Total Water-soluble Sugar Research Articles

Processing of air-dried chestnut and physicochemical properties of its starch with low digestibility

Naturally air-dried chestnut is a traditional processed chestnut in North China and is eaten without being cooked. However, the processing is time-consuming and uncontrollable. To accelerate processing, two drying temperature of 40 °C and 50 °C (lower than the gelatinization temperature of starch) were selected. The optimum conditions for air-dried chestnut (ADC) and the physicochemical and digestive properties of ADC starch were investigated. Moisture and total starch contents decreased while amylose and total water-soluble sugar contents as well as the activity of endogenous amylase increased in ADC compared with fresh chestnut. The relative content of the high-molecular-weight fraction decreased as the low-molecular-weight fraction increased. The relative crystallinity and short-range molecular order of the starch decreased after air drying, and was positively correlated with onset temperature, peak temperature, conclusion temperature, and the enthalpy change. The ADC starch maintained the same proportion of resistant starch as observed in fresh chestnut starch. These results provide useful information for the industrial production of ADC in which the starch is of low digestibility.

Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging Rapidly Detects the Decay of Postharvest Strawberry Based on Water-Soluble Sugar Analysis

This paper presents a novel strategy to detect the fungal decay in strawberry using reflectance near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI, 1000–2500 nm). The variation of fructose, glucose, sucrose, and total water-soluble sugar (TWSS) content was analyzed using HPLC with a reference method during fungal infection in strawberry. The feasibility of quantifying sugar constituents relevant to the different stages of decay in strawberry was evaluated using NIR-HSI with key wavelengths selected via successive projection algorithm. The results showed that the predicted performance of TWSS content was acceptable within 0.807 for Rp2 and 2.603 for RPD, respectively. Five to seven key wavelengths were obtained based on sugar constituents, and excellent performance for classification accuracy among the three stages of decay was 89.4 to 95.4% for calibration and 87.0 to 94.4% for prediction, respectively. This rapid approach provides a new strategy for the selection of key wavelengths to detect the decay and sugar constituents in strawberries.

Profiling and relationship of water-soluble sugar and protein compositions in soybean seeds

Sugar and protein are important quality traits in soybean seeds for making soy-based food products. However, the investigations on both compositions and their relationship have rarely been reported. In this study, a total of 35 soybean germplasms collected from Zhejiang province of China, were evaluated for both water-soluble sugar and protein. The total water-soluble sugar (TWSS) content of the germplasms studied ranged from 84.70 to 140.91mg/g and the water-soluble protein (WSP) content varied from 26.5% to 36.0%. The WSP content showed positive correlations with the TWSS and sucrose contents but negative correlations with the fructose and glucose contents. The clustering showed the 35 germplasms could be divided into four groups with specific contents of sugar and protein. The combination of water-soluble sugar and protein profiles provides useful information for future breeding and genetic research. This investigation will facilitate future work for seed quality improvement.

Chemical composition characteristics of Korean straight ginseng products

BackgroundThe present study was conducted to provide basic data for standard quality characteristics by grade, and for the establishment of new grading criteria for Korean straight ginseng (SG). MethodsThe major constituents (moisture, total sugar, acidic polysaccharide, phenolic compound, crude saponin, and ginsenosides) in SG with skin products were analyzed to examine the standard quality characteristics. ResultsFive-year-old first-grade 15- and 25-piece grade SG products were collected over a period of 5 years and analyzed. The total water-soluble sugar content was 35.2% and 35.4% for the 15- and 25-piece grades, respectively, and the acidic polysaccharide content was 4.1% for the 15-piece grade and 4.6% for the 25-piece grade. Both the 15- and 25-piece grade products had 0.5% total phenolic compounds. The amount of crude saponin was 3.2–5.5% in all samples. The amounts of the major ginsenosides Rb1, Rf, and Rg1 were 4.7, 1.1, and 3.6 mg/g, respectively, in the 15-piece grade and 3.6, 1.0, and 3.0 mg/g, respectively, in the 25-piece grade. ConclusionOverall, the coefficient of variation was over 15% for the major constituent contents, indicating that it was difficult to standardize the constituent contents using the mean value.

