Total Trans Fatty Acids Research Articles

Lipid Composition of Brazilian Chocolates and Chocolate Products with Special Emphasis on Their Fat Origin and Trans C18:1 Isomeric Profile.

The aim of this work was to provide recent fatty acid (FA) profiling of chocolates and chocolate products, principally C18:1 trans FAs (TFAs). Thirty-two samples were analyzed by gas chromatography and FAs were quantified. The total TFA content declared in chocolate labeling and the real TFA content were compared. The TFA content ranged from 0.04 to 2.51 g/100 g of sample, and it was noticed that several manufacturers were underestimating the total TFA content in their labeling. The main TFA isomers quantified were C18:1 trans-9 (0.006-0.244%), C18:1 trans-10 (0.009-0.392%), and C18:1 trans-11 (0.013-0.464%), expressed in g/100 g of sample. Principal component analysis was used to discriminate industrial fats from natural trans fats based on the isomeric TFA profile and dairy fat (DF) biomarkers allowing to group samples in four clusters: high TFA content and high DF content, high TFA content and low DF content, low TFA content and high DF content, and low TFA content and low DF content.

WITHDRAWN: The neurorehabilitation device Equistasi® can induce changes in Parkinson's Disease patients’ ankle joints kinematics and kinetics

Repetitive use of same oil for deep-frying over a prolonged time period is a common practice followed by street vendors across various developing countries. This practice usually results in generation of harmful compounds imposing serious health threats to consumers. Frying oil samples (fresh, in-use and discarded) and commonly consumed fried street foods of Kashmir were randomly collected from 16 street food vendors of srinagar town and its adjacent areas for the assessment of their quality changes during repetitive deep frying. Significant increase in total SFA (saturated fatty acids), total MUFA (monounsaturated fatty acids) and total TFA (transfatty acids) content and decrease in total PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids) was observed in in-use, discarded oil and street foods as compared to fresh oil, reflecting the higher degree of oxidative degradation on repetitive use of same oil. The extent of oxidative degradation was highly influenced by the type of food fried, with lipid-based products showing higher degradation. High free fatty acid value (FFA˃1%), peroxide value (PV˃10meq/kg), P-anisidine value (P-Av˃6), color (higher ΔE), and TOTOX (Totox value˃19.5 mEq/kg) value revealed that only 20% of the in-use frying oil and 10% food products were safe for consumption. However, TPC test, a widely used measure of oxidative degradation suggested that majority of the in-use frying oil were of acceptable quality, thus greatly underestimating oil degradation.

Dietary intake and serum levels of trans fatty acids and risk of breast cancer: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies

Although the relationship between dietary intake and serum levels of trans fatty acids and risk of breast cancer has been investigated extensively, findings are inconsistent. To summarize earlier findings on the association of dietary intake and serum levels of trans fatty acids with risk of breast cancer through a dose-response meta-analysis. The online databases of PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, Science Direct and Embase were searched for relevant publications up to June 2018, using MeSH and non-MeSH keywords. In total, 7 prospective studies [6 cohort studies and one nested case-control study] were included on total dietary trans fat intake, and five studies [1 cohort study and 4 nested case-control studies] were included about serum trans fatty acids. Assessment of study quality was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Study-specific RRs were combined via fixed-effects model to compute overall RRs. Participants were apparently healthy aged 26 years or older. We observed no significant relationship between dietary intake of total trans fatty acids and risk of breast cancer (pooled effect size: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.95-1.10, P=0.403). Combining 3 effect sizes from 2 prospective and one nested case-control study, no significant relation was seen between dietary intake of CLA and risk of breast cancer (pooled effect size: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.95-1.17, P=0.513). Based on 5 effect sizes, each additional 1g/day dietary intake of total trans fats was not significantly associated with risk of breast cancer (RR=1.00; 95% CI=0.99-1.01). In addition, it seems that serum levels of trans fats might be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer only among postmenopausal women (Pooled effect size: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.04-1.81, P=0.02). In conclusion, dietary intake of trans fatty acids was not associated with risk of breast cancer; however, a significant positive association was seen between serum trans fats and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women.

