Total Volume Fraction Research Articles

Strong resistance to Zn-assisted liquid metal embrittlement of austenitic-TWIP/martensitic-HSLA multi-layered steel sheets additively manufactured by laser cladding

As a novel design idea to overcome a shortcoming of liquid metal embrittlement (LME) occurred frequently in twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel, multi-layered steel (MLS) sheets consisting of austenitic TWIP and high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel grades have been suggested. Two- and four-time clad MLS sheets (C2 and C4) were fabricated by a powder-fed laser additive manufacturing (AM) process using HSLA powders on the TWIP surface, and the LME was investigated in various resistance-spot-welding-time stages. The C2 and C4 sheets consisted of the austenitic TWIP substrate and tempered-martensitic HSLA-clad layer, and the HSLA layer had two or four sublayers having different C and Mn contents reduced step-wise from the TWIP/HSLA interface. LME cracks formed in the C2 spot-welded for 240 or 380 ms, whereas they did not form at all in the C4 spot-welded for 380 ms. This different LME susceptibility depended mainly on the HSLA-sublayer microstructures beneath the Zn coating after their high-temperature exposure during the spot welding. Since LME cracks propagated mainly along prior austenite grain boundaries, the whole austenite existed in the austenite range played a key role in determining whether the LME cracking occurred or not. The total volume fraction of reverted austenite (appeared as fresh martensite at room temperature) and retained austenite was very high at about 68% in the C2 welded for 240 ms, thereby leading to the LME cracking. It was lower than 20% in the C4 even under the severe welding condition of 380 ms, which provided the reason for no LME cracking.

Interlaminar Shear Property and Strength Prediction Model for Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bar after Exposure to Simulated Concrete Environments

The load-transfer mechanism in the fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars is different from that of the conventional steel bars. The efficiency of stress transfer in FRP bars mainly depends on the mechanical properties of matrix resin, fibers, and fiber/matrix interface, which are easily degraded after long-term exposure to concrete environment. Herein, the interlaminar shear properties of a novel carbon/glass hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer (C/G-HFRP) bar were experimentally investigated by the accelerated aging tests at 60°C to study the effects of the ratio of carbon to glass fiber volume fractions, distribution configuration of carbon fiber, total fiber volume fraction, exposure environment, and exposure period. Water uptake tests, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were employed to explore the degradation mechanisms of exposed samples. The results indicated that the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) retention of exposed C/G-HFRP bars was higher than that of the single glass-FRP bar, which was decided by tooth force and friction. In addition, the degradation of C/G-HFRP bars was also related to water uptake rate, and then waterproof coating and fiber modification are recommended to improve the durability of C/G-HFRP bars. Finally, a model of ILSS retention was proposed for the C/G-HFRP bars after exposure to different concrete environments.

Evolution and Prediction of Tensile Properties for Ductile Hybrid FRP Bars in a Simulated Concrete Environment

Hybrid fiber–reinforced polymer (HFRP) bars possessing high tensile ductility and excellent corrosion resistance are an attractive alternative to steel bars. However, the effect of long-term embedment of HFRP bars in concrete on the tensile ductility of bars must be investigated. This study exposes a series of ductile carbon/glass-HFRP bars to a simulated ordinary concrete environment for 3 and 6 months. The accelerated aging method was conducted at 60°C to accelerate the diffusion of moisture and hydroxyl ions into the carbon/glass-HFRP bars, which could rapidly aggravate the degradation of the HFRP bars. Moisture absorption tests, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were performed to reveal the degradation mechanisms of the fiber, matrix, and fiber/matrix interfaces in the exposed samples. The tensile ductility of the samples after exposure was lower than that of the samples before exposure. The tensile strength retention of the exposed samples depended on the volume fraction of carbon fibers and the total volume fraction of the fibers, which could be considered in the prediction model of tensile strength retention of the exposed carbon/glass-HFRP bars.

Hybridisation effect of steel–polypropylene fibres in high-volume fly ash concrete

The paper presents the results of an investigation conducted to investigate the effects of hybrid fibres (polypropylene (PP) and steel (S) fibres on the workability, compressive strength, flexural strength and flexural toughness of high-volume fly ash concrete (HVFAC). Different combinations of PP and S fibres (PP fibre 0–100% and S fibre 100–0%) were incorporated to a total fibre volume fraction of 1.0%. Three different code methods were used for a comparative evaluation of various properties of the HVFAC (toughness, residual strength, cracking strength, etc.). It was found that the mixes with a higher percentage of PP fibre resulted in lower workability as compared to the mixes made with a higher percentage of S fibres. The HVFAC mix made with 25% PP fibre and 75% S fibre showed the best results of all concrete mixes and this combination is thus considered to be the most appropriate for fibre hybridisation in HVFAC.

