Total Triglyceride Concentrations Research Articles

Identification and Analysis of Phenolic Compounds in Vaccinium uliginosum L. and Its Lipid-Lowering Activity In Vitro.

Vaccinium uliginosum L. (VU), rich in polyphenols, is an important wild berry resource primarily distributed in extremely cold regions. However, the detailed composition of Vaccinium uliginosum L. polyphenols (VUPs) has not been reported, which limits the development and utilization of VU. In this study, VU-free polyphenols (VUFPs) and VU-bound polyphenols (VUBPs) were, respectively, extracted using an ultrasonic, complex enzyme and alkali extraction method; the compositions were identified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and lipid-lowering activity in vitro was evaluated. The results showed that 885 polyphenols and 47 anthocyanins were detected in the VUFPs and VUBPs, and 30 anthocyanin monomers were firstly detected in VU. Compared with the model group, the accumulation of lipid droplets and the total cholesterol and triglyceride contents in the high-concentration VUP group reduced by 36.95%, 65.82%, and 62.43%, respectively, and liver damage was also alleviated. It was also found that VUP can regulate the level of Asialoglycoprotein receptor 1, a new target for lipid lowering. In summary, this study provides a detailed report on VUP for the first time, confirming that VUP has lipid-lowering potential in vitro. These findings suggest new strategies and theoretical support for the development and utilization of VU, especially in the field of functional foods.

Balancing act: How cholesterol and phospholipids influence juvenile mud crab Scylla paramamosain growth and lipid metabolism

A 2 × 3 two-factor experiment was designed to assess the effects of dietary cholesterol (CHO) and phospholipids (PLs) on growth and lipid metabolism in early juvenile mud crabs (0.01 g crab−1). The experimental diets were designed with two CHO levels: 0.40 % (LCH) and 0.80 % (HCH), and three PLs levels: 1.80 % (LPL), 2.50 % (MPL), and 3.20 % (HPL). The 58-day aquaculture trial demonstrated that the LCH-HPL group achieved the best growth performance in mud crabs, characterized by the highest final body weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate. Regarding whole-body composition, dietary PLs increased total cholesterol (T-CHO), PLs, triglyceride (TG), and crude lipid content in the LCH groups. Mud crabs in the HCH groups had a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids, a lower proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids, and increased gene expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (srebp-1c) and fatty acid synthase (fas) compared to those in the LCH groups. As the dietary PLs increased, mud crabs in the LCH groups exhibited up-regulation in the expression of genes, including srebp-1c, fas, elongation of very long-chain fatty acid protein 4 (elovl4), elovl6, and Δ9-fatty acid desaturase (Δ9-fad). In the HCH groups, elevated dietary PLs resulted in the down-regulation of fatty acid binding protein (fabp) gene expression. In addition, high levels of dietary CHO and PLs (HCH-HPL) inhibited the catalase activity of mud crabs, resulting in a significant increase in the malondialdehyde content. Correlation analysis revealed that dietary CHO was positively correlated with the expression of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids synthesizing genes, and dietary PLs were positively correlated with the whole-body lipid content of mud crabs. Additionally, a positive correlation was found between the growth performance and whole-body content of crude protein, crude lipid, and antioxidant capacity in mud crabs.

Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. leaf extract: Effects on growth, antioxidant capacity, and lipid metabolism in Red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii)

The addition of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. leaf extract (ELE) enhances growth, immunity and antioxidant capacity in crustaceans, which has not been studied on the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effect of ELE on the growth, antioxidant capacity, digestive enzymes activities, and lipid metabolism of red swamp crayfish. A total of 240 individuals of red swamp crayfish were randomly assigned to four groups. Each group was fed with feed a diet supplemented with varying doses of ELE: 0 g/kg (CK), 0.5 g/kg (T2), 1.0 g/kg (T3), and 1.5 g/kg (T4). After 30 days, the results indicated that T2 group exhibited a significantly higher final average weight, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate compared to the CK (P<0.05). Significantly lower feed conversion ratios than the CK (P<0.05) were observed in the T2 and T3 groups. For antioxidant indicators, hepatopancreas superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was observed to significantly increased in the T3 and T4 groups, while levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in which were significantly reduced in hepatopancreas and hemolymph (P<0.05). Regarding biochemical indicators and intestinal function, significant enhancement of lipase (LPS) activity was observed in the T2 group, which decreased in the T4, compared to the CK (P<0.05). Moreover, significant decrease of the glucose (GLU), total triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) content of the hemolymph (P<0.05) were observed in the T4 group. Transcriptome analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes in the T4 group were primarily enriched in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), and lipid metabolism pathways. Furthermore, it seems that ELE supplements significantly upregulated the expression of apoa-II, acaox1, acox3, me1, and plin1 in the PPAR signaling pathway to regulate lipid metabolism. In conclusion, 0.5 g/kg and 1.5 g/kg ELL addition amount can enhance growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and lipid metabolism of red swamp crayfish.