A Prospective Analysis of Red Blood Cell Trans Fatty Acid Levels and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Abstract To confirm previous reports of increased non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) risk with higher intake of dietary trans fatty acids (TFA), we conducted the first prospective study of pre-diagnosis red blood cell (RBC) TFA levels and risk of NHL and common NHL histologic subtypes (diffuse large-B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic lymphoma/small lymphocytic leukemia, other B-cell NHL, T-cell NHL). Methods: We conducted a nested case-control study in Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS) participants with archived RBC specimens and no history of cancer at sample collection (NHS: 1989–90; HPFS: 1994–5). We confirmed 583 NHL cases (332 women in NHS, 251 men in HPFS) and matched 583 controls by cohort (sex), age, race/ethnicity and blood draw date/time. We analyzed RBC TFAs using gas-liquid chromatography; individual TFA levels were expressed as a percentage of total fatty acids. We used unconditional logistic regression, adjusted for the matching factors, to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for overall NHL risk per 1 standard deviation (SD) unit increase in TFA level. We fitted multivariate polytomous logistic regression models to assess associations for the specific subtypes listed above. Results: Total and individual RBC TFAs were not associated with overall NHL risk or risk of most histologic subtypes. However, we observed a positive association of total RBC TFA with DLBCL risk (n = 86 cases; OR [95% CI] per 1 SD: 1.29 [1.02, 1.64]), driven primarily by 18:1 TFAs (1.35 [1.07, 1.72]). Among 18:1 TFA isomers, we found a positive association for trans 18:1 n-9 (elaidic acid; 1.33 [1.05, 1.68]) but not for other isomers. Conclusions: We observed significant positive associations for RBC TFA levels with DLBCL risk. These findings are consistent with published studies of self-reported TFA intake; further, previous studies have shown that TFA levels – particularly trans 18:1n-9, which is industrially-derived – are positively correlated with biomarkers of inflammation and immune activation, supporting the biologic plausibility of our findings. Food industry and public health measures to diminish TFA intake may help to reduce risk of NHL, and particularly of DLBCL.

Association between plasma concentrations of elaidic acid, a major trans fatty acid, and depression in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults

BackgroundPrevious studies on health effects of trans fatty acids (TFA) have focused mainly on cardiovascular health. Little is known about the association of TFA with brain or mental health. In this study, we examined the associations of objectively-measured plasma TFA concentrations with depression in a large population-based cross-sectional study among U.S. adults. MethodsWe included 2136 non-pregnant participants aged 20 years or older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2010. Four major TFAs, including palmitelaidic acid (C16:1n-7t), elaidic acid (C18:1n-9t), vaccenic acid (C18:1n-7t), and linoelaidic acid (C18:2n-6t, 9t), were measured in fasting plasma using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the validated Patient Health Questionnaire-9. ResultsParticipants with depressive symptoms had a higher plasma concentration of total TFA compared with those without depressive symptoms (6.6 vs 6.0 μmol/g lipids, P = 0.046). After adjustment for other major risk factors, the odds ratio (OR) of depressive symptoms comparing the highest with lowest tertile of TFAs was 1.44 (95% CI, 0.86–2.39) for total TFAs (P for trend 0.15). For each individual type of TFA, the corresponding OR was 1.78 (1.03–3.07) for elaidic acid (P for trend 0.049), 1.23 (0.76–2.00) for linoelaidic acid (P for trend 0.37), 1.19 (0.75–1.87) for palmitelaidic acid (P for trend 0.46), and 1.20 (0.75–1.94) for vaccenic acid (P for trend 0.43). LimitationsThe cross-sectional study design limited causal inferences of the findings. ConclusionsIn a nationally representative population, plasma elaidic acid, a major trans fatty acid, was positively associated with depressive symptoms in adults. A positive but non-significant association of depressive symptoms was observed for total TFAs, linolelaidic acid, palmitelaidic acid, and vaccenic acid.

Dietary calcium affects body composition and lipid metabolism in rats.

