Tourism Area Life Cycle Research Articles

Applying the tourist area life cycle within sport tourism: the case of Stellenbosch and German athletes

ABSTRACTThe popular tourist town of Stellenbosch in South Africa has long been a favoured training destination for European athletes during the northern hemisphere winter months. This paper considers the case study of German athletes – one of the most prominent groups to train in Stellenbosch since the early 1990s. The analysis involves the application of the concept of the Tourist Area Life Cycle (TALC) to the town’s sport tourism offering. In this regard Stellenbosch continues to experience notable demographic changes, not all of which are related to tourism. The impact of these changes is considered in the context of the factors which have historically made the town a sought-after destination for high performance athletics training camps. Consequently this paper offers an analysis of Stellenbosch’s current and future attractiveness as far as this particular dimension of sport tourism is concerned. This is an important consideration given the availability of alternative training destinations both in South Africa and internationally.

Maturity in competing tourism destinations: the case of Tenerife

PurposeThe main purpose of this paper is to contribute to the ongoing literature on the pertinence of TALC (tourism area life cycle) to model and analyse mature destinations, using quantitative data and alternative functional forms. With this purpose, this work analyses the recent data on tourist demand in Tenerife (Canary Islands), which is supposed to be playing the role of “refuge” with respect to other competing resorts, when the latter ones present political instability after the so-called Arab Springs, particularly the Middle East and North Africa.Design/methodology/approachTo analyse the data, and to explore potential epiphenomenon, nonlinear competing regression analysis were performed (logistic, Gaussian and logarithmic), taking into account some insights from tourism life cycle theories.FindingsSome suggestions are presented for political management of these destinations that are still working under a moratorium on tourist infrastructure.Research limitations/implicationsOnce the TALC is accepted – even under discussion – in the scholarly fore, certain incentives arise to identify, interpret and communicate signals of maturity. Public funds and specific policies (moratoria) can then be solicited to political instances. Further empirical research, complementary quantitative approaches, along with new data that confronts the evolution of demand in Tenerife with paulatine reactivation of competing destinations, will be strongly required to overcome the limitations of this first attempt and to properly determine the effectiveness of rejuvenation policies. Besides, additional quantitative data should be considered to explore the potential explanatory factors beyond the time series analysis into models that are more theoretical.Originality/valueThe results suggest that the diagnosis of maturity was at least premature in the first place, poorly based on data analysis and fast in promoting specific policies whose effectiveness is under discussion even after decades.

A historical perspective on the life cycle of a tourist activity: dolphin watching in Brazil’s Fernando de Noronha archipelago

In Brazil, the whale watching is practiced with different species, such as whales, dolphins, and porpoises. This activity facilitates the growth of the economic activities of communities in many regions of the country, and it may be a tool for awareness about the marine preservation and conservation. Moreover, the whale watching also impacts native species. Fernando de Noronha (FN) is a worldwide watching tourism site due to the time of the development of watching activities in the region and the ease to watch cetaceans, mainly the spinner dolphin ( Stenella longirostris ). The history of dolphin watching tourism in FN was developed concomitantly with the tourism destination of the archipelago as a whole. The aim of this study was to characterize the dolphin watching in FN by considering the development, supply and demand, laws and future perspectives of the region. We also aim to identify the main events or stages that promoted a more significant change throughout the history of the activity in the archipelago. Additionally, we will investigate the applicability of the “Tourism Area Life Cycle” (TALC) approach for a tourism activity. We observed that both land-based and boat-based (boat trips) are available in FN. The boat trips are more common and involve the triple of tourists than land-based watching. However, the last provides more informative and educational component. Through TALC analysis, dolphin watching in FN had its development together with the destination development and, currently, both areas present stagnation stage indicators. In addition, the land-based watching, for being less impacting and more educative, has potential to increase the visitation.