Trabecular bone structure of the proximal capitate in extant hominids and fossil hominins with implications for midcarpal joint loading and the dart-thrower's motion.

This research examines whether the distribution of trabecular bone in the proximal capitates of extant hominids, as well as several fossil hominin taxa, is associated with the oblique path of the midcarpal joint known as the dart-thrower's motion (DTM). We analyzed proximal capitates from extant (Pongo n = 12; Gorilla n = 11; Pan n = 10; fossil and recent Homo sapiens n = 29) and extinct (Australopithecus sediba n = 2; Homo naledi n = 1; Homo floresiensis n = 2; Neandertals n = 3) hominids using a new canonical holistic morphometric analysis, which quantifies and visualizes the distribution of trabecular bone using relative bone volume as a fraction of total volume (rBV/TV). Homo sapiens and Neandertals had a continuous band of high rBV/TV that extended across the scaphoid, lunate, and hamate subarticular regions, but other fossil hominins and extant great apes did not. A. sediba expressed a distinct combination of human-like and Pan-like rBV/TV distribution. Both H. floresiensis and H. naledi had high rBV/TV on the ulnar-side of the capitate but low rBV/TV on the radial-side. The proximal capitates of H. sapiens and Neandertals share a distinctive distribution of trabecular bone that suggests that these two species of Homo regularly load(ed) their midcarpal joints along the full extent of the oblique path of the DTM. The observed pattern in A. sediba suggests that human-like stress at the capito-scaphoid articular surface was combined with Pan-like wrist postures, whereas the patterns in H. floresiensis and H. naledi suggest their midcarpal joints were loaded differently from that of H. sapiens and Neandertals.

Strain hardening geopolymer composites with hybrid POM and UHMWPE fibers: Analysis of static mechanical properties, economic benefits, and environmental impact

With unique ultra-high toughness, strain-hardening cementitious composite (SHCC) has attracted considerable attention. However, environmental and economic concerns have hindered its engineering application due to the high consumption of Portland cement and expensive high-performance fibers. To address this issue, geopolymer concrete and polyoxymethylene (POM) fibers are adopted to replace Portland cement and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers, respectively, to prepare strain-hardening geopolymer composite with hybrid POM and UHMWPE fibers (POM/PE-SHGC). Static mechanical properties, economic benefits, and environmental impact of POM/PE-SHGC with different POM fiber replacement ratios are investigated. Axial compression and tensile tests on POM/PE-SHGC with different POM fiber replacement ratios (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) are conducted to investigate the effect of different POM fiber replacement ratios on the static failure mode, tensile crack development, compression behavior, and strain-hardening behavior of POM/PE-SHGC. In addition, Carbon emissions and energy consumption of POM/PE-SHGC were estimated and compared with SHCC. An evaluation method that comprehensively considers environmental and economic benefits and mechanical properties is proposed. The results indicated that under the condition of a total fiber volume fraction of 2%, POM/PE-SHGC with a POM fiber replacement ratios under 75% exhibited good strain-hardening behavior. The compressive strength, ultimate compressive strain, and ultimate tensile strain of POM/PE-SHGC reached a maximum at a POM replacement ratios of 50%, except for a decrease in its tensile strength. Furthermore, the cost, carbon emissions and energy consumption of POM/PE-SHGC was significantly lower than that of SHCC. This study verified the feasibility of producing green, high-performance SHGC and promoted the engineering application of this material.

Free vibration analysis of carbon-fiber plain woven reinforced composite conical-cylindrical shell under thermal environment with general boundary conditions

In this paper, the free vibration analysis of carbon fiber/epoxy resin and carbon/carbon plain woven conical-cylindrical shell under thermal environment with general boundary conditions using generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) is conducted. A two-step homogenization approach, in which 3D finite element method (3D FEM) based on 3D representative volume elements (3D RVE) are applied, is used to get the mechanical properties of the plain woven composites. According to first order shear deformation theory (FSDT) and Hamilton’s principle, considering a thermal environment, the governing equations of both the two shells are obtained. GDQ is applied during the solving procedure and general boundary conditions are considered through artificial springs. After several comparison studies focused on convergence, mechanical properties and thermal environment, the effects of boundary conditions, geometry, total fiber volume fraction and uniform, linear temperature field are studied comprehensively.