Calcium (Ca) intakes may affect cardiovascular disease risk by altering body composition (body weight and fat) and serum lipid profile, but results have been inconsistent and the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. The effects of dietary Ca on body composition and lipid metabolism were examined in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed high-fat, high-energy diets containing (g/kg) low (0.75Ca, 0.86 ± 0.05; 2Ca, 2.26 ± 0.02), normal (5Ca, 5.55 ± 0.08) or high (10Ca, 11.03 ± 0.17; 20Ca, 21.79 ± 0.15) Ca for 10 weeks. Rats fed the lowest Ca diet (0.75Ca) had lower (p < 0.05) body weight and fat mass compared to other groups. Rats fed the high Ca diets had lower serum total and LDL cholesterol compared to rats fed normal or low Ca. Liver total cholesterol was lower in rats fed high compared to low Ca. In general, liver mRNA expression of genes involved in cholesterol uptake from the circulation (Ldlr), cholesterol synthesis (Hmgcr and Hmgcs1), fatty acid oxidation (Cpt2) and cholesterol esterification (Acat2) were higher in rats fed higher Ca. Apparent digestibility of total trans, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids was lower in rats fed the high compared to the low Ca diets, with the largest effects seen on trans and saturated fatty acids. Fecal excretion of cholesterol and total bile acids was highest in rats fed the highest Ca diet (20Ca). The results suggest little effect of dietary Ca on body composition unless Ca intakes are very low. Decreased bile acid reabsorption and reduced absorption of neutral sterols and saturated and trans fatty acids may contribute to the better serum lipid profile in rats fed higher Ca.

Effects of starch-rich or lipid-supplemented diets that induce milk fat depression on rumen biohydrogenation of fatty acids and methanogenesis in lactating dairy cows

Optimizing milk production efficiency implies diets allowing low methane (CH4) emissions and high dairy performance. We hypothesize that nature of energy (starch v. lipids) and lipid supplement types (monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) v. polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) mitigate CH4 emissions and can induce low milk fat content via different pathways. The main objective of this experiment was to study the effects of starch-rich or lipid-supplemented diets that induce milk fat depression (MFD) on rumen biohydrogenation (RBH) of unsaturated fatty acids (FA) and enteric CH4 emissions in dairy cows. Four multiparous lactating Holstein cows (days in milk=61±11 days) were used in a 4×4 Latin square design with four periods of 28 days. Four dietary treatments, three of which are likely to induce MFD, were based (dry matter basis) on 56% maize silage, 4% hay and 40% concentrates rich in: (1) saturated fatty acid (SFA) from Ca salts of palm oil (PALM); (2) starch from maize grain and wheat (MFD-Starch); (3) MUFA (cis-9 C18:1) from extruded rapeseeds (MFD-RS); and (4) PUFA (C18:2n-6) from extruded sunflower seeds (MFD-SF). Intake and milk production were measured daily. Milk composition and FA profile, CH4 emissions and total-tract digestibility were measured simultaneously when animals were in open-circuit respiration chambers. Fermentation parameters were analysed from rumen fluid samples taken before feeding. Dry matter intake, milk production, fat and protein contents, and CH4 emissions were similar among the four diets. We observed a higher milk SFA concentration with PALM and MFD-Starch, and lower milk MUFA and trans-10 C18:1 concentrations in comparison to MFD-RS and MFD-SF diets, while trans-11 C18:1 remained unchanged among diets. Milk total trans FA concentration was greater for MFD-SF than for PALM and MFD-Starch, with the value for MFD-RS being intermediate. Milk C18:3n-3 content was higher for MFD-RS than MFD-SF. The MFD seems more severe with MFD-SF and MFD-RS than PALM and MFD-Starch diets, because of a decrease in milk SFA concentration and a stronger shift from trans-11 C18:1 to trans-10 C18:1 in milk. The MFD-SF diet increased milk trans FA (+60%), trans-10 C18:1 (+31%), trans-10,cis-12 CLA (+27%) and PUFA (+36%) concentrations more than MFD-RS, which explains the numerically lowest milk fat yield and indicates that RBH pathways of PUFA differ between these two diets. Maize silage-based diets rich in starch or different unsaturated FA induced MFD with changes in milk FA profiles, but did not modify CH4 emissions.