Integrated transcriptomics and proteomics analyses reveal the ameliorative effect of hepatic damage in tilapia caused by polystyrene microplastics with chlorella addition

Fish exhibit varying responses to polystyrene microplastics (MPs) depending on particle size. Previous studies suggested that microorganisms adhering to the surface of MPs can induce toxic effects. In this study, Tilapia were exposed to MPs of control (group A), 75 nm (B), 7.5 μm (C), 750 μm (D), as well as combinations of all sizes (E) and 75 nm MPs with Chlorella vulgaris addition (F) for 7, 10 and 14 days. Histopathological changes in liver of tilapia were assessed using enzyme activities, transcriptomics and proteomics. The results showed that in groups combined MPs of different particle sizes and those supplemented with chlorella, MPs were localized on the surface of goblet cells, leading to vacuoles, constricted hepatic sinuses and nuclei displacement. Exposure to 7.5 and 750 μm MPs significantly increased the contents of fatty acid synthase (FAS), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), total cholesterol (TC), total triglyceride (TG) contents at 7 and 10 days. In particular, cytochrome p450 1a1 (EROD), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were markedly elevated following exposure to MPs. Apoptotic markers caspase-3, and inflammatory markers, including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), had a similar upward trend in comparisons of group C vs A at 7 d, group D vs A at 14 d. The peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway, spliceosome, was highly enriched during the 7-day exposure of medium sized MPs, while largest MPs in the comparison of group D vs A at 14 d activated pathways such as phagosome, apoptosis, salmonella infection. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that after 14 days, the kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways associated with protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum and the PPAR signaling has been significantly enriched in the Chlorella-supplemented group, which was further confirmed via the proteomic analysis. Overall, the findings highlight the size-dependent effects of MPs on histopathological changes, gene and protein expression in the liver of tilapia, and C. vulgaris effectively attenuated liver damages, likely through modulation of endoplasmic reticulum protein processing and PPAR signaling pathways.

Effect of ketogenic diets on lipid metabolism in adults: protocol for a systematic review

IntroductionThe ketogenic diet is a very low carbohydrate diet known for its ability to reduce weight and counteract hyperglycaemia. However, ketogenic diets recommend an increased intake of fats, raising concerns...

Stability of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and plasma glucose of healthy individuals at different storage conditions

Evaluation of the stability of serum and plasma analytes under different temperatures and time points is vital since it significantly affects the pre-analytical errors. The aim of the study was to determine the stability of serum total cholesterol and triglyceride and plasma glucose of healthy individuals under different storage conditions (25-30°C and 2-8°C) and at different time points (1-hour, 4-hour, 6-hour, and 24-hour). Venous blood samples were collected from healthy individuals aged between 20-50 years after a 12-hour fast. Plasma and serum were separated and stored at different temperatures (25-30°C and 2-8°C) and different time points (1-hour, 4-hour, 6-hour, and 24-hour). Results indicated a significant difference between the mean plasma glucose concentration at room temperature (25-30°C) and refrigerated temperature (2-8°C) at 1-hour (0.072%, p = 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in mean serum total cholesterol concentrations (p = 0.633) and mean serum triglyceride concentrations (p = 0.246) between these temperatures at 1-hour time point. Regarding time points (1-hour, 4-hour, 6-hour, and 24-hour), significant differences in plasma glucose concentrations occurred at 24-hour (10.03%, p = 0.001) at room temperature (25-30°C) and 6-hour (8.79%, p = 0.003) at refrigerated temperature (2-8°C) compared to the 1-hour reference values. Additionally, there were significant differences in serum total cholesterol concentration at 4-hour (12.55%, p = 0.000) and serum triglyceride at 24-hour (29.18%, p = 0.001) compared to the reference values obtained at 1-hour at room temperature (25-30°C). No significant differences were observed among the time points (1-hour, 4-hour, 6-hour, and 24-hour) for serum total cholesterol (p = 0.507) and serum triglyceride values (p = 0.761) at refrigerated temperature (2-8°C). Plasma glucose is unstable at both room temperature (25-30°C) and refrigeration (2-8°C), with recommended testing within 6 hours at room temperature (25-30°C) and stored in a refrigerator (2-8°C) if delayed. It is better to estimate serum total cholesterol within 1-hour of collection at room temperature (25-30°C) while serum triglyceride concentration within 6 hours at the same temperature to obtain accurate and reliable results.

