Total Timber Volume Research Articles

浄土寺浄土堂における部材寸法について : 大仏様における部材寸法の規格化に関する研究 その3

This study aims to analyze the standardization of the member size in Joudo-do, Joudo-ji as an inevitable preparation for the formation of the Daibutsu style, the new construction method invented by Chogen. 1) Through the calculation of the percentage ratio of timber volume and structural timber volume, 9 kinds of parts which are more than 3% of the percentage ratio of timber volume are found in Joudo-do, Joudo-ji. 2) The percentage ratio of timber volume of 9 kinds of parts in Joudo-do corresponds to 64.68% of total timber volume, while the percentage ratio of structural timber volume corresponds to 60.63% of total structural timber volume. These volumes are approximately 20-30% lower than those of Nandai-mon, Kaisan-do and Shore, Todai-ji. 3) Therefore in Joudo-ji, Joudo-do there was not executed the standardization of the member size seen in Todai-ji.

東大寺開山堂及び鐘楼における部材寸法の規格化について : 大仏様における部材寸法の規格化に関する研究 その2

This study aims to analyze the standardization of the member size in Kaisan-do and Shoro, Todai-ji as an inevitable preparation for the formation of the Daibutsu style, the new construction method invented by Chogen. 1) Through the calculation of the percentage ratio of timber volume and structural timber volume, 7 kinds of parts with standardized section are found in Kaisan-do, and similarly 8 kinds of parts with standardized section are found in Shoro. 2) The percentage ratio of timber volume of 7 kinds of standardized parts in Kaisan-do corresponds to 85.23% of total timber volume, while the percentage ratio of structural timber volume corresponds to 95.74% of total structural timber volume. Therefore there is the standardization of the member size in Kaisan-do. 3) The percentage ratio of timber volume of 8 kinds of standardized parts in Shoro corresponds to 90.24% of total timber volume, while the percentage ratio of structural timber volume corresponds to 95.11% of total structural timber volume. Therefore there is the standardization of the member size in Shoro.

The financial costs of defoliation of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) by pine looper moth (Bupalus piniaria)

The financial costs of defoliation of Scots pine by the pine looper moth (Bupalus piniaria L.) were evaluated for three pine stands in Tentsmuir Forest, Scotland, by comparing observed tree growth with estimates of the growth that would have been expected if the moth had not been present. It was calculated that five or seven periods of partial defoliation, caused by successive peaks in the moth population, had reduced the total volume of marketable timber available in thinnings and at final harvest by 26-35 m(3) ha(-1). Nearly all of this loss occurred in the sawlog category of timber. Total discounted income over the rotation, based on long-term (1984-2001) average timber prices and a 3.5 per cent discount rate, was reduced by 5.8-7.5 per cent when the same rotation length was used for both observed and expected growth. At a discount rate of 6 per cent, total income was reduced by 4.4-5.2 per cent. Extending the rotation by 3 or 4 years to allow the mean final tree size to reach that expected in the absence of defoliation, or by 4 or 6 years to allow the same total volume of timber to be extracted, increased total revenue but did not increase gross discounted income because of the effect of discounting over a greater number of years.

A Timber Extraction Method Based On Pavement Serviceability and Forest Inventory Data

Abstract A methodology for integrating pavement classification and forest inventory data to determine the capability of forest access roads with weak subgrades to support timber extraction is described. GPS location data recorded in stand-alone mode was superimposed on forest and Ordnance Survey maps. Within a GIS, the acquired spatial data was manipulated and integrated with pavement attribute information and the current and projected forest inventory data. Potential pavement damage by a typical timber haulage truck with payloads of 22, 27, 30, and 35 tonnes (t) was then assessed. It was found that by overloading the truck by 3 and 8 t (GVW of 43 t and 48 t, respectively), the total volume of timber that could be conveyed without damaging the serviceable pavements reduced by an average of 16 and 44%, respectively. Rerouting of timber to avoid critical and failed sections could significantly increase the transportation costs. Rerouting was found to be impractical where forest compartments were accessible by single routes; hence, necessary repairs to facilitate the extraction are recommended in such cases. The final database could be extended to include specific costing of repair and maintenance requirements, and so determine the economic implications of respective routing strategies. For. Sci. 46(1):76-85.