Substantial Increase in Compliance with Saturated Fatty Acid Intake Recommendations after One Year Following the American Heart Association Diet.

The American Heart Association (AHA) dietary guidelines recommend 30–35% of energy intake (%E) be from total fat, <7%E from saturated fatty acids (SFA), and <1%E from trans fatty acid (TFA). This study evaluates the effect of AHA dietary counselling on fat intake. Between 2009 and 2014, 119 obese adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS), (71% women, average 52.5 years of age, and 34.9 kg/m2 of body mass index), received individual and group counselling on the AHA diet, over a one-year study period. Each participant attended 2 individual sessions (months 1 and 12) and 12 group sessions, at one-month intervals. At baseline and one-year, we collected three random 24-h diet recalls (two weekdays and one weekend day). Fat intake patterns over time were analyzed using paired-t test and linear mixed-effect models. There was significant variation on SFA and TFA intake per meal, being highest at dinner, in restaurants, and on weekends. Over the one-year study period, daily intake of total fat, SFA, and TFA decreased by 27%, 37% and 41%, respectively (p-value < 0.01, each). Correspondingly, the percentage of participants complying with AHA’s recommendations, increased from 25.2% to 40.2% for total fat (p-value = 0.02); from 2.5% to 20.7% for SFA (p-value < 0.01); and from 45.4% to 62% for TFA (p-value = 0.02). Additionally, SFA intake for all meal types at home decreased significantly (p-value < 0.05, each). AHA dietary counselling significantly increased the compliance with AHA dietary guidelines, with an eightfold increase in compliance in SFA intake. Nonetheless, ~80% of our participants still exceeded the recommended SFA intake. Substantial efforts are needed to encourage low-SFA and low-TFA food preparation at home, with strong public health policies to decrease SFA and TFA in restaurants and prepared foods.

Dietary Trans Fatty Acid Intake in Relation to Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review

Background: A western-type diet is probably the key modifiable risk factor toward cancer. Ultra-processed foods may contain trans fatty acids produced during partial oil hydrogenation. Aim: Harmful cardiovascular effects of trans fatty acids are already proven, but the link with cancer risk has not been summarized yet. Methods: The online electronic databases PubMed (n=375 articles) and Embase (n=122 articles) were used to find observational studies on the intake of trans fatty acids as predictor of neoplasms. The full-text of 78 articles was read by two independent researchers, after a first elimination based on abstract, and eventually 24 articles were included in this review. Results: In total, 7 cancer types have been researched in cohort and case-control studies investigating associations between trans fatty acid intakes and cancer risk: breast cancer (n=6), colorectal cancer (n=9), mouth/pharynx/esophagus cancer (n=3), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL, n=4), ovarian cancer (n=5), pancreatic cancer (n=3) and prostate cancer (n=6). Concerning total trans fatty acid intake, the studies on NHL and oral/pharynx/esophagus cancer univocally showed a positive association, while the ones on pancreatic cancer showed no significant association and the other cancers had contradictory results. Some studied subtypes of trans fatty acids: C16:1 and C18:2 but not C18:1 were related to breast cancer; C16:1 but not C18:1 or C18:2 were related to pancreatic cancer; while results for colorectal and prostate cancer were contradictory. For C18:1, even the place of the double bound can change the relation with prostate cancer. Vulnerability factors were genetics (for prostate cancer), ethnicity (Caucasian more at risk for prostate or colorectal cancer), menopause (for breast cancer), high age (for colon and prostate cancer) and high BMI (for colon cancer). Conclusion: This systematic review suggests potential harmful effects of high consumptions of trans fatty acids through increased cancer risks, with most evidence available for NHL and oral/pharynx/esophagus cancer. Underlying pathways are not fully known, but chronic inflammation and oxidative stress possibly play a role. Future studies investigating associations between trans fat intakes and cancer risk should apply higher methodological quality (eg adjusting for confounders and using biomarkers of intake). For targeted prevention strategies, studies should examine which trans fatty acid subtypes are more carcinogenic and what populations are at highest risk.