Application of Butler’s (1980) Tourist Area Life Cycle to Saly (Senegal)

Richard W. Butler publishes in 1980 a model of evolution of tourist destinations known as TALC -Tourism Area Life Cycle- which stipulates that a site exploited for tourism and leisure knows 6 phases in its evolution: exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation, decline or rejuvenation. Several experiments of the model will be carried out around the world, however the tourist destinations located in the developing countries constitute a residual category of these applications. This article proposes an exploration of the TALC at the first station developed by the public authorities in West Africa, Saly located on the small coast in Senegal. For this purpose, we used a qualitative research method based on semi-directive interviews with actors at the level of the student site completed by official statistics. Our results show that Saly is in a so-called stagnation phase and that it is important to re-qualify the typology of tourist space in this city, which is experiencing a significant change in relation to its location.

Congestion affecting the dynamic of tourism demand: evidence from the most popular destinations in Spain

In this study, we propose a dynamic econometric model for tourism demand which takes into account the implications of the Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) theory on tourism demand. Unlike other dynamic models, in our specification the effect of the lagged demand on the current tourism demand is not constant, but dependent on congestion. We estimate the model using disaggregated data from the most visited Spanish municipalities for the period 2006–2015. Two panel data estimations are carried out: one with the coastal tourist resorts and the other one with the inland municipalities. The results show that tourism congestion reduces the positive previous tourist effect on current arrivals, suggesting that increasing congestion could worsen the attraction of a tourist destination. Congestion is more negatively perceived in inland destinations than coastal ones. Finally, a strong persistence in tourism demand for coastal destinations is shown.

Possibilities of Using the Tourism Area Life Cycle Model to Understand and Provide Sustainable Solution for Tourism Development in the Antarctic Region

An important problem for the development of tourism in the polar regions is the determination of the limit of tourist traffic that these regions can accept, without risking the degradation of the environment. One such region is Antarctica. This article describes the environmental conditions of Antarctica that decide its attractiveness for tourists, as well as its political and legal status. The factors that determine a tourist reception area of increasing intensity are analyzed. Based on the data of the International Association of Antarctic Tour Operators (IAATO), the volume of tourist traffic was determined, and environmental problems identified, which result from tourism development in Antarctica. The model of R.W. Butler—Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC)—was used to analyze the development of tourism. By the middle of the second decade of the 21st century, the number of tourists in the Antarctic region exceeded 40 thousand, which seems to be the largest figure (the “boom phase” in the Butler cycle) in sheer numbers, and which resulted in the introduction of less tourist-friendly behavior, from the point of view of environmental protection. On the basis of IAATO data, the environmental problems that are a consequence of the development of tourism in Antarctica are identified. Reference is made to climate change affecting the area, and on the basis of the Butler cycle, the hypothetical limits of the further development of tourism are described.

Plog's and Butler's models: A critical review of Psychographic Tourist typology and the Tourist Area Life Cycle

This paper attempts to examine the two popular cited theories in tourism studies, Psychographic Tourist Typology by Stanley Plog and the Tourism Area Life Cycles (TALC) by Richard Butler, which have been widely accepted and applied by scholars worldwide and have retained their relevance more than three decades as the pioneer concepts in Tourism. By capturing and reviewing scholarly articles, this paper identifies some key absent issues that should be concerned when use theories in future tourism research.

DAMPAK PERKEMBANGAN PARIWISATA TERHADAP KEHIDUPAN MASYARAKAT PESISIR KELAPA LIMA, KUPANG

The development of tourism sector in Kupang for the last 10 years is concentrated in coastal region of Kupang Bay. The life style of coastal communities in Kelapa Lima before tourism was traditional and rely on nature, is now begin to change as the impact of tourism development on their life environment. The aim of this article is to analyze the impact of tourism on the quality of life of coastal communities of Kelapa Lima. The method being used in this research was descriptive qualitative and quantitative method (mixed methods research). Theory being used was Tourist Area Life Cycle. Data analysis technique was using descriptive qualitative data analysis. Presentation of data analysis result was conducted formally and informally. The result of research outlined the quality of life of coastal communities at Kelapa Lima Kupang before and after tourism developed, corresponding to 7 indicators quality of life according to OECD namely income, residence, environment, social stability, health, education and job opportunity. The role of tourism related to improvement the quality of life of coastal communities by revamping and structuring coastal area, the opening of new job opportunities, and creativity development of industrial and household output.