Impact of Phenylketonuria on the Serum Metabolome and Plasma Lipidome: A Study in Early-Treated Patients.

Data suggest that metabolites, other than blood phenylalanine (Phe), better and independently predict clinical outcomes in patients with phenylketonuria (PKU). To find new biomarkers, we compared the results of untargeted lipidomics and metabolomics in treated adult PKU patients to those of matched controls. Samples (lipidomics in EDTA-plasma (22 PKU and 22 controls) and metabolomics in serum (35 PKU and 20 controls)) were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Data were subjected to multivariate (PCA, OPLS-DA) and univariate (Mann-Whitney U test, p < 0.05) analyses. Levels of 33 (of 20,443) lipid features and 56 (of 5885) metabolite features differed statistically between PKU patients and controls. For lipidomics, findings include higher glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, and sphingolipids species. Significantly lower values were found for sterols and glycerophospholipids species. Seven features had unknown identities. Total triglyceride content was higher. Higher Phe and Phe catabolites, tryptophan derivatives, pantothenic acid, and dipeptides were observed for metabolomics. Ornithine levels were lower. Twenty-six metabolite features were not annotated. This study provides insight into the metabolic phenotype of PKU patients. Additional studies are required to establish whether the observed changes result from PKU itself, diet, and/or an unknown reason.

Assessment of the hormesis effect and toxic damage of short-term low-dose aflatoxin B1 in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

The present study was conducted to evaluate the hormesis and toxicity of short-term low-dose aflatoxin B1 in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Triplicate isonitrogenous and isocaloric aflatoxin B1 diets—CD (control, 0 ug/kg), D1 (20 ug/kg), and D2 (500 ug/kg)—were prepared and fed to grass carp with an initial mean body weight of (15.2 ± 0.1) g for 56 days. The results showed that the weight gain rate and specific growth rate of grass carp fed diet D2 were significantly higher, and the feed coefficient and crude fat content of the whole body were significantly lower (P &amp;lt; 0.05) compared with those fed diet CD. Serum superoxide dismutase content of grass carp fed D1 diet increased significantly (P &amp;lt; 0.05) with an increasing dose of aflatoxin B1, but when the dose reached 500 ug/kg (D2), serum superoxide dismutase, complement C3, and immunoglobulin M of grass carp decreased significantly (P &amp;lt; 0.05), while malondialdehyde increased significantly (P &amp;lt; 0.05). After short-term feeding of aflatoxin B1-containing diets (D1 and D2), liver body index, visceral body index, serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and urea nitrogen content of grass carp increased significantly (P &amp;lt; 0.05), total bile acid secretion decreased significantly (P &amp;lt; 0.05), and structural damages such as increase in vacuoles, organizational structure loosening, and nucleus translocation were observed in the liver. Meanwhile, liver function indexes such as serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase increased significantly with the increase of aflatoxin B1 dose (P &amp;lt; 0.05). In addition, the height of intestinal villi, crypt depth, villus–crypt ratio, and tubular cell number, as well as the content of trypsin and lipase activities in the intestine of grass carp in the D2 group, were significantly higher than those in the CD group (P &amp;lt; 0.05). In conclusion, after a short-term intake of low doses of aflatoxin B1 (≤500 ug/kg), the toxicological damage of aflatoxin B1 was pronounced, although it produced a certain degree of hormesis on the growth performance and intestinal structure and function of grass carp. At a dose of 20 ug/kg, the non-specific immune system and liver structure and function of grass carp showed obvious toxic damage.

A Mixture of Lactobacillus HY7601 and KY1032 Regulates Energy Metabolism in Adipose Tissue and Improves Cholesterol Disposal in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Mice.