Trans fatty acids in margarines and shortenings in the food supply in Slovenia

Trans fatty acid (TFA) content in foods is not regulated in most European countries. Fatty acid (FA) composition, total TFA levels, and TFA isomers were determined for 43 margarines available on the Slovenian market and 33 samples of shortenings used by food manufacturers. In most margarines, the TFA content (as a percentage of total FA) was low (0.1–0.8%), although two different margarines contained 3.1% and 6.4% TFA, respectively. In shortenings, a wider variation in TFA content (from 0.1% to 11.2%) was observed. In samples with high total TFA, trans-C18:1 was present in higher quantities than trans-C18:2 and trans-C18:3. In almost all samples, the predominant TFA isomers were elaidic acid (t9-C18:1) and t10-C18:1, followed by t11-C18:1 and (t6-t8)-C18:1. Isomers t12-C18:1 and (t13-t14)-C18:1 were also detected. Among trans-C18:2 isomers the t/c-C18:2 predominated over c/t-C18:2 and t/t-C18:2. Above 2% TFA was only found in samples labelled to contain partially hydrogenated fats. Results show a high variability in the FA composition of hard vegetable fats in the food supply, and indicate that more efficient regulation and control on the market are needed to minimize the exposure of the population to TFAs.

Cellulose acetate and adsorbents supported on cellulose fiber extracted from waxy corn husks for improving shelf life of frying oil

The efficacy of cellulose paper consolidated with cellulose acetate and mixed adsorbents (bentonite: activated clay: celite = 37.5: 50: 12.5 g with 1 g citric acid/100 g mixed adsorbents) on the physico-chemical properties of oil was evaluated during deep-fat frying of chicken nuggets for 7 days. Cellulose fiber and cellulose acetate were produced from waxy corn husks. Using adsorbents supported on cellulose fiber with or without cellulose acetate resulted in lower poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), trans-fatty acid, free fatty acid (FFA), peroxide value (PV), and total polar materials (TPMs) compared with results from commercial filter paper (control). The L*, a*, and b* changes of treated oils were better than in control. Limiting the polarity in cellulose acetate might influence TPMs reduction but was more effective in overall quality improvement. The PUFAs, total trans-fatty acid, FFA, PV, and TPMs decreased by 1.8, 7.4, 37.0, 133.3, and 20.5%, respectively when compared with control. Therefore, the use of cellulose paper and cellulose acetate obtained from corn husks was found to significantly lengthen the life cycle of frying oil.

Nutritive value and trans fatty acid content of fast foods in Qena city, Egypt

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the nutrient composition and cholesterol content of most popular fast foods sold in Qena city, Egypt with reference to their trans fatty acids contents.Design/methodology/approachTotal 80 samples of fast foods were collected from various fast food restaurants in Qena city, Egypt. The samples were investigated for their nutritive quality by measuring moisture, protein, fat, ash, carbohydrate and energy content as described by the association of analytical chemists. The cholesterol content was determined using a spectrophotometer, while trans fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography using standard methods.FindingsThe study revealed a wide variation in the composition and nutritive value. On a fresh weight basis, moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrate and ash ranged from 45.9-55.0 (P < 0.001), 15.0-22.3 (P < 0.001), 13.1-15.7 (P = 0.034), 6.0-16.2 (P < 0.001) and 2.2-3.5 (P < 0.001), %w/w, respectively. The fast foods were very energy dense with calorie content varying from 236.5-281.1 (P < 0.001), Kcal/100 g. The mean values of cholesterol were between 15-17 mg/100 g (P = 0.398). The findings showed that fast foods had high total trans fatty acids content exceeding the Danish legal limit of 2 g/100 g of fat being in the range of 3.5 to 11.3 g per 100 g fat (P = 0.379). Elaidic acid is the predominant trans-isomer in industrially produced trans fatty acids. The concentrations of elaidic acid were high in all samples examined (P = 0.942).Originality/valueThis study has established the fact that fast foods are associated with high total energy intake, high intake of fat, trans fat and a higher proportion of calories being derived from total fat and trans-fat. Therefore, it is recommended to limit the intake of fast food.

Association between plasma trans-fatty acid concentrations and diabetes in a nationally representative sample of US adults.