Effects of Delineation Errors in Forest Stand Boundaries on Estimated Area and Timber Volumes

A 717 ha forest area dominated by Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] and Scots pine [Pinus sylvestris L.] was used to assess the effects of photointerpreter errors in the placement of stand boundaries on the estimated area of different groups of forest stands (strata) and other land use classes, and on the total timber volume estimate of the forest. The boundaries between thinning phase stands and clearcuts were classified into three different groups according to the length of the tree shadows hindering ground visibility in the aerial photographs. Different distributions of errors in stand boundaries were assigned to the three groups of boundaries. By means of Monte Carlo simulations of errors in each boundary, the placement of each boundary was altered according to a normally distributed random deviate. In total, 125 independent estimates of total timber volume and area of different land use classes were produced. For thinning phase forest, the difference between the mean area of the simulations and true area was –2.0% of true area. The corresponding difference for total timber volume of all stands was –2.1%. For individual simulations, the minimum and maximum biases in timber volume were –4.8% and 3.1%, respectively

Forest management models based on linear programming. An application to Navafría forest (Segovia, Spain)

This paper illustrates how analytical methods like linear programming can be fruitfully applied to forest management problems. This kind of approach is rather ignored in Spain. In fact, since last century Spanish forests have been managed with the help of German methods, which are not supported by any optimisation model. A linear programming model is built and applied to the Spanish forest Navafría. This forest has been chosen for our exercise because it has been deeply studied with the help of classic methods, so that different methodologies can be compared. Four objectives functions have been defined. Two are typically linked to silvicultural goals: maximise the total timber volume and veneer volume, and the other two show economic targets: maximise the net present value and maximise a similar cash flow in each period. Several constraints have been introduced. In all cases except one a feasible solution was found. Besides, a sensitivity analysis have been incorporated in order to check the influence of variations of the discount rate and expected wood price. The management alternatives proposed in this paper show harvest flows longer than the harvest flow indicated in the management project. In short, the results generated in our application by classic (German) methods can be considered a particular case of the results provided by the optimisation models based upon linear programming.

Remote sensing for change detection in the Sunderbands, Bangladesh

Change detection study has been made for the mangrove forest of the Sunderbans (Bangladesh) using remote sensing and other ancillary data (1933–1987). At the advent of the British rule the forest was double their present extent. Its present area is about 6000.0 Sq. Km. The productive land area has been increased from 1960. Gewa (Excoecaria agallocha)‐Sundri (Heritiera fames) cover type areas have been increased at the expense of pure Sundri type. Height classes of the forest have been changed, basal area/ha has decreased. It is observed that there is a net decrease in Sundri standing volume of the order of 40% and that of Gewa 45% over the past 25 years (1960–1985). Total timber volume for all of the species has been reduced to near about a half. Timber volume/ha and basal area/ha for Gewa have increased in the Sharankhola Island of the forest. Sundri tress are being replaced by Gewa. CIR aerial photographs have been found most suitable for cover type analysis and other change detection study. Regular monitoring of the changes of the forest using remote sensing technique has been suggested.

FORMULAÇÃO DE CUSTOS AMBIENTAIS NO MACIÇO DA TIJUCA (RIO DE JANEIRO, BRASIL)

Normal 0 21 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} Methods for evaluating environmental costa of forest parameters are presented for the Tijuca Forest ecosystem. The objective of this study was to provide data for use in legal processes. A phytosociological survey of 0.5 ha of forest was used to provide total timber volume according to 3 separate wood-quality classes. Weights and the corresponding market prices were calculated for the stock of nutrients in the soil to 20 cm depth and the litter (N, P, K, Ca and Mg), Ornamental plants of greater value - Orchidaceae. Bromeliaceae, Araceae and Palmae - were also counted and given market prices. The volume of water produced by the springs of the soil was also evaluated. Values per hectare, per weight and market price are given for each category, as follows: nutrients in the soil and in the litter layer: 38275 kg/ha (USS 9003.00): ornamental plants: 1583 individuals ( US$ 2283.00). The water produced by the springs is 7660 m 3 /ha US$1608.00). Net volumes of wood per category and corresponding prices are: class 1 (hardwood) 20.7 m 3 /ha (US$ 4372.00): class 2 (wood for structural use): 37.6 m 3 /ha (US$ 4894.00) and class 3 (wood for energy use): 314.6 st/ha. A total value of US$ 27000.00 per hectare was found for the items analyzed.

A Product Yield Model for Unthinned Stands ofEucalyptus grandis

SYNOPSIS A yield projection system for unthinned stands of Eucalyptus grandis is presented. The site index based system is based on previous work by Van Laar, covering a broad spectrum of growing sites. Estimates of total timber volume, distribution of timber volume and log volume distribution (based on Schonau's work) are generated.