We aimed to characterize the anti-obesity and anti-atherosclerosis effects of Lactobacillus curvatus HY7601 and Lactobacillus plantarum KY1032 using high-fat diet (HFD)-fed obese C57BL/6 mice. We divided the mice into control (CON), HFD, HFD with 108 CFU/kg/day probiotics (HFD + KL, HY7301:KY1032 = 1:1), and HFD with 109 CFU/kg/day probiotics (HFD + KH, HY7301:KY1032 = 1:1) groups and fed/treated them during 7 weeks. The body mass, brown adipose tissue (BAT), inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT), and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) masses and the total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were remarkably lower in probiotic-treated groups than in the HFD group in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the expression of uncoupling protein 1 in the BAT, iWAT, and eWAT was significantly higher in probiotic-treated HFD mice than in the HFD mice, as demonstrated by immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting. We also measured the expression of cholesterol transport genes in the liver and jejunum and found that the expression of those encoding liver-X-receptor α, ATP-binding cassette transporters G5 and G8, and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase were significantly higher in the HFD + KH mice than in the HFD mice. Thus, a Lactobacillus HY7601 and KY1032 mixture with 109 CFU/kg/day concentration can assist with body weight regulation through the management of lipid metabolism and thermogenesis.

Exploring correlations: Human seminal plasma and blood serum biochemistry in relation to semen quality.

Male infertility is a pressing global issue, prompting the need for biomarkers correlating with seminal parameters for diagnosis. Our study investigated 10 biochemical and energetic parameters in the seminal plasma and blood sera of fertile (25 subjects) and infertile (88 subjects) Polish men, correlations between their levels in seminal plasma and semen quality, and correlations between blood sera and seminal plasma levels of examined parameters. Infertile men displayed elevated seminal plasma glucose and fructose but reduced HDL levels compared to fertile men. We observed also weak negative correlations between seminal plasma triglycerides and sperm concentration in both groups. Moreover, infertile men exhibited positive correlations between seminal plasma HDL/LDL concentrations and sperm concentration. Fertile men showed moderate negative correlations between glucose/triglycerides concentrations and sperm count and between seminal plasma triglycerides levels and sperm vitality. Semen volume correlated with triglycerides (negative) and fructose (positive) concentrations in infertile men. Sperm motility correlated negatively with total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides concentrations in fertile men, and weakly with AMP-activated protein kinase in infertile men. Weak negative correlations between seminal plasma fructose/AMP-activated protein kinase concentrations and sperm progressive motility were observed in infertile men, whereas in fertile men seminal plasma AMP-activated protein kinase levels were positively correlated with progressive motility. Correlation analysis between blood serum and seminal plasma parameters revealed intriguing connections, notably regarding LDL, AMP-activated protein kinase, and carnitine, suggesting systemic influences on seminal plasma composition. These findings emphasize the complex interplay between metabolic factors and sperm parameters, offering promising directions for future research in male infertility diagnostics and therapeutics.

Comparison of gut transcriptome and bacterial composition of the yellow peach moth, Conogethes punctiferalis larvae associated with host plants adaptation

The yellow peach moth, Conogethes punctiferalis, is one of the most destructive polyphagous pests to corn crops in the Huang-Huai-Hai summer corn region of China. However, little is known about the host plant adaptation mechanism of C. punctiferalis. In this study, we analyzed the performance of C. punctiferalis on two of its favorable host plants (corn and sorghum). Then, we used RNA-seq and 16S rRNA sequencing to explore the potential adaptation mechanism of C. punctiferalis on these two host plants. Results showed that C. punctiferalis gained more fresh weight on sorghum while its total lipid and triglyceride content was significantly lower than on corn. In total, 2155 genes weredifferentially expressed (DEGs) between corn and sorghum reared C. punctiferalis. Most of the DEGs were involved in nutritional biosynthesis and metabolism including amino acid biosynthesis, protein digestion and absorption, and glycolysis. Enzymatic analyses revealed that C. punctiferalis reared on corn had higher trypsin activity but lower P450 activity than that reared on sorghum. Meanwhile, C. punctiferalis reared on corn harbored more gut bacteria, while its diversity is lower than that reared on sorghum. The potential functional prediction of the gut bacteria revealed that nutritional metabolism functions were differently enriched between two host plants of C. punctiferalis. Taken together, these findings clarify the impact of host plants on the gene expression and gut bacteria in C. punctiferalis. They also suggest that the plasticity of gene expression and gut bacteria cooperatively contribute to insect host adaptation of insects.