Factors that Influence the Tourism Industry's Carbon Emissions: a Tourism Area Life Cycle Model Perspective

This study proposed a factor decomposition model for analyzing carbon emissions in energy consumption of the tourism industry from the perspective of tourism area life cycle. The Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area (WSHIA) was chosen as the study area for the analysis of the influencing factors on carbon emissions for the tourism industry over the different stages of its life cycle. The research results showed that growth in the scale of tourists and the scale of tourism output both result in the rapid growth of carbon emissions; the constant decrease in energy intensity helped inhibit carbon emissions from the stage of exploration to the stage of consolidation. However, the scale effects of tourists and the energy intensity had become the important positive factors to the growth of carbon emission, while the effects of energy structure and output scale on the growth of carbon emission had become negative factors. The inhibition of the growth of carbon emissions from optimizing the industrial structure was rapidly weakening at the stage of transformation and upgrading. Designers of policy on energy-saving and emission-reduction should focus on the differential measures, according to different influencing factors that affect carbon emissions at different life cycle stages.

Ghana’s tourism in perspective: historical trends, and the dynamics of philosophical orientation and industry performance.

From the cottage industry that it was in colonial times, Ghana’s tourism has grown to become the country’s fourth highest foreign exchange earner, generating $2billion and employing about 350000 people annually. Though there have been many studies on the sector, those that focus on the country’s tourism growth trajectory and its inherent patterns are few and far between. But it is imperative to understand what type of developments have occurred, how this growth has evolved, and, perhaps, most importantly, the extent to which these changes have reflected different philosophical leanings of successive governments. To this end, the paper, using secondary data employs a fusion of Tourism Area Lifecycle Curve with a Political Economy approach to analyse existing demand and supply trends over the 1985-2014 period. The results suggest that the country’s tourism has evolved through 5 distinct stages so far, namely, the colonial era, early expansion, the first decline, renaissance and the current slowed growth. Each of these stages is marked by a unique combination of market indicators and governmentality. The findings suggest the possible existence of an association between government’s philosophical orientation (and by extension, intervention) and sector performance. It found, for example that tourism experienced higher growth in the era where the government adopted a hybrid philosophical approach which saw government being directly involved in product creation aside its regulatory and facilitative functions. It is recommended that the first step towards reviving the ailing fortunes of the tourism sector is to change the philosophical paradigm from the present laissez fairist approach towards the hybrid philosophical paradigm which encourages government to combine its entrepreneurial, facilitative and regulatory roles.

The event and festival life cycle – developing a new model for a new context

PurposeThe events and festivals literature relies on theories and models borrowed from tourism studies which may insufficiently account for the unique characteristics of events and festivals. Using four case studies from Australia, United Arab Emirates and the UK, this paper aims to analyse events and festival life cycles using the Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) framework (Butler, 1980).Design/methodology/approachThe paper is conceptual in that it theorises the range of event and festival life cycle trajectories; however, four event case studies are also used to illustrate this approach.FindingsFindings facilitate an extension of Butler’s model to include additional trajectories and accompanying underpinning critical factors that better explain and predict the nature of events and festivals.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper is based on four case studies from the cultural sector which is ideal for developing theory but limits the contexts examined in this paper. The findings are only applicable to recurring events and festivals.Practical implicationsIn the new model, seven different pathways, ranging from continued growth to cancellation, suggest potential opportunities and risks for events and festivals. The results are of particular relevance for event managers, who can use the case studies and trajectories as reference points for event growth and consolidation.Social implicationsThe case studies reveal that successful events are seen to have strong ties to their local communities and are rooted in the destination.Originality/valueThe paper’s originality is in both the context of utilising diverse international cultural festival and events as case studies and the proposal of seven alternative pathways for events and festivals, which extend Butler’s TALC to the unique context of these temporal phenomena.