A diet high in trans-fatty acids (TFA) induces insulin resistance in rodent models and primates. However, previous epidemiological studies on the association between TFAs, based primarily on self-reported intake from the diet, and diabetes in humans have yielded conflicting results. Herein we examined the associations of objectively measured plasma TFA concentrations with diabetes in a large population-based study among US adults. We included 3801 participants aged ≥20 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2000 and 2009-10. Four major TFAs, namely palmitelaidic acid (C16:1 n-7t), elaidic acid (C18:1 n-9t), vaccenic acid (C18:1 n-7t), and linolelaidic acid (C18:2 n-6t, 9t), were measured in fasting plasma using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Diabetes was defined by self-reported physician diagnosis, plasma fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. After adjustment for other major risk factors, the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of diabetes comparing the highest with lowest quintile of plasma TFAs was 2.19 (1.27-3.79) for total TFAs (Ptrend = 0.01), 2.34 (1.48-3.72) for elaidic acid (Ptrend = 0.0004), 1.33 (0.82-2.15) for linolelaidic acid (Ptrend = 0.18), 1.58 (0.97-2.58) for palmitelaidic acid (Ptrend = 0.02), and 1.64 (0.95-2.84) for vaccenic acid (Ptrend = 0.08). In addition, total TFAs, elaidic acid, palmitelaidic acid, and vaccenic acid were significantly associated with fasting glucose, fasting insulin, the insulin resistance index, and HbA1c. In a nationally representative population, plasma TFAs, in particular elaidic acid, were positively associated with diabetes and biomarkers of glucose metabolism.

Modification of Erythrocyte Membrane Fatty Acid Contents After Kidney Transplantation: A Prospective Study

BackgroundModifications of erythrocyte membrane fatty acid (FA) contents may affect cellular function or transmembrane receptors. One cross-sectional study has shown that kidney transplant (KTP) recipients have lower erythrocyte membrane oleic acid content than dialysis patients do. Therefore, we prospectively tested whether erythrocyte membrane contents of FA including oleic acid change after KTP. MethodsWe recruited 23 KTP recipients (September 2011 through May 2014). Blood samples were obtained immediately before KTP and 6 months after. Erythrocyte membrane FA contents were measured by gas chromatography. ResultsMean age of the enrolled KTP recipients was 45.3 ± 10.9 years, and men represented 66.7% of the cases. ABO-incompatible KTPs constituted 14.3% and cadaver donors 42.9% of the cases. Steroids, mycophenolate mofetil, and tacrolimus were used as immunosuppressive treatment. There was no significant difference in dietary consumption between time points before and 6 months after KTP. Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly higher at 6 months after KTP as compared with baseline. Erythrocyte membrane contents of polyunsaturated FA, ω-3 FA, ω-6 FA, and the ω-3 index were significantly higher, but erythrocyte membrane contents of total saturated FAs, total monounsaturated FAs, including oleic acid, total trans-FA, palmitoleic acid, and the ω-6-to-ω-3 ratio were significantly lower at 6 months after KTP. ConclusionsErythrocyte membrane FA contents significantly changed toward a more favorable cardiovascular profile after KTP. These changes in erythrocyte membrane FA contents may be related to improved renal function because of the absence of significant dietary changes.

Inclusion of brown midrib dwarf pearl millet silage in the diet of lactating dairy cows

