European Tour Research Articles

Javnozdravstveni nadzor nad legionarskom bolešću povezanom sa putovanjima u Evropi i Crnoj Gori

The aim of this study is to show how public health surveillance of travel-associated Legionnaires' disease was conducted in Europe, as well as in Montenegro. The estimations of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) indicate that every year about one thousand tourists from Europe get infected by legionellae during their holiday and stay at hotels across the continent. The European Legionnaires' Disease Surveillance Network (ELDSNet) was established with the aim to detect, control and prevent cases, clusters and sources of outbreaks of travel-associated Legionnaires' disease within the European Union (EU) and European Economic Area (EEA), and to assist with detection and response to outbreaks outside the EU/EEA. Sharing information leads to concrete and timely actions of member states of ELDSNet, so that residents of the EU/EEA who travel abroad are protected. ECDC recommends a set of measures that should be followed by public health authorities and tourist sector of the country which was visited by the traveler who caught this disease. If the measures are not carried out, information is published online and European tour operators can use the information when booking holiday packages abroad. Operating procedures provide a set of common measures which should be followed by all EU/ EEA member states involved in the protection of their residents against Legionnaires' disease. Each case of Legionnaires' disease which is reported in tourists, who stayed in Montenegro, is epidemiologically analyzed according to the operating procedures of ELDS Network.

Features of the European tour of Sultan Abdulaziz

The article analyzes an important event both for the Ottoman Empire and for international relations in the 19th century, namely the diplomatic visit of the Turkish Sultan Abdulaziz to Europe in 1867. The discovered materials describing the chronology of the visit in more detail made it possible to take a fresh look at the relationship in the power structures of the empire, as well as to study in more detail the personal qualities and character of Sultan Abdul-Aziz. The composition of the delegation that accompanied the Sultan and represented, among other things, by the future heirs to the Ottoman throne, shows that the vector of the foreign policy development of the Ottoman Empire, almost until the end of its existence, was largely set during this visit. Obviously, this visit became the starting point in the modernization of the foreign policy of the empire. Elements of traditional state relations are giving way to diplomatic ties.

Sonatas for Piano Four Hands by Muzio Clementi

The article considers seven sonatas for piano four hands by Muzio Clementi. The relevance of the research is accounted for by the attention paid by performing piano duos to the four-hand repertoire in its diversity. In this connection, there is a necessity of a theoretical analysis of this topic, which has not yet been discussed in music science. The article aims to trace the evolution of Clementi’s sonatas for piano four hands, outline the historical context of their creation, and identify their typical features. The research suggests a two-aspect approach to the analysis of the sonatas: they are looked at from the point of view of the evolution of the composer’s style in the period 1779—1786, as well as in terms of the thematic process, sonata structure and four-hands piano texture.Clementi’s duet sonatas (belonging to the number of early four-hand works, together with the sonatas by W.A. Mozart, J.C. Bach, Ch. Burney) form a line reflecting his life impressions and representing his creative search. The first three sonatas for piano four hands — as an integral part of op. 3 — were written and published in London at the time when Clementi was gaining a reputation of a virtuoso and teacher. The sonata that opens op. 6 appeared in Paris, where Clementi started his European tour; it reflects his interaction with the contemporary music phenomena. Op. 14, which consists of three sonatas for piano four hands, was inspired by young composer’s romantic experience during his stay in Lyon (it is dedicated to Maria-Victoria Imbert-Colomes); the work sums up his achievements in this genre. Researchers list the sonatas of op. 14, which are full-fledged concert works, among Clementi’s best works and rank them on a par with four-hand sonatas by Mozart. In general, the sonatas show a tendency towards the unity of form, common thematic features within a piece, diversity of texture.It is fair to say that the sonatas for piano four hands, as well as the composer’s solo sonatas, became for Clementi a field of experiments in the sphere of piano — an instrument to which he devoted his performing, teaching and, eventually, business activities. The temperament and expression of Clementi’s sonatas, combined with their virtuosity, makes them concert compositions that can sound impressively on the big stage in the modern situation. At the same time, they can also be an excellent training material for performers of different levels.