Tourism Competitiveness, Government and Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) Model: The Evaluation of Costa Rica, Guatemala and Honduras

AbstractThe objective is to investigate the role government plays in tourism competitiveness and understand the relationship based on the Tourism Area Life Cycle model. We argue that tourism competitiveness is influenced not only by the governments' decisions but also by the stage of tourism development of the country. Countries characterized as tourism‐dependent will demonstrate higher levels of government engagement than those less dependent on tourism. Case study was employed, utilizing time‐series analysis. The results indicate that the role government plays in tourism competitiveness may depend not only on the level of freedom provided (proxy for government) but also on the stage of destination development. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

POSISI DESA SERANGAN BERDASARKAN ANALISIS TOURISM AREA LIFE CYCLE

Abstract In the development of a tourist area, especially the development of tourism will generally follow the pattern of grooves or tourism area life cycle is known as the Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC). This paper aims to find a position that tourism in Serangan Village, so it can later be known by both programs suitable for the development of the area. The needs of the data used to meet, namely, observation, literature review and interviews with some of the residents and community leaders in the village attack. The collected data will be described later analyzed by descriptive. Observations show that the position of the Serangan Village in Tourism Area Life Cycle analysis is at a stage 2 or the stage engagement (involvement). In this phase, the increase in the number of tourist arrivals in the Serangan village has increased every year and the local people who were there already started to supply the needs of tourists as a cafe or restaurant and homestay but still on a limited scale. Local people have started actively promoting in several blogs and web is also working with several travel agents. The creation of a forum for the community to develop into a more concerted Serangan village to be planned future namely the formation of a group of fishermen who called Karya Segara. The group is very active fishing village of attacks and protecting the environment are very enthusiastic about the preservation of underwater attack. Starting from the initiative group of fishermen began to attack this village known and increasingly shows its uniqueness in terms of environmental conservation. This it can be concluded that the position of the Serangan Village in Tourism Area Life Cycle analysis is in phase engagement (involvement) were associated with the facts on the ground.

Revitalisation of Postindustrial and Tourist Areas

Purpose. The aim of this paper is to characterize the process of revitalization of post-industrial urban areas as well as the tourist areas in the context of the stages of the tourist area life cycle (TALC) and to find the mutual relations between these processes. Method. Theoretical considerations illustrated with examples from different geographical locations in the world. Findings. In the context of revitalization of postindustrial urban areas, the scope and dimension of the process has been analyzed, as well as the relationship between the course and the place it occurs. In addition, the authors stressed the important feature of the revitalization process i.e. the impact on the development of cultural tourism in cities. Additionally, in the context of the revitalization of tourist areas - using examples from different countries and geographical locations in the world – the authors identified the different variants of the process associated with the stages of the tourism area life cycle (TALC). Research and conclusion limitations. An essential element to be taken into account by making comparisons of different geographic locations is the diversity of the space management system and decision-making in urban policy occurring in the individual countries. Practical implications. The article is addressed to practitioners, policy-makers working in different locations in Poland as well as the managers, who are engaged in the process of urban revitalization. Originality. Analysis of the phases of stagnation, rejuvenation or decline in the tourist area life cycle and the the development of cycle tourist areas, as well as the issue of revitalization of postindustrial urban areas in the context of their use for tourism is an innovative element of the work. Type of paper. Developing and modifying existing theories.

PERKEMBANGAN DESA WISATA DI KABUPATEN BADUNG (Studi Kasus Desa Wisata Baha)

This research titled Tourism Village Development in Badung Regency (Case Study in Baha Tourism Village). The purpose of this research is to find out of the tourism development in Baha Village since this village is disignated as tourism village in Badung. The data are collected by observation, indeepth interview and literatur study. The obtained data were analyzed in qualitative data analysis. The results of this study after being analyzed using tourism area life cycle theory that the development of Baha Tourism Village is in involvement phase where the people who have taken initiative to providing the tourist atraction service and the tourism fasilities in Baha tourism village. Beside of that in it cooperation between the people and goverment is try to make the promotion tools like website. This aims is to facilitate the tourists to get information about tourist village of Baha. From this development has also spawned the tourism organizations with the name of “Kelompok sadar Wisata” or commonly abbreviated to be “POKDARWIS”

The revitalization of a heritage travel route: Canada’s Cabot Trail

ABSTRACTScenic travel routes have been developed to provide opportunities for tourism and recreation and to promote economic development especially in rural areas. However, maintaining an iconic attraction requires a collaborative destination management effort to keep it viable. The Cabot Trail, Nova Scotia, Canada is used in this paper as a case study for a scenic heritage route revitalization process. The Tourism Area Life Cycle model stages are used to illustrate the tourism development and decline on the Cabot Trail. This paper is a detailed documentation and analysis of the impact of a not-for-profit volunteer organization’s efforts to revitalize the Cabot Trail, through collaboration with local businesses, community groups and various levels of government and funding agencies. It draws upon the drive tourism, heritage trails and tourism revitalization literature. It fills a gap in the knowledge on heritage trails by illustrating a revitalization process that could be repeated in other areas experiencing similar issues.