Jamming and depletion in extremely bidisperse mixtures of microscale emulsions and nanoemulsions.

While much attention has been given to jamming of granular and colloidal particles having monomodal size distributions, jamming of systems having more complex size distributions remains an interesting direction. We create concentrated, disordered binary mixtures of size-fractionated nanoscale and microscale oil-in-water emulsions, which are stabilized by the same common ionic surfactant, and measure the optical transport properties, microscale droplet dynamics, and mechanical shear rheological properties of these mixtures over a wide range of relative and total droplet volume fractions. Simple effective medium theories do not explain all of our observations. Instead, we show that our measurements are consistent with more complex collective behavior in extremely bidisperse systems, involving an effective continuous phase that governs nanodroplet jamming, as well as depletion attractions between microscale droplets induced by nanoscale droplets.

Experimental Study on Compressive and Flexural Performance of Lightweight Cement-Based Composites Reinforced with Hybrid Short Fibers.

This paper aims to experimentally study the compressive and flexural characteristics of cement-based composites developed for fabricating thin, lightweight, and high-performance components of buildings. Expanded hollow glass particles with a 0.25-0.5 mm particle size were used as lightweight fillers. Hybrid fibers made of amorphous metallic (AM) and nylon fibers were used to reinforce the matrix with a total volume fraction of 1.5%. The primary test parameters included the expanded glass-to-binder (EG/B) ratio, the fiber volume content ratio, and the length of the nylon fibers in the hybrid system. The experimental results demonstrate that the EG/B ratio and the volume dosage of the nylon fibers exhibited insignificant effects on the compressive strength of the composites. Additionally, the utilization of nylon fibers with a longer length of 12 mm resulted in a slight compressive strength reduction of approximately 13% compared to that of the 6 mm nylon fibers. Further, the EG/G ratio exhibited an insignificant effect on the flexural behavior of lightweight cement-based composites in terms of their initial stiffness, strength, and ductility. Meanwhile, the increasing AM fiber volume fraction in the hybrid system from 0.25% to 0.5% and 1.0% improved flexural toughness by 42.8% and 57.2%, respectively. In addition, the nylon fiber length significantly affected the deformation capacity at the peak load and the residual strength in the post-peak stage.

Thermal properties of tungsten/tungsten carbide-coated double-size diamond/copper composite

Diamond‑copper composites with high thermal properties and low density show huge potential applications in thermal management. Solving the interface between diamond and copper and increasing the volume fraction of diamond in the composite are crucial for its thermal conductivity. In this work, tungsten/tungsten carbide (W/WC) was used as an interface and fabricated on diamond surface by the molten salt method. Well-coating with higher than 95 % of coverage was obtained at the mass ratio of diamond and W of 3:3, which owns a 200 nm ± 10 nm thickness of W/WC layer. Meanwhile, double-size diamonds with 200 μm and 40 μm were compounded with the copper matrix to increase the volume fraction of the diamond. Theoretical calculation displays only 14.5 % of porosity in the bimodal diamond composite when 74.2 vol% of the large-size diamond is in the total volume fraction of the diamond. Microstructure characterization displays that the interfacial bonding was enhanced by the W/WC interface and morphology was improved by using the double-size diamonds even at 70 % of the volume fraction. Compared with single-size diamond/copper composite, the thermal conductivity was also increased and obtained the highest value of 640 Wm−1 K−1 for the double-size diamonds/copper composites. Finite element analysis and testing of actual scenarios further confirm the excellent thermal performance of double-size diamonds/copper composite, which meets the requirements of thermal management in high-power devices.

Development of Three-Dimensional (3D) Biodegradable Polyglycolic Acid Fiber (PGA) Preforms for Scaffold Applications: Experimental Patterning and Fiber Volume Fraction-Porosity Modeling Study.