Total water-soluble sugars quantification in bio-oil using the phenol–sulfuric acid assay

Bio-oil produced from fast pyrolysis of biomass contains sugars originating from cellulose. Traditional quantification of sugars in bio-oil is accomplished by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) via derivatization, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ion chromatography (IC), or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methodologies. These techniques are highly specific for each sugar, tedious to perform, expensive, and involve the use of hazardous solvents. We have evaluated a standardized test method developed for food and agriculture applications, the Association of Analytical Communities, Inc. (AOAC) Method 988.12 (44.1.30) Phenol–Sulfuric Acid Assay for Total Carbohydrate Determination, to quantify total sugars in the water-soluble fraction of bio-oil. This study investigates accuracy relative to matrix effects caused by non-sugar compounds using positive and negative controls. Positive controls included levoglucosan, d-glucose, d-mannose, d-xylose, d-fructose, d-galactose, l-arabinose, l-fucose, and cellobiosan. Negative controls included phenol, acetic acid, formic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, acetol, furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5HMF), furfuryl alcohol, 2-methylfuran and 2(5H)-furanone. Potential interference with the quantification of total water-soluble sugars by the AOAC Method 988.12 (44.1.30) was calculated for all positive and negative controls by using data obtained when adding the contributor (positive controls) and the interferent (negative controls) into the water-soluble fraction of bio-oil with typical concentrations found in bio-oil. It was found that furfural, 2(5H)-furanone, 5HMF, and furfuryl alcohol influenced results with a range of potential errors of 9.56–29.7%, 9.52–29.8%, 2.91–24.8%, and 1.34–11.9%, respectively. A correction factor of 0.76wt% was established to reduce or eliminate this influence. Total water-soluble sugars content in bio-oil detected by AOAC Method 988.12 (44.1.30) was comparable to the quantity of sugars detected using hydrolysis with quantification by HPLC. The uncertainty of measurement of water-soluble sugars in bio-oil at 95% confidence was ±2.0% using AOAC Method 988.12 (44.1.30) when the correction factor was employed.

Characteristic study on the chemical components of Korean curved ginseng products

Dried ginseng (DG) is in fact the representing ginseng product in the worldwide market. Although it is made in various packages depending on the processing method, size and age of DG, basic scientific data reporting the chemical components are limited. In this study, 4-year-old curved ginseng (CG), one of the domestic DG products, was selected for further investigation. Eighty-six samples of 30 and 50 piece-grade CG, which are the most widely distributed in the market, were collected for 5 yr. Their major components, such as moisture, total sugar, acidic polysaccharides, total phenolic compounds, and saponins, were analyzed to figure out the standard quality characteristics. The moisture content of all CG samples was less than 15%. The total water-soluble sugar contents were 22.9% to 47.8% and 23.2% to 49.5% in the 30 and 50 piece-grade CG, respectively. The acidic polysaccharide contents were 3.6% to 6.7% and 2.9% to 6.9% in the 30 and 50 piece-grade CG, respectively. The total phenolic compound content was 0.4% to 0.5% in CG, regardless of the piece-grade. The crude saponin content, which represents the active component of ginseng, was over 2% in all samples. In 30 piece-grade CG samples, the contents of major ginsenosides, Rb1, Rf, and Rg1, were 2.2 to 4.7 mg/g, 0.4 to 1.3 mg/g, and 1.6 to 4.0 mg/g, respectively. The ginsenoside contents in 50 piece-grade CG samples were 2.1 to 3.9 mg/g (Rb1), 0.5 to 1.2 mg/g (Rf), and 1.3 to 3.4 mg/g (Rg1). Overall, since there were relatively high standard deviation and coefficient of variation in all the chemical component contents that were assessed, we found some difficulties in showing the CG standard chemical component characteristics by average, standard deviation, and other statistical analysis factors.

Natural variation of drought response in Brachypodium distachyon

Brachypodium distachyon (Brachypodium) is a temperate wild grass species and is a powerful model system for studying grain, energy, forage and turf grasses. Exploring the natural variation in the drought response of Brachypodium provides an important basis for dissecting the genetic network of drought tolerance. Two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse to assess the drought tolerance of 57 natural populations of Brachypodium. Principle component analysis revealed that reductions in chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) and leaf water content (LWC) under drought stress explained most of the phenotypic variation, which was used to classify the tolerant and susceptible accessions. Four groups of accessions differing in drought tolerance were identified, with 3 tolerant, 16 moderately tolerant, 32 susceptible and 6 most susceptible accessions. The tolerant group had little leaf wilting and fewer reductions in Fv/Fm and LWC, while the most susceptible groups showed severe leaf wilting and more reductions in Fv/Fm and LWC. Drought stress increased total water soluble sugar (WSS) concentration, but no differences in the increased WSS were found among different groups of accessions. The large phenotypic variation of Brachypodium in response to drought stress can be used to identify genes and alleles important for the complex trait of drought tolerance.

