Total Thiamine Research Articles

Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometric Method and a Fluorometric 96 Well Plate Assay for Determination of Thiamine in Salmonid Eggs.

Thiamine deficiency is a large contributor to reduced reproduction success among salmonids throughout the northern hemisphere. In Scandinavia, this reproduction disorder is known as M74; while in North America, it is known as early mortality syndrome (EMS). The disorder fluctuates in magnitude from year to year. During years with high prevalence of the disorder, salmonid hatcheries that stock various aquatic systems to maintain the population size experience difficulties filling their quotas without thiamine treatment of alevins. The disorder is monitored both by observing the survival rate and by measuring the thiamine content of prefertilized eggs in the hatcheries. Here, a simple extraction procedure is presented, which allows for quantitative determination of the various phosphorylated forms of thiamine using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry but also allows for extraction in 96 deep-well plates and measurement of the total thiamine content using fluorescence monitoring with a plate reader, following oxidation of thiamine to thiochrome. The latter procedure could also be integrated into a highly portal system where the thiochrome is determined using the DeNovix QFX analyzer. The newly developed extraction procedure and cleanup method for fluorescence measurement represent the most versatile and simple methods to date for monitoring of thiamine in salmonid eggs. The methods produced accurate and precise data with quantification limits below the limit where the deficiency causes 100% lethality.

Thiamine status and genes encoding intestinal thiamine transporters and transcription factors in obese subjects

Background and aimsThe inconsistent data on thiamine status in obese subjects necessitates an examination of genes associated with intestinal absorption of thiamine. We aimed to reveal thiamine status in obese subjects and examine the expression of SLC19A2/3 genes encoding thiamine transporters and Sp1 transcription factor. Methods and resultsThirty-five adult obese subjects and 11 healthy controls were included in this cross-sectional study. Small intestine epithelial cells were used for quantitative RT-PCR analysis of the gene expression. The daily thiamine and energy intake were assessed with a food frequency questionnaire. Thiamine phosphate esters were hydrolyzed to free thiamine, and liquid chromatography with a tandem mass spectrometry-based method was used to measure total thiamine in whole blood. Daily energy intake according to body weight and daily carbohydrate intake were not significantly different between groups after adjustment for sex. Although daily thiamine intake was significantly lower in the obesity group (p = 0.015), obese subjects had significantly higher whole blood thiamine levels than controls (44.96 ± 14.6 ng/mL and 33.05 ± 8.6 ng/mL, p = 0.002). There was a significant positive correlation between whole blood thiamine and BMI (r = 0.342, p = 0.020). SLC19A2 gene expression was lower in those with BMI ≥35 kg/m2 (p = 0.036). A significant positive correlation was found between SLC19A2 expression and whole blood thiamine level (r = 0.310, p = 0.038). ConclusionA possible association between intestinal thiamine intake and total thiamine in whole blood was determined. The transcriptional changes of genes encoding the high-affinity membrane thiamine transporters, especially SLC19A2, probably play a role in this relationship.

Endophytic Bacteria Induce Thiamine (Vitamin B1) Production in Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis).

Thiamine or vitamin B1 is a micronutrient that has a crucial function in all living organisms and involved in several biochemical reactions. Concerning the capability of thiamine in inducing plant health, a study was carried out by applying bacterial endophytes (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia cultures) in four-month-old oil palm seedlings (Elaeis guineensis) via soil drenching technique to evaluate the effect towards thiamine. Spear leaves were sampled day 0 to 14 to analyse the expression of gene coding for the first two enzymes thiamine biosynthesis pathway, THI4 and THIC via qPCR analysis. The gene expression by qPCR showed a significant increase of up to 3-fold while high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis for quantification of thiamine and its derivatives accumulated ~ 20-fold in total thiamine when compared to control seedlings. However, concentration of thiamine metabolites was negatively correlated with the expression of THIC and THI4 gene transcripts suggesting post-transcriptional regulation mediated by an RNA regulatory element, a thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) riboswitch. Our findings demonstrated that the application of bacterial endophytes affected thiamine biosynthesis and enhanced overall thiamine content. This might increase the plant's resistance towards stress and would be useful in oil palm maintenance for maximum yield production.