Three-dimensional (3D) biodegradable polyglycolic acid fiber (PGA) preforms were developed as temporary scaffolds for three-dimensional tissue regeneration applications. Three-dimensional biodegradable polyglycolic acid fiber (PGA) preforms including various degrees of interlaced structures called 3D plain, semi-interlaced, and orthogonal woven preforms were designed. Analytical relations and finite element model-based software (TexGen) on fiber volume fraction and porosity fraction were proposed to predict scaffolds' stiffness and strength properties considering micromechanics relations. It was revealed that yarn-to-yarn space, density, and angles of all 3D PGA fiber preforms were heterogeneous and demonstrated direction-dependent features (anisotropy). Total fiber volume fractions (Vfp) and porosity fraction (Vtpr) predicted by analytic and numerical modelling of all 3D scaffolds showed some deviations compared to the measured values. This was because yarn cross-sections in the scaffolds were changed from ideal circular yarn (fiber TOW) geometry to high-order ellipse (lenticular) due to inter-fiber pressure generated under a tensile-based macrostress environment during preform formation. Z-yarn modulus (Ez-yarn) and strength (σz-yarn) were probably critical values due to strong stiffness and strength in the through-the-thickness direction where hydrogel modulus and strengths were negligibly small. Morphology of the scaffold showed that PGA fiber sets in the preform were locally distorted, and they appeared as inconsistent and inhomogeneous continuous fiber forms. Additionally, various porosity shapes in the preform based on the virtual model featured complex shapes from nearly trapezoidal beams to partial or concave rectangular beams and ellipsoid rectangular cylinders. It was concluded that 3D polyglycolic acid fiber preforms could be a temporary supportive substrate for 3D tissue regeneration because cells in the scaffold's thickness can grow via through-the-thickness fiber (z-yarn), including various possible mechanobiology mechanisms.

Superficial white matter across development, young adulthood, and aging: volume, thickness, and relationship with cortical features.

Superficial white matter (SWM) represents a significantly understudied part of the human brain, despite comprising a large portion of brain volume and making up a majority of cortico-cortical white matter connections. Using multiple, high-quality datasets with large sample sizes (N = 2421, age range 5-100) in combination with methodological advances in tractography, we quantified features of SWM volume and thickness across the brain and across development, young adulthood, and aging. We had four primary aims: (1) characterize SWM thickness across brain regions (2) describe associations between SWM volume and age (3) describe associations between SWM thickness and age, and (4) quantify relationships between SWM thickness and cortical features. Our main findings are that (1) SWM thickness varies across the brain, with patterns robust across individuals and across the population at the region-level and vertex-level; (2) SWM volume shows unique volumetric trajectories with age that are distinct from gray matter and other white matter trajectories; (3) SWM thickness shows nonlinear cross-sectional changes across the lifespan that vary across regions; and (4) SWM thickness is associated with features of cortical thickness and curvature. For the first time, we show that SWM volume follows a similar trend as overall white matter volume, peaking at a similar time in adolescence, leveling off throughout adulthood, and decreasing with age thereafter. Notably, the relative fraction of total brain volume of SWM continuously increases with age, and consequently takes up a larger proportion of total white matter volume, unlike the other tissue types that decrease with respect to total brain volume. This study represents the first characterization of SWM features across the large portion of the lifespan and provides the background for characterizing normal aging and insight into the mechanisms associated with SWM development and decline.

Uncertainty analysis of single- and multiple-size-class frazil ice models

Abstract. The formation of frazil ice in supercooled waters has been extensively studied, both experimentally and numerically, in recent years. Numerical models, with varying degrees of complexity, have been proposed; these are often based on many parameters, the values of which are uncertain and difficult to estimate. In this paper, an uncertainty analysis of two mathematical models that simulate supercooling and frazil ice formation is carried out within a probabilistic framework. The two main goals are (i) to provide quantitative insight into the relative importance of contributing uncertain parameters, to help identify parameters for optimal calibration, and (ii) to compare the output scatter of frazil ice models with single and multiple crystal size classes. The derivation of single- and multi-class models is presented in light of recent work, their numerical resolution is discussed, and a list of the main uncertain parameters is proposed. An uncertainty analysis is then carried out in three steps. Parameter uncertainty is first quantified, based on recent field, laboratory and numerical studies. Uncertainties are then propagated through the models using Monte Carlo simulations. Finally, the relative influence of uncertain parameters on the output time series – i.e., the total frazil volume fraction and water temperature – is assessed by means of Sobol indices. The influence of input parameters on the long-term asymptote as well as short-term transient evolution of the systems is discussed, depending on whether gravitational removal is included or not in the models.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of a novel polycrystalline Ni3Al-based intermetallic alloy