A Community of Councillors: Tudor Government and Prosopography

The Tudor privy council was the executive board of the English state and its members the leading political players of the era. Historians of Tudor politics have traditionally focused on kings and great men. When they deal with the privy council, they treat councillors in isolation, only exploring their links with others during moments of political strife. The result is a historiography dominated by faction and division. A prosopographical approach – a form of collective biography that helps identify the shared elements in a group’s experiences, and foregrounds the relations between its members - allows us to look at this group of men as a group, and in so doing to see them differently. Their many shared experiences - a childhood spent together at the same grammar school, a tour of Europe’s universities as young adults, joint military service, marriage into the same family, or time spent together hunting, hawking, and feasting - makes it much harder to divide councillors into neat opposing camps. More broadly, this paper uses the case-study of Tudor privy councillors to illustrate how tools taken from the Digital Humanities can enhance and expand the prosopographical approach: in particular modern relational database software moves us beyond simply identifying common themes in the lives of the members of this group, and allows us to explore patterns of interaction between them. Such an approach, moreover, has the potential to enhance our understanding of many other groups of the early modern period. ​

Assessing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in international professional golf

ObjectivesThere is no published data on the incidence or risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission when playing golf, a sport played outdoors where social distancing is possible. The purpose of this prospective...

“Bodies and Things, Both Putrid and Corrupt”: Miasma and Racial Anxiety in Hawthorne's The Marble Faun

Abstract As the forces of racial anxiety and pandemic combined in America in 2020 in the BLM protests and COVID-19 outbreak, so too they combine in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Marble Faun (1860) in the form of antebellum racism and malaria. Written shortly after his European tour, Hawthorne's final novel, which is packed with comments about the poisonous Roman air, features New England artists Hilda and Kenyon who must navigate Italy without becoming degraded, while Italians Miriam and Donatello belong to the corruption that Italy breeds. The pestilence oozing between the lines of this novel is born out of racial transgressions; though different in scope from America's enslavement of Africans, the tension between white, Protestant American culture and Catholic Italy speaks to the same neuroses haunting the American psyche of not only the 1850s but also the twenty-first century. The American characters' separation from the Roman atmosphere mirrors the growing separation between North and South during the runup to the Civil War. Like America, Italy was on the verge of war, although as a force of unification instead of dissolution; yet for both, Hawthorne subverts the open discussion of any political tension to the level of a diseased atmosphere.

“The Circle of Life Is Endless”: Shih Li-Jen’s “King Kong Rhino” in Venice and beyond

When “King Kong Rhino”—the monumental–sculpture by the Taiwanese artist Shih Li-Jen (1955–) left Venice for Bassano del Grappa in December 2018, it joined a distinguished line of rhinoceroses to have embarked on a European tour. This article examines the place of Shih’s rhinoceros sculptures in this “Endless Circle of Life,” beginning with the European journeys of two historical rhinoceroses, Ganda who arrived in Portugal in 1515, and Clara who was displayed in Venice in 1751. The article outlines Shih’s idiosyncratic collage of themes from Eastern and Western history, philosophy, spirituality and mythology, and his perception of the rhinoceros as powerful but threatened, as expressed in his motto “Strength and Vulnerability.” The animal’s vulnerability has been fuelled by its long history of exploitation for profit. Though it remains an object of commodification today—in some societies rhinoceros horn is revered as the ultimate gift—there has recently been a discernible shift in the way these magnificent animals are viewed, a shift away from exploitation and which Shih claims drives his work. Despite his expressed intentions, however, this paper suggests that, perhaps unwittingly, the marketing of his work serves to extend the long history of human exploitation of the rhinoceros. Finally, the commodification of Venice and its Biennale, at which “King Kong Rhino” was exhibited, is discussed in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic.