Cultural Conservation and Tourism Development in the Consolidation Stage of the Tourism Area Life Cycle Model

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the relationship between residents’ perceptions of the impacts of tourism and their attitudes about cultural conservation and tourism development in the consolidation stage of the Tourism Area Life Cycle model. The study site is Zhangjiajie city, one of China’s best known cultural tourist destinations, which previous researchers have shown has entered the consolidation stage. Questionnaire survey is conducted to the residents in this study area, and valid 317 samples are used for analysis. The study’s results show that residents’ positive perceptions of the impacts of tourism in Zhangjiajie influence their attitudes about conservation of cultural resources in the consolidation stage, such as attitudes about cultural conservation, cognition of cultural knowledge, behavior related to cultural conservation, and residents’ attitudes about tourism development. All results reflect the importance for cultural conservation of residents’ positive perceptions of the impacts of tourism.

The poststagnation stage for mature tourism areas

The tourism area life cycle (TALC) model of Butler explains the temporal evolution of a tourism resort. Lundtorp and Wanhill find that the logistic growth model represents the first phases of the TALC model. However, since the logistic model assumes a fixed tourism market ceiling, it fails to explain the poststagnation stage, where rejuvenation, decline, or any other intermediate possibility may arise. Taking into account the data of passenger flows to Bornholm from 1912 to 2001 collected by Lundtorp and Wanhill, the authors find that the superposition of several logistic growth models fits better with these data. Then they propose a multilogistic growth model, where investment or innovation in the tourism sector boosts the addition of new logistic curves which superpose the old ones. The continuous birth and superposition of these new life cycles is not free; it requires the purposive effort of entrepreneurs and governments seeking new markets and the improvement of infrastructures.

STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN PARIWISATA BERBASIS MASYARAKAT DI PULAU SAMALONA, MAKASSAR

Samalona Island is one of the tourist destinations in Makassar. Therefore it needs an effective strategy for the tourism development by empowering local communities.The research aims were identifying and analyzing potency and tourist attraction, community participation and formulate development strategies.This research applied theory of tourism area life cycle, theory of planning and theory of participation. The data were collected by documentation studies, observation and in–depth interviews.Data were analyzed by descriptive qualitative method and matrix SWOT.The results suggested that Samalona Island is very feasible to be developing as a community-based tourism destination with the natural and socio-cultural potencies.The development of those obstacles are by applied strategies are as follows; strategy of strength–opportunity (S–O) with development strategy of tourism destination and development strategy of tourism attraction, strategy of strength–threat (S–T) with improvement strategy of environmental quality, development strategy of sustainable tourism, strategy of weakness–opportunity (W–O) with promotion strategy of tourism destination, whereas strategy of weakness–threat (W–T) with development strategy of human resources and development strategy of institutional and management of destination.

PENGEMBANGAN AGROWISATA UNTUK KEMANDIRIAN EKONOMI DAN PELESTARIAN BUDAYA DI DESA KERTA, PAYANGAN GIANYAR

Kerta Village, Payangan, Gianyar regency, Bali, has a large and
 diverse potential to develop as agrotourism.However, these natural and cultural potentials have not been optimally managed.This study aims to determine the potential of villages that can be developed as agrotourism products, knowing the internal and external factors that influence of agrotourism development, formulating strategy and program to develop it.This study uses qualitative methods, data collection is done through observation, questionnaires, and in-depth interviews on elements of the society, the government and tourism entrepreneurs. Qualitative descriptive analysis was performed by applying the theory of tourism area life cycle, systems theory, and planning theory.The results showed that the village potential that has been depeloping and it can be developed further as agrotourism products, grouped into four categories, namely of nature potential, agriculture, cultural, and attractions.From the view of tourism are life cycle,Kerta Village Agrotourism are in the involvement phase marked by the growing involment of community to tourism activities.