A polycrystalline Ni3Al-based intermetallic alloy was successfully prepared via vacuum induction melting processing. Next, the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of the intermetallic alloy were investigated by solution treatments at temperatures ranging from 1230 to 1290 °C. The results showed that the as-cast polycrystalline Ni3Al-based intermetallic alloy consisted of dendrite γ+γ′ with interdendritic distribution, matrix γ′ phase, and eutectic γ–γ′, and the total volume fraction of γ′ phase was ∼83.2%. After solution treatment at 1270 °C, the size and morphology of the γ′ phase changed and the secondary γ′ phase precipitated in the γ channel. The maximum room temperature yield strength, tensile strength and elongation reached 488 MPa, 686 MPa, and 5.2%, respectively. At 1100 °C, the high-temperature tensile strength of sample subjected to solution treatment at 1250 °C reached 203 MPa. It was found that solution treatment did not eliminate the incipient γ′m, resulting in the weaker interdendritic boundary area in the alloy. Moreover, noteworthy, α-Cr particles were found in the γ′m of the polycrystalline Ni3Al-based intermetallic alloy, revealing an orientation relationship such as [123]α-Cr∥[123]γ' and (1–21)α-Cr∥(11–1)γ'. The α-Cr particles have the strengthening effect of second-phase particles through pinning dislocations, which can improve the high-temperature creep performance of the alloy.

Fiber architecture effect on tensile and compressive damage mechanisms of 3D angle-interlock woven composites

Due to the intricate fiber architecture of 3D textile composites, understanding their failure mechanisms presents a challenge. Here we experimentally studied the quasi-static tensile and compressive properties of 3D angle-interlock woven composites (3D AWC) under both warp-loading (AWC-warp) and weft-loading (AWC-weft). Damage morphologies and mechanisms were examined using optical microscopy and X-ray computed tomography. In order to demonstrate the effect of fiber architecture, the results were combined and compared with that of unidirectional (UD) composites with the same total fiber volume fraction (FVF). The fiber architecture effects in 3D AWC can be manifested as the on-axis FVF dependency and fiber undulation influence. When on-axis load-bearing fiber is undulating-free, the difference in mechanical properties is primarily determined by the on-axis FVF. However, the presence of fiber undulation can further weaken the mechanical properties. Moreover, for AWC-warp specimens, fiber undulation has a significant impact on the modes and characteristics of damage, resulting in fiber breakages and kinks that primarily occur in the connection region of warp yarns.

Chaotic advection in a recirculating flow: Effect of a fluid multiple-flexible-solid interaction.

This paper deals with chaotic advection due to a two-way interaction between flexible elliptical-solids and a laminar lid-driven cavity flow in two dimensions. The present Fluid multiple-flexible-Solid Interaction study involves various number N(= 1-120) of equal-sized neutrally buoyant elliptical-solids (aspect ratio β = 0.5) such that they result in the total volume fraction Φ = 10 % as in our recent study on single solid, done for non-dimensional shear modulus G ∗ = 0.2 and Reynolds number R e = 100. Results are presented first for flow-induced motion and deformation of the solids and later for chaotic advection of the fluid. After the initial transients, the fluid as well as solid motion (and deformation) attain periodicity for smaller N ≤ 10 while they attain aperiodic states for larger N > 10. Adaptive material tracking (AMT) and Finite-Time Lyapunov Exponent (FTLE)-based Lagrangian dynamical analysis revealed that the chaotic advection increases up to N = 6 and decreases at larger N(= 6-10) for the periodic state. Similar analysis for the transient state revealed an asymptotic increase in the chaotic advection with increasing N ≤ 120. These findings are demonstrated with the help of two types of chaos signatures: exponential growth of material blob's interface and Lagrangian coherent structures, revealed by the AMT and FTLE, respectively. Our work, which is relevant to several applications, presents a novel technique based on the motion of multiple deformable-solids for enhancement of chaotic advection.

Structural Behaviour of Hybrid Fibres Concrete Using Regression Analysis

Abstract: The main objective of the current effort is to create hybrid fibre reinforced concrete with improved strength properties, structural behaviour, and structural performance by adding the right dosage amount of hybrid fibre. In this work, it is suggested to employ hybrid fibres of two different types, one of which is Steel fibre, a metallic fibre, and the other is Polyvinyl Alcohol fibre, which has a synthetic foundation. In this way, the concrete gains high tensile strength, flexural strength, and compressive strength due to the inclusion of steel fibre with a high Young's modulus and tensile strength. The steel fibre functions as a crack arrestor, stopping the growth of cracks at the macro level. The microscopic cracks are stopped from spreading by the use of synthetic Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) fibre, which is more flexible and ductile, increasing the strength and hardness of the concrete. The objective of the current study is to assess the structural behaviour and strength features of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete. For different mix proportions, such as 0% Steel fibre and 1% PVA fibre, 0.25% Steel fibre and 0.75% PVA fibre, 0.50% Steel fibre and 0.50% PVA fibre, 0.75% Steel fibre and 0.25% PVA fibre, and 1% Steel fibre and 0% PVA fibre by the volume of concrete, the specimens were cast with the addition of hybrid fibres at a total volume fraction of 1%.