“Patavium virum me fecit” – Padova come luogo di formazione delle antiche élite polacche

Using the Atti della Nazione Polacca at the University of Padua as a main source, the author describes the role that this university played in the education of students from the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth from the 16th to 18th centuries. According to the author’s research, this role was crucial in the 16th century, when a significant part of Polish elites included a stay at this university in their curriculum. In the 17th century, the number of students from Poland-Lithuania studying in Padua decreased slowly but continuously, and in the 18th century, the number was marginal. In the period under discussion, the social structure of this group significantly changed: students looking to acquire knowledge that was necessary for their future professional career were gradually replaced by young men of aristocratic and noble families, for whom a visit in Padua, be it long or short, was only a stage in their educational European Grand Tour. According to the author, this can be explained by intellectual changes in Polish-Lithuanian society: a general and rather superficial education was gradually preferred to university-based and professionally-provided knowledge. A study of selected travel diaries supplemented and confirmed the results of the presented statistical analysis. All Polish travellers visiting Padua in the 16th and 17th centuries described the University and considered it as the most important institution of the city; meetings with compatriot students were also often mentioned. Later on, the University was no longer the obvious subject of the descriptions and 18th-century travellers often did not even mention it at all. Nevertheless, there is still available evidence that the Polish presence in Padua, although reduced, was visible and important for the city.

Balancing between different careers - The starting career of Max Nordau as physician and journalist in Budapest

The doctor, journalist, Zionist, and essayist of cultural criticism Max Nordau (born as Simon Maximilian Südfeld 1849 Pest – died in Paris 1923), after high school graduation 1867 enrolled in Medical School at the University of Pest. Aged 37, he became famous at once for his book of cultural criticism titled Conventional Lies of Human Culture (Die conventionellen Lügen der Kulturmenschheit) and later he ruled the narrative and the set of definitions of Fin de Siècle by his main work Degeneration (Entartung). The year 1867 was also an important year in Nordau’s career as a journalist when he was hired to write for Pester Lloyd, a prestigious German-language journal. Prior to World War 1, he submitted Feuilletons to numerous newspapers of Europe and Northern America and was engaged among others for 35 years by the Vossische Zeitung. His works are in 17 languages available and his bestseller Degeneration had e.g. in England seven editions within four months. Between 1873 and 1876 Nordau travelled across Germany and parts of Northern Europe and in 1874, he finally began his long-awaited European tour he earned financially himself. He returned to Budapest only in Dezember 1875 and completed his medical exams. However, he did not stay in Budapest for long. He moved to Paris with his younger sister and mother, where he worked as a doctor and the correspondent of several European journals and in 1880 settled there permanently. When Nordau arrived in Paris, the opportunities he was presented with as a freelance journalist and the international fame of the Parisian medical circles were definitely a positive experiences to him. Nordau’s main achievement was complying with his two professional activities. As a physician, he endeavoured to analyse the contemporary culture by available means of psychopathology. Nevertheless, his diagnosis turned out as a total failure. He denied the creational capabilities of mainstream artists like novelists (Baudelaire, Zola, Verlaine, Tolstoi etc.), componists (e.g. Richard Wagner) and Philosophers (e.g. Nietzsche) and stigmatized them simply as insane and degenerated. However, his significant merits survived in the history of literature since he was a pioneer of modern cultural criticism thus his later impact e.g. on Georg Lukacs was obvious. Concerning Nordau’s works beyond novels, dramas and letters, medical and Zionistic documents, there are prevailing works of cultural criticism. They testify clearly that he was an icon of cultural criticism of Friedrich Nietsche’s significance and one of the leading intellectuals of Europe at the time of the Fin de Siècle. The aim of this paper is to show the years Nordau spent in Pest/ Budapest in terms of polyglottism and national identity. We discuss his linguistic and cultural paradigm shift since 1861 which forced Nordau first into defence and then into isolation both socio-culturally and professionally. He planned to write a dissertation about medical anthropology, a field for which there were no Hungarian specialists at that time.