Brown midrib brachytic dwarf pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) forage harvested at the flag leaf visible stage and subsequently ensiled was investigated as a partial replacement of corn silage in the diet of high-producing dairy cows. Seventeen lactating Holstein cows were fed 2 diets in a crossover design experiment with 2 periods of 28 d each. Both diets had forage:concentrate ratios of 60:40. The control diet (CSD) was based on corn silage and alfalfa haylage, and in the treatment diet, 20% of the corn silage dry matter (corresponding to 10% of the dietary dry matter) was replaced with pearl millet silage (PMD). The effects of partial substitution of corn silage with pearl millet silage on dry matter intake, milk yield, milk components, fatty acid profile, apparent total-tract digestibility of nutrients, N utilization, and enteric methane emissions were analyzed. The pearl millet silage was higher in crude protein and neutral detergent fiber and lower in lignin and starch than the corn silage. Diet did not affect dry matter intake or energy-corrected milk yield, which averaged 46.7 ± 1.92 kg/d. The PMD treatment tended to increase milk fat concentration, had no effect on milk fat yield, and increased milk urea N. Concentrations and yields of milk protein and lactose were not affected by diet. Apparent total-tract digestibility of dry matter decreased from 66.5% in CSD to 64.5% in PMD. Similarly, organic matter and crude protein digestibility was decreased by PMD, whereas neutral- and acid-detergent fiber digestibility was increased. Total milk trans fatty acid concentration was decreased by PMD, with a particular decrease in trans-10 18:1. Urinary urea and fecal N excretion increased with PMD compared with CSD. Milk N efficiency decreased with PMD. Carbon dioxide emission was not different between the diets, but PMD increased enteric methane emission from 396 to 454 g/d and increased methane yield and intensity. Substituting corn silage with brown midrib dwarf pearl millet silage at 10% of the diet dry matter supported high milk production in dairy cows. When planning on farm forage production strategies, brown midrib dwarf pearl millet should be considered as a viable fiber source.

Comprehensive genetic study of fatty acids helps explain the role of noncoding inflammatory bowel disease associated SNPs and fatty acid metabolism in disease pathogenesis

Fatty acids and their derivatives play an important role in inflammation. Diet and genetics influence fatty acid profiles. Abnormalities of fatty acid profiles have been observed in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), a group of complex diseases defined by chronic gastrointestinal inflammation. IBD associated fatty acid profile abnormalities were observed independently of nutritional status or disease activity, suggesting a common genetic background. However, no study so far has attempted to look for overlap between IBD loci and fatty acid associated loci or investigate the genetics of fatty acid profiles in IBD. To this end, we conducted a comprehensive genetic study of fatty acid profiles in IBD using iCHIP, a custom microarray platform designed for deep sequencing of immune-mediated disease associated loci. This study identifies 10 loci associated with fatty acid profiles in IBD. The most significant associations were a locus near CBS (p = 7.62 × 10−8) and a locus in LRRK2 (p = 1.4 × 10−7). Of note, this study replicates the FADS gene cluster locus, previously associated with both fatty acid profiles and IBD pathogenesis. Furthermore, we identify 18 carbon chain trans-fatty acids (p = 1.12 × 10−3), total trans-fatty acids (p = 4.49 × 10−3), palmitic acid (p = 5.85 × 10−3) and arachidonic acid (p = 8.58 × 10−3) as significantly associated with IBD pathogenesis.

Quantitation of trans-fatty acids in human blood via isotope dilution-gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry

Trans-fatty acids (TFA) are geometric isomers of naturally occurring cis-fatty acids. High dietary TFA intake has been associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease. However, little is known about TFA levels in humans. To address this data need, we developed and validated a new isotope dilution-gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (ID-GC-NCI-MS) method for quantitation of 27 fatty acids (FA) including 4 major TFA in human plasma, serum, and red blood cells (RBC) from 66 donors. Quantitation was performed with 18 isotope labeled internal standards and results are presented in μM and % of total FA. This method has high sensitivity and specificity due to use of pentafluorobenzyl-bromide derivatization combined with NCI-MS and a 200m column to optimize positional and geometric FA isomer separation. The four major TFA, palmitelaidic acid, elaidic acid, trans-vaccenic acid, and linoelaidic acid, were detected in all samples, with median total TFA concentrations of 17.7μM in plasma, 19.6μM in serum, and 21.5μM in RBC. The % of total FA for the TFA was 0.20% in plasma, 0.20% in serum, and 0.30% in RBC. Patterns for % FA are similar to those reported in other studies. We developed a highly specific, ID-GC-NCI-MS method to quantitate TFA and other FA in humans.