Characterising the sedimentation of bidisperse colloidal silica using analytical centrifugation

This study investigates the settling behaviour of bidisperse colloidal silica suspensions in two different size ratios (100:500 nm and 500:800 nm) with various mixture ratios and volume fractions, using an analytical photocentrifuge. For dilute systems, translation of settling rate profiles to size distributions resulted in more accurate measurements for both monodisperse and bidisperse systems than using dynamic light scattering, in comparison to SEM. However, a critical limitation was also observed, as distinction between upper (smaller particle) and lower (larger particle) interfaces could only be measured for total volume fractions <∼0.02. For 500:800 mixtures, results were compared with Richardson-Zaki and modified Batchelor model predictions. The Batchelor model proved more accurate at predicting the lower interface rate, while both models over predicted the upper interface, likely due to increased drag that was most evident with higher fractions of smaller particles. For 100:500 cases, higher centrifugal rotation speeds were required to settle the 100 nm particles, and the influence of Brownian motion was evident. It was also found that the smaller particles obtained a lower initial settling rate than its terminal velocity, due to induced anisotropic effects or backflow from the 500 nm fraction, which was again more evident with a greater proportion of smaller particles.

Magnetic drug targeting during Casson blood flow in a microvessel: A Caputo fractional model

A mathematical model on fractionalized axisymmetric Casson blood flow through a cylindrical shaped blood vessel is introduced to present the capture location of drug carrier particles at diseased regions during magnetic drug targeting (MDT). The Caputo fractional order time-derivative is introduced in the momentum equation to impose the time memory effect. The governing momentum equation is solved analytically in terms of Lorenzo – Hartley and Robotonov – Hartley special functions using Laplace transform (LT) and finite Hankel transform (FHT). The outcome solution for coupled force balance equations is solved using fourth order Runge – Kutta (RK) method, whereas the total volume fraction (TVF) of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) is obtained analytically. The present model introduced the effects of magnetic parameter, Darcy number, Reynolds number and pulsatile frequency with the impact of the memory effect in the form of the fractional parameters on the axial and radial trajectories of drug carrier particles (CPs) and on the volume fraction of MNPs. The impacts of tumor-magnet distance, Casson parameter, and Hematocrit parameter on the volume fraction of MNPs is also investigated. A comparison is made with the existing literature, and it shows a good agreement. Short time memory effect leads to a speedy move of the drug particles towards the disease region and the phenomenon is more significant with increase in the volume fraction of the MNPs, magnetization and permeable nature of the microvessel. The outcome of the present study will be helpful to the field of medical science to carry out further research to treat disease in specific locations by using MDT.

Numerical investigation of heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of ternary nanofluids through convergent and divergent channels.

The characteristics of nanomaterials have garnered significant attention in recent research on natural and forced convection. This study focuses on the forced convection characteristics of ternary nanofluids within convergent and divergent channels. The ternary nanofluid comprises titanium oxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), and silver suspended in water, which serves as the base fluid. Using COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0, a reliable software for finite element analysis, numerical simulations were conducted for steady and incompressible two-dimensional flow. Reynolds numbers varying from 100 to 800 were employed to investigate forced convection. Additionally, we explored aspect ratios (channel height divided by the height of the convergent or divergent section) of -0.4, -0.2, 0, 0.2, and 0.4. Our findings revealed that only at aspect ratio a = 0.4 did the average outlet temperature increase as the Reynolds number rose, while other aspect ratios exhibited decreasing average temperatures with declining Reynolds numbers. Moreover, as the Reynolds number increased from 100 to 800 and the total volume fraction of the ternary nanofluids ranged from 0.003 to 0.15, there was a significant 100% enhancement in the average Nusselt number. For clarity, this article briefly presents essential information, such as the study's numerical nature, fluid properties (constant-property fluid), and the methodology (COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0, finite element analysis). Key conclusions are highlighted to enable readers to grasp the main outcomes at a glance. These details are also adequately covered in the manuscript to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the research. The utilization of this emerging phenomenon holds immense potential in various applications, ranging from the development of highly efficient heat exchangers to the optimization of thermal energy systems. This phenomenon can be harnessed in scenarios in which effective cost management in thermal production is a critical consideration.