Learning from the Landscape: The European Tours of Charles A. Platt and Charles Eliot

ABSTRACTStudy and travel in Europe provided a foundation for the establishment of artists and architects in the United States, including landscape architects and urban planners. In the closing decades of the nineteenth century, Charles A. Platt (1859–1933) and Charles Eliot (1861–97), men from privileged backgrounds in New York and Boston respectively, spent years in Europe seeking training and direct knowledge of historic patterns in garden, park and city making. Both shared their observations in influential articles for professional and popular journals and in publications that discussed what they had observed abroad and showed how it could be applied to American needs. Separate publications about their work and ideas further reinforced their influence. Platt, originally trained as an etcher and painter, approached first landscape design and then architecture from the perspective of an artist. He became one of the earliest and most influential figures in the formal garden revival in the United States, especially in landscapes for country houses, for which he also became one of the country’s most admired designers. In contrast, Eliot studied European patterns as a landscape architect who was also interested in both land preservation and regional planning. He led in establishing the Trustees of Public Reservations (1891), America’s first private-sector state-wide landscape trust, and the Boston Metropolitan Park Commission (1893), the country’s earliest regional landscape-planning state agency. The two men and their work represent contrasting methods and objectives, yet their interlocking careers sketch a broader panorama of the European precedents for American conditions at the turn of the twentieth century and beyond.

Western European influence on the development of Russian neurology and psychiatry, part 1: Western European tours of early Russian neurologists and psychiatrists

ABSTRACT Beginning in the 1860s, two major centers of neurology and psychiatry arose in Russia: Imperial Moscow University (IMU) and Imperial Medical and Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg (IMSA). Both centers were strongly influenced by Leading Western European schools and specialists, through the clinical and research training regimes of both Russian universities, strongly influenced these centers of learning. In this study, we elaborate the Western European training of the first Russian specialists in the fields of neurology and neuropsychiatry from IMU and IMSA during the period from the late 1850s to 1900. Although prior studies emphasized the influence of French mentors and institutions, the Western European tours of early Russian specialists often included multiple destinations in Germany, France, and Austria. The most commonly visited cities (in descending order) were Paris, Berlin, Leipsig, and Vienna. The most commonly visited training centers (in descending order) were Hoôpital Salpêtriêre (Paris), Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität (Berlin), Charité (Berlin), Universität Leipzig, First Psychiatric Clinic (Vienna), and Hôpital Sainte-Anne (Paris). The most commonly visited mentors, in descending order, were Charcot (Paris), Flechsig (Leipzig), Westphal (Berlin), Meynert (Vienna), and Magnan (Paris). Training of Russian specialists in Western Europe facilitated the emergence and development of the neurological and psychiatric schools in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

Johnny Clegg: anthropologist, artist and global citizen

On 16th July 2019, Johnny Clegg left this planet after a long battle with pancreatic cancer, and an amazing “The Final Journey” Tour in Europe, North America and Africa. In the days following his death, there have been many articles and interviews on his life as an anti-apartheid activist, a cross-over artist, the White Zulu or as the quintessential South African. These memories – however accurate and very important in defining Johnny Clegg, his vision and his work – do not give a complete picture. Hence, via an analysis of his lectures, songs and engagement in global challenges, this essay aims at providing an overview of his work as an artist, as an anthropologist, and as an engaged global citizen, in order to describe his Renaissance personality integrating in a very holistic way artistic, cultural, scientific and political interests and knowledge.