Procyanidin B1 and Coumaric Acid from Highland Barley Alleviated High-Fat-Diet-Induced Hyperlipidemia by Regulating PPARα-Mediated Hepatic Lipid Metabolism and Gut Microbiota in Diabetic C57BL/6J Mice.

A whole-grain highland barley (WHB) diet has been recognized to exhibit the potential for alleviating hyperlipidemia, which is mainly characterized by lipids accumulation in the serum and liver. Previously, procyanidin B1 (PB) and coumaric acid (CA) from WHB were found to alleviate serum lipid accumulation in impaired glucose tolerance mice, while the effect on modulating the hepatic lipid metabolism remains unknown. In this study, the results showed the supplementation of PB and CA activated the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and the target genes of cholesterol 7-α hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (Cpt1) in the liver cells of high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced diabetic C57BL/6J mice, resulting in decreases in the serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) contents, and an increase in the high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) content. High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA indicated that supplementation with PB and CA ameliorated the gut microbiota dysbiosis, which was associated with a reduction in the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae and an increase in the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Desulfovibrio, and Akkermansia. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that these genera were closely related to obesity-related indices. In summary, the activation of PPARα expression by PB and CA from WHB was important for the alleviation of hyperlipidemia and the structural adjustment of the gut microbiota.

The Effect of Nelumbo nucifera Ethanolic Extract on Gut Microbiota in Hyperlipidemic Rats Induced by a High-Fat Diet

Objective: This study aimed to assess the effect of Nelumbo nucifera alcoholic extract (LLAE) on the intestinal microbiota in high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia. Methods: Thirty male-specific pathogen-free Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: the blank control group, the model control group, and the LLAE group. The body weight of the rats was recorded during the treatment period. The serum, liver, and intestinal content samples were collected for further analysis after sacrificing. Results: The results suggest that LLAE-treated hyperlipidemic rats showed a significant reduction in serum triglycerides, total cholesterols, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. LLAE could improve hepatocyte steatosis and ameliorate hepatocyte injury. The significant variation in gut microbial alpha diversity at multiple levels, including phylum and genus levels occurred throughout treatment in the LLAE group. The intestinal microbiota of hyperlipidemic rats were disordered, and there was a correlation between the amount of intestinal flora and the level of lipids. Conclusion: LLAE may improve hepatocyte function by changing the type and abundance value of intestinal microorganisms, reducing the content of total cholesterol, total triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and thus improving hyperlipidemia.

Lipid peroxide-regulated nanoparticles prevent the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by reducing lipid deposition and eliminating oxidative-stress

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was a pathological syndrome characterized by excessive lipid deposition in the liver. Excessive lipid in the liver produced reactive oxygen species (ROS), the occurrence of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation was accelerated, which aggravated liver function damage. Based on these, resveratrol, a natural antioxidan, was encapsulated in liposoluble interior by amphiphilic phosphatidylserine, and then self-assembled with chitosan oligosaccharide complexed with zinc ions to form Zn-Cos/Res@Ps nanoparticles. The size of the Zn-Cos/Res@Ps was about 168.57 ± 4.35 nm, and the zeta potential was about 17.45 ± 1.79 mV. Furthermore, Zn-Cos/Res@Ps could significantly inhibition of lipid deposition, decreased the contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and synergistically decreased the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in HepG2 cells. Zn-Cos/Res@Ps could also reduce the content of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), improved the liver injury and reduced the degree of liver fibrosis in mice. The Zn-Cos/Res@Ps group showed better results than the single-drug nanoparticle group. In conclusion, Zn-Cos/Res@Ps nanoparticles could effectively alleviate the disease progression by inhibiting oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, promoted fatty acid catabolism, and effectively reverse and prevent the progress of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

Comparisons of procyanidins with different low polymerization degrees on prevention of lipid metabolism in high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice

Procyanidins, which are oligomerized flavan-3-ols with a polyphenolic structure, are bioactive substances that exhibit various biological effects. However, the relationship between the degree of polymerization (DP) of procyanidins and their bioactivities remains largely unknown. In this study, the preventive effects of procyanidins with different DP (EC, PB2 and PC1) on glucose improvement and liver lipid deposition were investigated using a high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetes mouse model. The results demonstrated that all the procyanidins with different DP effectively reduced fasting blood glucose and glucose/insulin tolerance, decreased the lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol content) in serum and liver tissue as well as the liver oil red staining, indicating the improvement of glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity and hepatic lipid deposition in diabetic mice. Furthermore, the procyanidins down-regulated expression of glucose regulated 78-kDa protein (GRP78) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), indicating a regulation role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The inhibition of ER stress by tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) treatment abolished the effects of procyanidins with different DP in PA-induced HepG2 cells, confirming that procyanidins alleviate liver hyperlipidemia through the modulation of ER stress. Molecular docking results showed that EC and PB2 could better bind GRP78 and CHOP. Collectively, our study reveals that the structure of procyanidins, particularly DP, is not directly correlated with the improvement of blood glucose and lipid deposition, while highlighting the important role of ER stress in the bioactivities of procyanidins.

Dietary Effect on Peripheral and Cerebral Vascular Function in Adults with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Objective: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a recognized independent risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular dysfunction. The present study evaluated the effect of dietary interventions on peripheral and cerebral vascular function in individuals with NAFLD. Methods: We studied 30 middle-aged adults (55±9 years) with NAFLD or with elevated NAFLD risk (with prediabetes symptoms). Liver fat content was assessed via 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. NAFLD was defined as liver fat proton density fat fraction (PDFF) exceeding 5%. Participants were randomly assigned to a low-carbohydrate diet (carbohydrate intake &lt;30 g/d) or a low-calorie diet (30% calorie intake reduction). Arterial stiffness (via brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity-baPWV), carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT), endothelium-dependent vasodilation (via flow-mediated dilation-FMD), cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) in the middle cerebral artery (MCA), and blood concentrations of cardiovascular risk factors were measured before and after a two-week dietary intervention. Results: Participants with NAFLD represented 70% of the current cohort. Following the dietary interventions, participants had significant reductions in body weight (95%CI [-3.22, -1.41 kg]) and fat mass (95%CI [-1.64, -0.56 kg]), accompanied by decreased liver fat content (95%CI [-2.62, -0.79%]). These changes were only evident in the NAFLD group with no significant differences between the two dietary interventions. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as pulse pressure significantly decreased in both NAFLD and non-NAFLD groups. Total cholesterol (95%CI [-22.2, -1.5 mg/dL]) and triglyceride (95%CI [-30.4, -0.9 mg/dL]) concentrations decreased in those with NAFLD assigned to the low-carbohydrate diet. baPWV decreased (95%CI [-78.6, -12.4 cm/s]) only in individuals with NAFLD assigned to the low-calorie diet. FMD significantly increased (95%CI [0.5, 5.1%]) only in individuals with NAFLD assigned to the low-carbohydrate diet. Lower baseline liver fat content was associated with greater improvement in FMD (r=-0.60, p=0.008) in the NAFLD group. Carotid IMT and cerebrovascular parameters (e.g., pulsatility index, CVR, MCA blood flow velocity) remained unchanged in any groups. Changes in vascular function were not associated with the corresponding changes in liver fat content. Conclusion: The two-week dietary intervention involving either a low-carbohydrate or low-calorie diet elicited significant reductions in liver fat content and improvements in peripheral arterial stiffness and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in adults with NAFLD. UT Aging Initiatives. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Phyllodulcin from the hexane fraction of Hydrangea macrophylla inhibits glucose-induced lipid accumulation and reactive oxygen species generation in Caenorhabditis elegans.

We confirmed that the hexane layer of Hydrangea macrophylla leaf extract (HLH) is rich in phyllodulcin (PD), an alternative sweetener, through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. To investigate in vivo activity of HLH and its PD, acute toxicity and growth rate of Caenorhabditis elegans were tested and there are no clinical abnormalities at 125-500µg/mL of HLH. HLH decreased the total lipid and triglyceride contents dose-dependently in glucose-induced obese worms. Also, HLH increased survival rates under oxidative and thermal stress and decreased body reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents significantly. Such antioxidant properties of HLH were attributed to the enhanced activity of the antioxidant enzyme catalase. To determine whether the effect of HLH was due to PD, worms were treated with PD (concentration contained in HLH), and inhibitory effects on total lipids and ROS were observed. Our results suggest that HLH and its PD as a natural alternative sweetener can be used as materials to improve metabolic diseases.

Accumulation of Non-Pathological Liver Fat Is Associated with the Loss of Glyoxalase I Activity in Humans.