증숙 횟수에 따른 고려인삼의 이화학적 특성 변화

국내 인삼은 대부분이 수삼 또는 백삼, 홍삼 등의 1차 가공제품으로 가공되어 유통되고 있으나 최근 들어서는 인삼의 효능 및 성분 강화를 위하여 발효, 가압처리, 고온처리 등 다양한 방법들이 시도되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 국내산 5년근 수삼을 이용하여 9회의 증숙과 열풍건조를 반복 수행하면서 중량, 색도, 갈변도, 수분, 당류, 산성다당체, 총 페놀화합물, 조사포닌 및 주요 진세노사이드의 함량 변화를 살펴보았다. 수분의 경우 초기 73.4%에서 3회 처리 시 21.2%까지 감소하고 이후 9회 처리 시 13.7%까지 감소하였다. 최종 중량수율은 약 21.0%, 건물기준 최종수율은 79.0%이었다. 색의 경우 밝기를 나타내는 L값은 감소하고 적색도를 나타내는 a값은 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으며 갈변도는 3회 증숙처리 이후부터 급격히 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 가용성 총당은 초기 55.4%에서 9회 처리 시 38.6%로 감소한 반면 산성다당체 함량은 4.4%에서 6.8온까지 증가하였다. 총페놀함량은 초기 0.4%에서 3회 처리 시 0.9%로 9회 처리 시에는 3.6%까지 증가하였다. 물포화부탄올 추출물 즉 조사포닌 함량은 처리횟수가 증가할수록 서서히 증가하는 추세를 나타내었다. 주요 진세노사이드 함량 변화를 살펴본 결과에서는 ginseno-side <TEX>$Rb_1$</TEX>, <TEX>$Rb_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$Rg_1$</TEX>, Re 등의 함량은 감소하고 <TEX>$Rg_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$Rh_1$</TEX>, <TEX>$Rg_3$</TEX> 등의 홍삼 특이성분 함량은 5번 증숙처리 이후부터 크게 증가하였다. Changes on physicochemical properties of fresh Korean ginseng during repeated 9 times steaming processes, steaming <TEX>$90{\sim}95^{\circ}C$</TEX> for <TEX>$1{\sim}3\;hr$</TEX> followed by hot air-drying at <TEX>$50^{\circ}C$</TEX> for <TEX>$36{\sim}48\;hr$</TEX>, were investigated. The water contents decreased from 73.4% of fresh ginseng to 13.7% finally. The final yields in bases of total weights and dry matter were 21.0% and 79.0%, respectively. As the times of steaming processes increased, lightness (L value) decreased and redness (a value) increased in color of ginseng powder. Browning index also rapidly increased after 3 times of steaming process in particular. Total water soluble sugar contents decreased from 55.4% in fresh to 38.6% in final processed ginseng, but acidic polysaccharide contents increased by about 50% with increasing times of steaming process. Total phenolic compound contents significantly increased with repeated steaming processes especially after 5 times of steaming processes and crude saponin contents also increased in some degree. In the case of major ginsenosides, the contents of <TEX>$Rb_1$</TEX>, <TEX>$Rb_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$Rg_1$</TEX>, Re (representative ginsenosides in fresh ginseng) decreased, but those of <TEX>$Rg_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$Rh_1$</TEX>, <TEX>$Rg_3$</TEX> (unique ginsenosides in red ginseng) increased after especially 5 times of steaming processes.

Changes in Levels of Amino Acids and Basic Components in Burley Tobacco Produced by Roasting

Abstract Three burley tobacco samples from three different areas in China and Brazil were roasted under three processing conditions. The amino acids and basic components of the burley tobacco samples were determined before and after roasting. Routine tobacco variables (reducing sugars, total water-soluble sugars, total nitrogen, total alkaloids, total volatile bases, and pH) were determined according to the Chinese National Standard Methods (CNSM). Free amino acids were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The basic compounds were isolated by use of simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE) equipment. Their levels were determined qualitatively and quantitatively on a) a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a nitrogen-phosphorus detector (NPD) and b) by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results indicated that the chemical changes occurring during roasting have a significant impact on burley tobacco quality. Roasting decreased the tobacco pH value and the levels of total nitrogen, reducing sugars, free amino acids, and other nitrogenous substances, such as amines and alkaloids. The latter are usually related to the irritancy and sharp taste of burley tobacco smoke. In contrast, the levels of pyrazines, important contributors to the characteristic burley flavor, increased.