Alone in the Country of the Catholics: Labrador Inuit in Prague (1880)

AbstractThe ethnographic shows of the end of the 19thcentury responded to an increased hunger for the exotic, especially among the bourgeois classes in Europe and North America, and to the establishment of both physical and cultural anthropology as scientific disciplines with a need for study material. At the same time they served as a manifestation of European superiority in the time of the last phase of colonialist thrust to other continents. “Scientific colonialism” reached also to regions without actual colonial or imperial ambitions, as the story of Labrador Inuit who visited Prague during their tour of Europe in November 1880 will prove. The reactions of local intellectuals and the general public to the performances of the “savages” will be examined in the context of the Czech and German nationalist competition and the atmosphere of colonial complicity. Thanks to the testimony of a member of the group, Abraham Ulrikab, supplemented by newspaper articles and other sources, it is possible to explore the miscommunication arising from the fact that the Inuit were members of the Moravian Church, professing allegiance to old Protestant tradition in the Czech Lands and cultivating a fragmented knowledge of Czech history and culture.

Margaret Atwood, World-Famous but Yet to Be Discovered by Many Slovene Readers

Margaret Atwood is the only Canadian author whose 80th birthday in 2019 was celebrated by the global academic community. This is not surprising, as she is the most famous Canadian writer, popular also outside literary circles. On this occasion, Slovene Canadianists organized a literary event at the Maribor University Library, which presented an outline of Atwood’s oeuvre and a selection of translated poems and excerpts of prose texts; some of these were translated especially for the event. Of Atwood’s rich and varied oeuvre, only eight novels, a few short fiction pieces and some thirty poems have been translated into Slovene. This article thus aims at presenting those aspects of Atwood’s work which are less know to Slovene readers. It is no secret that Atwood is often labelled a feminist writer, mostly on account of The Handmaid’s Tale and the TV series based on the novel. However, many Slovene readers may not know that she also writes poetry, short fiction, non-fiction and children’s literature, that she is a committed environmentalist, and that she discussed the problem of “Debt and the Shadow Side of Wealth” in a prestigious lecture series. There are not many authors who master as many genres as Atwood and who are so well-received by readers and critics alike. The latter is true of Atwood also in Slovenia, and we can only hope that Slovene publishers will make more of Atwood’s work available to Slovene readers. All the more so since Atwood has no plans to end her career: just before her 80th birthday she was on a tour in Europe promoting her latest novel, The Testaments, and she would have continued touring in 2020 were it not for the COVID pandemic.

‘Write when it hurts. Then write till it doesn’t’: athlete voice and the lived realities of one female professional athlete

ABSTRACT Digital media has played a central role in promoting women’s sport, where female athletes are increasingly using online platforms to control their own representations and challenge male dominated sporting institutions. Alternatively, some commentators claim that female athletes’ use of digital media contributes to patriarchal practices in sport, where through self-promotion and image building they do little to advance representations of women’s sport. This paper interrogates these ideas, adopting a postfeminist sensibility and collaborative research approach to examine the online self-representations of a female athlete and blogger. The athlete in question is Meghan MacLaren, a professional golfer on the Ladies’ European Tour who documents her life as a professional athlete through her online blog. Primarily, the authors present a critical analysis of MacLaren’s blog posts over a period of three years, from MacLaren turning professional to the present day. This initial analysis prompted a series of questions around MacLaren’s blogging and self-representations, which the authors then posed directly to her, and Meghan was invited to respond in her own voice. Using a collaborative approach with MacLaren as co-author, this paper seeks to draw attention to the diverging realities of a female professional athlete fulfilling dichotomous identities as a simultaneously trusting and doubting golf performer on the course and a self-appointed athlete activist online, all the while operating in, and influenced by the patriarchal and capitalist cultural environment of golf.

Presidential Travel and the Rose Garden Strategy: A Case Study of Ronald Reagan's 1984 Tour of Europe

AbstractThe “Rose Garden strategy” has traditionally been understood to refer to presidential activity within Washington, DC, where incumbents drape themselves in the grandeur and symbolism associated with the office of the presidency in an attempt to bolster their public image. This article argues that our understanding of the Rose Garden strategy should be conceptualized more broadly to encompass activities beyond Washington, DC. It does so by examining the role of overseas presidential travel in incumbents' reelection strategies, taking Ronald Reagan's 1984 European tour as a case study. Reconceptualizing our understanding of the Rose Garden strategy offers us a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between the president, the public, and the press by demonstrating the benefits and limitations of positive press coverage in relation to public opinion of the president.