The underlying molecular mechanisms for the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and its progression to advanced liver diseases remain elusive. Glyoxalase 1 (Glo1) loss, leading to elevated methylglyoxal (MG) and dicarbonyl stress, has been implicated in various diseases, including obesity-related conditions. This study aimed to investigate changes in the glyoxalase system in individuals with non-pathological liver fat. Liver biopsies were obtained from 30 individuals with a narrow range of BMI (24.6-29.8 kg/m2). Whole-body insulin sensitivity was assessed using HOMA-IR. Liver biopsies were analyzed for total triglyceride content, Glo1 and Glo2 mRNA, protein expression, and activity. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determined liver dicarbonyl content and oxidation and glycation biomarkers. Liver Glo1 activity showed an inverse correlation with HOMA-IR and liver triglyceride content, but not BMI. Despite reduced Glo1 activity, no associations were found with elevated liver dicarbonyls or glycation markers. A sex dimorphism was observed in Glo1, with females exhibiting significantly lower liver Glo1 protein expression and activity, and higher liver MG-H1 content compared to males. This study demonstrates that increasing liver fat, even within a non-pathological range, is associated with reduced Glo1 activity.

Effects of grape seed procyanidins on the lipid metabolism of growing-finishing pigs based on transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses

This study investigated how lipid metabolism in the longissimus thoracis is influenced by the diet supplemented with grape seed procyanidins (GSPs) in growing-finishing pigs. Forty-eight crossbred pigs were randomly assigned to four groups, each receiving a basal diet, or basal diet added with 150, 200, and 250 mg/kg GSPs. Transcriptomics and metabolomics were employed to explore differential gene and metabolite regulation. The expression of key lipid metabolism-related genes was tested via qRT-PCR, and the lipid and fatty acid composition of the longissimus thoracis were determined. Dietary GSPs at different concentrations upregulated lipoprotein lipase (LPL), which is involved in lipolysis, and significantly increased the mRNA expression levels of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1B (CPT1B) and cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), implicated in transmembrane transport of fatty acids. Dietary supplementation of GSPs at 200 or 250 mg/kg markedly reduced total cholesterol and triglyceride content in longissimus thoracis. Dietary GSPs significantly decreased the contents of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and saturated fatty acids, while increasing unsaturated fatty acids. In conclusion, GSPs may regulate lipid metabolism, reducing cholesterol level, and improving fatty acid composition in the longissimus thoracis of growing-finishing pigs. Our findings provide evidence for the beneficial effects of GSPs as pig feed additives for improving lipid composition.

Exploring the effects and possible mechanisms of nutritional selenium nanoparticles on production performance and stress recovery in the Arabian yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus arabicus) model

This work examines the impacts of nutritional selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) on growth, physiological and immunological parameters, antioxidant defense capacity, gene expression, and stress response of fingerling Arabian yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus arabicus). SeNPs were added to the basal diet at different dosages of 0 (control), 0.5 (SeNPs-0.5), 1 (SeNPs-1), and 2 (SeNPs-2) mg/Kg diet. The fish with an average weight of 5 ±0.0 g were indiscriminately distributed in 12 tanks (20 fish/ tank) to represent four experimental groups in triplicate that received the diets for 60 days. The results revealed that the SeNPs-1 and SeNPs-2 diets improved growth, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio. Supplemental SeNPs enhanced the expression levels of insulin-like growth factor I, interleukin-1β, and lysozyme genes. Although supplementing SeNPs had no significant effect on superoxide dismutase activity and malondialdehyde concentration, it enhanced the catalase activity in the SeNPs-1 group and the glutathione peroxidase activity in groups supplemented with SeNPs at 0.5 and 1 mg/Kg. The immune parameters improved in fish fed with the SeNPs-1 diet. While SeNPs had no significant impact on plasma total protein, albumin, globulin, alanine aminotransferase, and triglyceride contents in different groups, the SeNPs-1 group had the highest content of plasma high-density lipoprotein and simultaneously the lowest values of cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein. The SeNPs-0.5 and SeNPs-1 diets reduced plasma aspartate aminotransferase content, and the SeNPs-2 diet increased its value. Additionally, SeNPs significantly decreased blood cortisol and lactate levels in fish challenged with acute stress by being confined at the fish density of 200 kg/m3 for 45 min. According to these data, SeNPs at 1 mg/Kg diet is recommended to enhance growth, immunity, and stress resistance in the fish under study.