Erythrocyte membrane fatty acid profile & serum cytokine levels in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Background & objectives:Fatty acids may affect the expression of genes, and this process is influenced by sex hormones. Cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), so this study was aimed to assess the association of erythrocyte membrane fatty acids with three cytokines and markers of hepatic injury in NAFLD patients and to explore whether these associations were the same in both sexes.Methods:In this cross-sectional study, 62 consecutive patients (32 men and 30 women) with NAFLD during the study period. Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were measured in a fasting serum sample, and Fibroscan was conducted for each individual. Gas chromatography was used to measure erythrocyte membrane fatty acids. Univariate and multiple linear regressions were used to analyze data.Results:In men, IL-6 had a significant (P <0.05) positive association with total ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In women, TNF-α had a significant positive association with total ω-3 (P <0.05) and ω-6 (P <0.01) PUFAs, IL-6 had a significant (P <0.05) positive association with total monounsaturated fatty acids and MCP-1 had a significant positive association with total trans-fatty acids (P <0.05). No significant associations were observed between erythrocyte membrane fatty acids and liver enzymes or Fibroscan report in both sexes. In this study, women were significantly older than men [51 (42.75-55) vs 35.5 (29-52), P <0.01], so the associations were adjusted for age and other confounders.Interpretation & conclusions:Erythrocyte membrane fatty acid profile was not associated with serum liver enzymes or Fibroscan reports in NAFLD patients, but it had significant associations with serum TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1 and these associations were probably sex dependent.

Effects of Prosopis laevigata pods on carcass characteristics, non-carcass components, meat quality, fatty acid profile and sensory attributes

It was hypothesized that feeding mesquite pods to male Rambouillet lambs would have no negative effects on carcass characteristics, meat chemical composition and fatty acid composition of Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL). Twenty-one male lambs (2.5 months old and 21 ± 1.44 kg bodyweight) were randomly assigned to one of three experimental diets, two of which replaced maize grain and stover with mesquite pods ( Prosopis laevigata ) (PL): 0 g PL/kg feed (PL0), 250 g PL/kg feed (PL250) and 500 g PL/kg feed (dry matter basis). The feeding trial lasted 72 days. Carcass traits, chemical composition, fatty acid profile, and sensory characteristics of meat were measured. Carcass linear dimensions, non-carcass components, digestive tract and offal, compression value, and chemical composition of meat were similar in all treatments. Dietary inclusion of PL decreased carcass shrinkage loss. Lambs fed PL500 had better muscle conformation and degree of fat. Meat produced by PL-fed lambs was well accepted by panellists who judged meat appearance, colour, flavour, juiciness, toughness, and stringiness. In lambs fed PL0, the LTL muscle was lighter and yellower than that of animals fed PL250 and PL500 diets. Fatty acid composition was altered. The PL0 diet resulted in lower percentages of total trans fatty acids (TFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) and higher percentages of most unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) n-6 compared with PL250 and PL500 diets. Mesquite diets of up to 500 g/kg dry matter (DM) for growing lambs improved carcass quality and nutritional parameters of the meat. Keywords : Mesquite, muscle conformation, rumen content

Using the method of triads in the validation of a food frequency questionnaire to assess the consumption of fatty acids in adults.

It is of great value to develop valid instruments to estimate food consumption; for this purpose, the triads method has been applied in validation studies of dietary intake to evaluate the correlation between three measurements [food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), reference method and biomarker]. The main aim of the present study was to validate a FFQ for Brazilian adults by means of the method of triads by estimating the ingestion of total fatty acids based on the level of saturation. The present study enrolled 152 Brazilian adults of both sexes, who were residents in the city of Viçosa, Brazil. The ingestion of total saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, trans, linoleic and linolenic fatty acids was assessed by means of a FFQ, two food records, and biomarkers, which were detected by gas chromatography. The validation coefficients were calculated using the method of triads and concordance was determined by Kappa statistics. The FFQ was considered an adequate dietary method, because, based on the validation coefficients, it estimates the intake of total fat (0.84), as well as linolenic (0.90) and linoleic acids (0.31). A high concordance rate was confirmed for all nutrients assessed by the FFQ and food records. Regarding the biomarkers, linolenic acid and linoleic acid presented greater concordance. According to the validation coefficients, the FFQ precisely estimated total fat, linolenic acid and linoleic acid contents.