services will positively affect outbound tourism for the next 10-year period. The study concludes with the importance of transportation sector that deem desirable to promote tourism worldwide. The concentration of different modes of transportation including air transportation, railways transportation, and travel and transport system would helpful to advance international tourism.

Lake macroinvertebrate assemblages and relationship with natural environment and tourism stress in Jiuzhaigou Natural Reserve, China

With increasing human population and urbanization, tourism in natural reserves and other protected lands is growing. It is critical to monitor and assess the impacts of tourism on ecosystem health. However, there is a general lack of information on biological communities in natural reserves of developing countries and of tools for assessing human impacts. In the present study, we investigated macroinvertebrate assemblages in nine lakes in Jiuzhaigou Natural Reserve of China. Both benthic (20 dips of D-net) and light-trap samples (2h) were collected at each lake and all benthic specimens and adults of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) were identified and counted. Water temperature and water quality variables were measured on site or in the Lab. Seventy taxa were recorded and dominated by dipterans and caddisflies. Light traps contributed 47% of taxa richness and 66% of EPT richness at the lakes. Detrended Correspondence Analysis showed that water temperature and tourism index were strongly associated with the changes of assemblage composition. Taxa richness and EPT richness calculated for the composite samples (benthic+light trap) were well fit with Poisson generalized linear model (adjusted R2=0.83 and 0.85, respectively), generally decreasing with increasing elevation, tourism index, and total-N. Tourism index was ranked as the top predictor for EPT richness based on multiple model weights, and elevation for taxa richness. In comparison, when based on benthic samples, neither of the metrics could be fitted with the seven environmental variables selected. These findings highlight the benefit of combined use of the sampling methods for lake monitoring and offered an analytical guide to developing biological indicators of lake ecosystem health in protected areas.

The medical tourism index: Scale development and validation

Medical tourism is an estimated $100 billion dollar industry. Despite the increasing number of people, companies and countries involved in medical tourism, we know very little about the key drivers and how countries are perceived as medical tourism destinations. The purpose of this paper is to present the Medical Tourism Index, a new type of country-based performance measure to assess the attractiveness of a country as a medical tourist destination. We followed a rigorous multi-steps scale development procedure by using four empirical studies based on 4995 respondents. The MTI is a multidimensional construct with 4 dimensions (country, tourism, medical costs, medical facility and services) with 34 underlying items. Our results show the MTI allows to measure meaningful differences between countries, not only on an aggregated level but also on each sub-indexes. It provides a useful tool for the various stakeholders to measure and manage their medical tourism destination brand.

Analysis of the dynamics of major tourism indices regarding infrastructure and tourist flows in hotels from Suceava county

Among the types of accomodation units known and accepted in tourism, hotels are the category that can provide the most various services ranging from the highest quality, up to standard medium and low. Suceava is not characterized by a very high number of such establishments, but diversification of this structure subtypes resulted in an increased dynamics of their numbers. This analysis covers the 'classic hotels`and its newer subtypes youth hotels (according to the old classifications), hostels and motels. Changes in these forms of accommodation and in key tourism indicators (number of structures, accomodation capacity, accomodation capacity/days, Romanian and foreign tourists accomodated, overnight stays - Romanian and foreign tourists) within them, was done for the years between 1995-2013 (with data from 2012), and this study aims to highlight the real evolution of this type of accommodation in Suceava compared between different time intervals and reported to the main types, locations: balneary resorts, mountain resorts, towns, municipalities, other localities. For a proper analysis and performance, I used a number of tools specific to the SPSS statistic programme.