Empire, Authorship and Völkisch Fairy Tales: Hans Friedrich Blunck and the Re-invention of Tradition after World War I

This article explores the close interplay between Hans Friedrich Blunck’s aesthetic and (geo-)political projects after World War I. In particular, it shows how Blunck situated himself in a lineage of political writers who idealized the notion of a German cultural nation or Reich in times of territorial loss, and re-invented this tradition to challenge the nation-state order enshrined in the Versailles Treaty. These endeavours rested on a triadic model of historical development and found expression in his ‘völkisch’ literature, his European reading tours — especially to communities of so-called ‘Auslandsdeutsche’ — and his involvement in the International PEN Club. Whereas previous studies have often approached Blunck from the vantage points of 1933 or 1945, this article explores his construction of traditions and myths from World War I onwards. In doing this, it reassesses the place of apparently traditional, ‘backward-looking’ actors and modes in Weimar’s wider cultural landscape.

Journeys of Lithuanian Émigrés to Lithuania: Topics in 1914–1989 Travelogues

Encountering the other and otherness is one of the main conditions of a journey. Travellers are only visitors in a foreign land; they are always on the move and at the end of the journey they come back to their own safe space. The divide between the familiar and the unfamiliar can be shown directly in the travel text or be embodied in the travellers themselves. However, not all journeys and their depictions in literature obey this formula. The journeys of the Lithuanian émigrés to Lithuania should be treated as a separate object of literary study. Using the tools of rhetorical topoi analysis, the research is focused on the study of the topoi of time, place and comparison and on their actualization in the chosen travel texts by Julė Pranaitytė (Iš kelionės po Europą ir Aziją 1914; From the Tour of Europe and Asia), Pranciškus Vaitukaitis (Kelionė po Europą ir įspūdžiai, 1928; The Journey Around Europe and Its Impressions), and Alė Rūta (Tarp ilgesio ir tėviškės, 1987; Between the Longing and the Homeland). The traveller’s connection with the other and the place is taken into consideration as well.

A Game Map: Object of Copyright and Form of Authority in Eighteenth-Century Britain

This essay studies in detail—from a legal and aesthetic perspective—an eighteenth-century game map that became the object of a copyright dispute. Thomas Jefferys’s Royal Geographical Pastime or the Complete Tour of Europe was only the second geographical game to be produced in Britain. The game was, however, more than a simple pastime for an educated public. The map fed notions of hegemony and carried political messages about the relationships between Britain and her continental neighbours, while at the same time informing attitudes towards education and the role of Enlightenment ideas. The present study is concerned with the historical associations between maps and copyright law against this background. It questions the impact of making incremental changes to, and copying, an existing map on the regular operations of mapmakers, which conferred legitimacy on the maps while also posing legal challenges. These challenges were in turn complicated by the status of the map as an object with diverse functions and meanings.

L’Italienische Reise di Johann Caspar Goethe

Between February and August 1740 Johann Caspar Goethe, the future father of the great poet made a journey to Italy. From Italy he then travelled to France. The fashion of taking the European Grand Tour had been in existence for several decades. Rich, large and elegant travel guides contained advice on the routes to follow and the places to see. Johann C. Goethe went as far as Naples and Paestum; it was advised to venture no further south. In 1752 Goethe the elder began writing, in Italian, Viaggio per l’Italia, on which he worked until 1771. The work was intended for home use, and it was known to Johann Wolfgang when he came to write his Italienische Reise. To his appreciation for the natural and artistic beauties of Italy the elder Goethe added some admonishments, already included in travel guides: that the Italians subject travellers to various types of hoaxes. In addition, at the end of the XIX century, Vernon Lee wrote that, in the preceding century, English tourists were considered by the Italians «a fit prey for innkeepers and ciceroni».