Changes in nitrate N content in different soil layers after the application of livestock waste compost pellets in a sweet corn field

Changes in the nitrate content in different soil layers (0–15 cm, 15–30 cm, 30–45 cm, and below 45 cm) were investigated after the application of livestock waste compost pellets in a sweet corn field located at the National Agricultural Center for Kyushu Okinawa Region. Results indicated that livestock waste composts could lead to a high nitrate content in deeper soil layers of the early stage after the application of compost pellets, and increase the risk of nitrate pollution to underground water through leaching in summer in a rainy area. The dairy cattle (DW), swine (SW), and poultry waste (PW) compost pellets released about 31.5, 41.6, and 51.3% of N in about 3 months, respectively. However, N use efficiency by sweet corn was only 20.5, 20.6, and 28.8%, respectively. In order to enhance the N use efficiency by crops and decrease nitrate leaching to deeper soil layers in the Kyushu area, a large amount of application of animal waste compost pellets at one time should be avoided in summer. The PW compost pellets led to the highest dry matter content in sweet corn in this experiment. Chemical fertilizer treatment led to the highest total water-soluble sugar content in sweet corn seed, but there were no significant differences between the treatments.

Respiration in relation to reserve substances in the submerged macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum L.

Maintenance and growth respiration were determined in plants of Ceratophyllum demersum L. growing in a steady state. Growth respiration (0.255 mg C g AFDW −1 h −1) was three times that required for maintenance (0.072 mg C g AFDW −1 h −1). Respiration was linearly related to the water-soluble sugar level when total water-soluble sugar concentrations were lower than 6% of the plants' ash free dry weight. Initially, reducing and non-reducing sugars were utilized as substrates for respiration. Starch was mobilized when the raffinose content neared depletion. The respiration rates were higher in quiescent plants than in plants cultivated for 2–3 weeks at higher temperatures. The Q 10 values of respiration were similar in both growth stages (1.2 and 1.3 in quiescent and 2–3 weeks cultivated plants, respectively), indicating that the plant tissues were rich in carbohydrates. The presently measured respiration rates agreed well with relative growth rates determined on other occasions. The mass carbon balance and respiration estimates show generally low respiratory losses, possibly as a consequence of the rootlessness of the plant species.

限外ろ過法による温州ミカン果汁の清澄化

Ripe deseeded carob pod (fruit of Ceratoria siliqua L. tree) of'g-I' cretan carob variety is rich in water-soluble sugars (54.7% on dry weight). The profile of these sugars, in an aqueous carob extract, was sucrose, 77%; fructose, 13.9% and glucose, 9.1% on the basis of the total water-soluble sugars. A liquor containing fructose (10.49% w/v) and ethanol (4.75% v/v) was obtained by selective microbial fermentation of glucose by a glucophile yeast strain of Saccharomyces cerevisae (Sace 1), after 100 h fermentation of aqueous carob extract.

A Direct and Analytical Method for Determining Water-soluble Sugars from a Single Extract of Carrot Root Tissue1

Abstract A procedure is outlined for the analysis of major water soluble sugars present in roots of carrot (Daucus carota L.). Fresh root tissue homogenized in methanol-chloroform-water (13:4:3, v/v/v) permitted differential extraction of sugars and carotenoid pigments based on their solubilities in the solvents eliminating the need to decolorize extracts. Moreover, determination of all sugars could be made from the same root extract. The relative concentrations of reducing sugars and total sugars were determined by a method using dinitrosalicylic acid and the enzyme, invertase. Glucose was determined by the glucose oxidase method. Sucrose and fructose were determined colorimetrically using standard anthrone procedures. Recovery of sugars added to extracts and assay solutions agreed with values from control samples in which no sugar was added. This indicated that interfering substances were absent from the samples. The procedure's utility was demonstrated on roots of 4 open pollinated cultivars. Sucrose, glucose, and fructose comprised more than 97% of the total water-soluble sugars in each cultivar. This procedure, because of its precision, economy, and practicality can be applied to genetic research and plant breeding aimed at improving carrot eating quality.

Chemical composition and some plant characteristics in relation to quality of some promising cultivars of carrot (Daucus carota L.)

Twenty three cultivars of carrot (Daucus carota L.) roots consisting of fifteen local and eight exotic cultivars were analysed for various chemical constituents including dry matter, total soluble solids (TSS), β-carotene, total and reducing sugars, phenolics, phosphorus, zinc, manganese, copper, iron, sodium potassium and ash. In addition other characteristics such as days to maturity, root weight and length, flesh thickness, core diameter, number of forked and cracked roots per plot have been studied. Yellow carrots were found to have maximum root length, water soluble carbohydrates and minimum β-carotene content. The exotic cultivars were found to have higher TSS content than the local cultivars, while the latter cultivars had higher mineral contents than the former. However, on the average, dry matter content, total water soluble sugars, reducing and non-reducing sugars were found to be greater in exotic cultivars than in local ones, but β-carotene, phenols and phosphorus contents were greater in local cultivars. A significant positive correlation between β-carotene content, ash percentage and days to maturity was observed. A wide variation in chemical constituents and plant characteristics was observed indicating a high genetic variability in the material under study.