Interaction between finance, tourism and advertising: evidence from Turkey

The purpose – It is important to emphasize that a research on relationship between tourism, finance and advertisement is very rare. The aim of this study is investigation of causal relationship between these variables. Design – In this paper, the relationship between tourism revenues and variables like tourism index of Istanbul Stock Market (BIST) &amp; tourism advertising durations which have not been used previously in the literature was investigated for Turkey. Methodology – To attain more useful and accurate findings, bootstrap granger causality test of Hacker Hatemi-J (2010) was used which can determine critical values by bootstrap simulation method in order to reduce the possibility of potential non-normal dispersion of errors. Approach – In purpose of contribution to literature, monthly data in the period spanning from Aug 2004 till Dec 2012 and bootstrap causality method were used, thus new findings were tried to be found Findings – While traditional Toda-Yamamoto (1996) causality test has been determined no causality between these three variables, there was observed one-way causality from tourism index to tourism advertisements by the aid of more advanced Hacker Hatemi-J (2010) causality test. As a result of study, one-way causality from tourism indices, which is an important indicator representing all positive and negative performances of businesses in tourism sector, to advertising durations was detected. The originality of this research – In this study, unlike others, variables like tourism index which represents businesses in tourism sector and tourism advertising durations were used. The relationship between tourism index, tourism advertisings and tourism revenue was examined with Hacker Hatemi-J (2010) bootstrap causality test which obtains critical values by bootstrap monte-carlo simulation. By this new test, more reliable and advanced results have been obtained. As a result, tourism index which can be considered as a fundamental performance scale of tourism sector has a vital effect on tourism advertisement.

Tourism and climate conditions in San Juan, Puerto Rico, 2000-2010

The general behavior of the tourism sector in Puerto Rico, with its marked seasonality, hints at a close relationship between tourism activities and climate conditions. Even if weather condition is only one of many variables considered by travelling tourists, climate conditions weigh heavily in the majority of the decisions. The effect of climate variability on the environment could be manifested in warmer temperature, heat waves, and changes in the frequency of extreme weather events, such as severe storms and hurricanes, floods, and sea level rise. These conditions affect different sectors of society, among them public health and the economy. Therefore, our research has two main objectives: to establish a tourism climate index (TCI) for Puerto Rico and to analyze if occupancy rates in hotels correspond to local weather conditions. Even though there are many other variables that could have positive or negative effects on tourism activities, results showed a significant association between occupancy rate in Puerto Rico and climate indexes. According to both TCI and the mean historical climate for tourism indexes, the most favorable months for tourism in Puerto Rico were February and March (winter), whereas the worst season was the end of August and the beginning of September (summer-fall). Although winter represents dry conditions and lower temperatures in San Juan, it also represents the highest occupancy rate during the years examined. In summer and fall, data showed high occupancy rates, yet climate conditions were not suitable; these months also correspond to the hurricane season. During this season, high relative occupancy rates responded to internal and local tourism patterns. It can therefore be assumed that until the climate-tourism relationship is well characterized, there is little hope of fully understanding the potential economic effects, detrimental or beneficial, of global climate change, not only on tourism in Puerto Rico, but on other economic sectors as well.

The Build of Tourism Well-being Index System

The pursuit of happiness in life is our ultimate goal. In recent years, with the increasing income and leisure time, together with changes in consumer attitudes, tourism has become an important part in people's lives. This study constructed a model of tourism well-being index. Tourist well-being index includes comfortable, affordable, safe, novelty, satisfaction, a sense of worth and sense of happiness. In together they constitute tourist happiness index indicators. Rationally regulating the content of each index to build a comprehensive and easy-measured tourism Index System can not only improves the tourism discipline system and develops the tourism economy, but also has more important guiding significance for how to improve the national tourism well-being index.

Tourism index as an indicator of the intensity of tourism

Tourism index is an indicator that demonstrates the market positions of settlements, on the basis of aggregating the demand and supply databases of the tourism market. A novelty of this methodology is that it allows the demonstration of the touristic performance of different settlements and regions with the application of one index. The purpose of our study is to demonstrate the theoretical background of the indicator and its application at the settlement and territorial levels of the Hungarian tourism sector. In addition to the index values it is also possible to monitor the further environmental relations system of tourism, including correlations with the settlement network or special geographical areas. The index also allows geographical and spatial development/regional typification and classification.

ECOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN TANJUNG BALAI DISTRICT, NORTH SUMATERA: MANGROVE FOREST ECOLOGICAL FACTORS

&lt;p&gt;District of Tanjungbalai characterized by mangrove ecosystem with mud and sandy beaches has the potential to be developed for marine ecotourism. One way to maintain the existence of mangrove forests from destruction or extinction is to develop the Tanjungbalai district to be an ecotourism area. The research objective was to determine the potential ecological mangrove forest to be developed as an ecotourism area. The study was conducted in August-November 2011, using survey methods. Primary data were obtained through direct observation in the village of Bagan Asahan, Asahan Mati and Sungai Apung on mangrove community structure (density value) and ecological potential. Data analyses for suitability tourism index were based on Yulianda (2007). The results showed that the mangrove forest in the Tanjungbalai District had a good density in the category of very dense (the value of 1778 ind./Ha), mainly consisting of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Xylocarpus granatum, Rhizophora mucronata and Rhizophora apiculata. Suitability tourism index in the Tanjungbalai District was very suitable (S1) for mangrove tourism development including Village of Bagan Asahan (score 65, IKW 85.53%), Asahan Mati (score 61, IKW 80.26%) and Asahan Apung (score of 61, IKW 80.26%). Ecologically, mangrove forests in the district of Tanjungbalai is potential to serve as a mangrove ecotourism area.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Keywords: mangrove forest, potential ecological, ecotourism development&lt;/p&gt;

ECOTOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN TANJUNG BALAI DISTRICT, NORTH SUMATERA: MANGROVE FOREST ECOLOGICAL FACTORS

District of Tanjungbalai characterized by mangrove ecosystem with mud and sandy beaches has the potential to be developed for marine ecotourism. One way to maintain the existence of mangrove forests from destruction or extinction is to develop the Tanjungbalai district to be an ecotourism area. The research objective was to determine the potential ecological mangrove forest to be developed as an ecotourism area. The study was conducted in August-November 2011, using survey methods. Primary data were obtained through direct observation in the village of Bagan Asahan, Asahan Mati and Sungai Apung on mangrove community structure (density value) and ecological potential. Data analyses for suitability tourism index were based on Yulianda (2007). The results showed that the mangrove forest in the Tanjungbalai District had a good density in the category of very dense (the value of 1778 ind./Ha), mainly consisting of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Xylocarpus granatum, Rhizophora mucronata and Rhizophora apiculata. Suitability tourism index in the Tanjungbalai District was very suitable (S1) for mangrove tourism development including Village of Bagan Asahan (score 65, IKW 85.53%), Asahan Mati (score 61, IKW 80.26%) and Asahan Apung (score of 61, IKW 80.26%). Ecologically, mangrove forests in the district of Tanjungbalai is potential to serve as a mangrove ecotourism area. Keywords: mangrove forest, potential ecological, ecotourism development

Assessment the feasibility of sustainable tourism in urban environments employing the cumulative linear model

Creating the sustainable tourism industry depends on achieving appropriate infrastructures which are directed at economic, social, and environmental purposes. A question is posed here: “How can we identify the development towards the sustainability of tourism?” In fact, a big obstacle in assessing this issue is lack of a calculation way with a mathematical logic to report about the sustainability. To do so, a list of human needs of the tourists is suggested for gathering a set of the tourism indices. These indices are extracted from the completed questionnaires by the tourists, the study of the tourists’ need assessment, and also employment of Delphi technique and the categorization of needs of these people and the coordination of these indices with the sustainable development factors. To assess the amount of the sustainable tourism achievement and make the determined assessment indices operational, the cumulative linear model is employed. In this method, the urban sustainability results from assessing two distinct amounts. One of these amounts is the degree of satisfying each index, and the other is the relative importance of the index relative to other indices.

A Review of Personality Research in the Tourism and Hospitality Context

ABSTRACT Most commentators agree that human relations are central to tourism and hospitality. Different personalities thus display different reactions to the same task. This article provides an overview of prior studies on personality in the context of tourism and hospitality. Using EBSCOHost's Hospitality & Tourism Index, the largest online database for tourism and hospitality research, we analyzed published articles on the topic. Broadly speaking, prior studies can be grouped into the seven dimensions of disposal, biological, intrapsychic, cognitive, social, and adjustment in personality research, plus brand personality. Interestingly, our results show although the Internet has become one of the major marketing channels for hospitality and tourism, only a small number of published articles are related to consumers' online behavior. We thus propose that this area be further researched in the future.