Chemical evaluation of some important varieties of onion (Allium cepa L.)

Five white and seven red varieties of onion were analysed for dry matter, carbohydrates, total phenols, coloring matter, lachrymatory factor and pyruvic acid content. Percent dry matter varied from 10.66 to 14.80. Total water soluble sugars, reducing sugars and total phenols ranged from 41.50 to 74.00, 12.00 to 22.25, and 1.75 to 2.95 percent (on a dry wt basis), respectively. The lachrymatory factor and pyruvic acid content ranged from 8.00 to 27.25 mg/100g and 6.18 to 13.27 micro moles/g respectively on a fresh wt basis. Red varieties contained a higher phenolic content than white ones. Varieties with higher phenolic content also had a greater amount of coloring matter in the dehydrated onions. The variety Punjab-48 was considered to be most suitable for dehydration purposes.

Glycoalkaloid Content And Other Chemical Constituents Of The Fruits Of Some Egg Plant (Solanum Melongena, L.)Varieties

Twenty-one varieties of egg plant (Solanum melongena, L.) were analysed for various chemical constituents. On the average the long-type varieties were rich in dry matter, crude protein, anthocyanin, phenolics and glycoalkaloid contents, while the oblong type were rich in total water-soluble sugars. Among varieties, the dry matter content varied from 4.89 g/100g (Arka Navneet) to 10.26 g/100g (Arka Shirish), crude protein from 0.77 g/100g (A-61) to 2.21 g/100g (Arka Shirish), total water-soluble sugars from 1.00 g/100g (PBr·129-5) to 3.63 g/100g (Pusa Purple Round), free reducing sugars ranged from 0:38 g/lOOg (PBr·129-5) to 1.73 g/lOOg (Shankar Vijay hybrid), anthocyanin from 0.16 (T3) to 1.04 (Arka Shirish) expressed as 0.D at 550 nm in their 10 per cent (w/v) aqueous extracts. The total phenols varied from 0.44 g/100g (Arka Navneet) to 0.138 g/ 100g (Arka Shirish) and the glycoalkaloid content in terms of mg/100 g varied from 6.25 (Pusa Kranti) to 20.50 (Arka Shirish). The variety Arka Shirish had the maximum dry matter, crude protein , anthocyanin, phenolic and glycoalkaloid contents.

Lachrymatory Factor and Other Chemical Constituents of Some Varieties of Onion (Allium cepa L.)

Twenty varieties of onions, five white and 15 red, were analysed for their various chemical constituents such as lachrymatory factor, colouring matter, total phenols, dry matter, carbohydrates and protein contents. The lachrymatory factor (LF) ranged from 12.50 mg/100 g to 62.25 mg/100 g on wet weight basis. The range for per cent dry matter was from 7.66 (S-71) to 16.46 (S-72). The percentage of total water soluble sugars, reducing sugars, crude protein and total phenols on dry weight basis varied from 40.0 (Punjab Selection) to 67.0 (S-72), 11.0 (S-75 and S-72) to 23.0 (S-91), 11.12 (S -51) to 22.94 (S-75) and from 1.10 (S-72) to 2.90 (Punjab Selection), respectively. The colouring matter of dehydrated onions was maximum in the Punjab Selection and minimum in S-72 and L-106. The phenolic content was higher in red than in white varieties. Varieties with a high phenolic content and lachrymatory factor content had a higher amount of colouring matter in the dehydrated onions. The variety Punjab-48 was considered to be more suitable for dehydration purposes.

Peroxidase activity, chemical composition and plant characters of some promising pea cultivars

Eight promising cultivars of pea ( Pisum sativum L.) have been analysed for their peroxidase activity and chemical constituents such as dry matter, ascorbic acid, crude protein, total water soluble sugars and alcohol-insoluble matter. Comparative performance of characters like days to maturity, pod length, pod number, number of grains per pod and shelling-percentage has also been reported. Line ‘88-2-C’ was found to have maximum yield, plant height, days to first picking, pod length and total water-soluble sugars, while the line ‘87-1-A’ had the highest number of grains per pod, shelling-percentage and dry matter content. The highest ascorbic acid and protein content were found in ‘P 23’. The cultivar ‘IC 34’ had the minimum alcohol-insoluble matter and peroxidase activity and hence was best for canning purposes.