Association between diabetes and thiamine status - A systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundThiamine (vitamin B1) is an essential cofactor in glucose metabolism, but it remains unclear whether thiamine status is lower in individuals with diabetes compared to individuals with normal glucose metabolism. AimsWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to study whether the circulating concentrations of various thiamine analytes differ between people with and those without diabetes. MethodsPubMed and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched according to the study protocol. The standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) of thiamine markers between individuals with and without diabetes were used as effect size (random effects model). Subgroup analysis considered albuminuria as an additional variable. ResultsOut of the 459 articles identified, 24 full-texts were eligible for the study, 20 of which qualified for the data analysis and four were evaluated for coherence. Compared to controls, individuals with diabetes showed lower concentrations of thiamine (pooled estimate SMD [95 % CI]: −0.97 [−1.89, −0.06]), thiamine monophosphate (−1.16 [−1.82, −0.50]), and total thiamine compounds (−1.01 [−1.48, −0.54]). Thiamine diphosphate (−0.72 [−1.54, 0.11] and erythrocyte transketolase activity (−0.42 [−0.90, 0.05]) tended to be lower in persons with diabetes than in controls without reaching statistical significance. Subgroup analysis showed that individuals with diabetes and albuminuria had lower thiamine levels than the controls (−2.68 [−5.34, −0.02]). ConclusionsDiabetes is associated with lower levels of various thiamine markers, suggesting that individuals with diabetes may have higher thiamine requirements than those without diabetes, but well-designed studies are required to confirm these findings.

Lipid-related thiamine deficiency cause mortality of river lampreys (Lampetra fluviatilis) during pre-spawning fasting

River lampreys (Lampetra fluviatilis) were caught in the fall 2014 on entering the River Perhonjoki for spawning and kept at a hatchery until spawning in late spring 2015 to produce larvae for compensatory stockings. Since the lampreys died massively from early February onwards, they were investigated in March and May to clarify the cause of the deaths. The symptoms in lampreys resembled those of lipid-related thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency of salmonines, called the M74 syndrome in the Baltic Sea area. Because the lipid content of lampreys was known to be high, thiamine concentrations were analyzed in the liver and ovulated unfertilized eggs, and the mass, length, and whole-body lipid content were also measured. The hepatic total thiamine (TotTh) concentration was significantly negatively correlated with the body lipid content and fatness index (mass to length ratio) in both females and males. In females, the hepatic TotTh concentration was less than half that in males, and the most moribund lampreys were the largest and fattiest females. Females that survived until artificial stripping of the eggs were smaller, and their hepatic thiamine concentration was higher, and the fatness index lower, than in females in March. The concentration of free thiamine in the eggs had a stronger positive correlation with the hepatic TotTh concentration than the phosphorylated thiamine derivatives and was also significantly and negatively correlated with the fatness index and mass. It was concluded that increased lipid peroxidation due to the mobilization of polyunsaturated fatty acids from lipids in exogenous vitellogenesis consumed thiamine as an antioxidant during pre-spawning fasting—especially in the fattiest females—and thus caused their death. It is suggested that to ensure compensatory stockings, the largest lampreys could be thiamine-injected at the hatchery to improve their survival until stripping of the eggs and to improve the eggs’ thiamine status.

Maternal Blood, Egg and Larval Thiamin Levels Correlate with Larval Survival in Landlocked Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

A link was previously established between the Cayuga syndrome, a condition causing 100% mortality in larval landlocked Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, in several of New York’s Finger Lakes, and a maternal diet of alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus, a non-native thiaminase-rich Clupeid fish. We evaluated salmon larvae viability relative to maternal thiamin status, and investigated the putative link of the Cayuga syndrome to an alewife diet in fish from the geographic regions outside the Finger Lakes/lower Great Lakes watersheds. We identified Cayuga syndrome in Atlantic salmon from Otsego Lake in the Susquehanna River watershed and from Green Pond in New York’s Adirondack Mountains. In both systems alewife represent the major component of the diet for the salmon. Thiamin levels in the maternal blood of Otsego salmon with syndrome-negative progeny were three- to four-fold greater than those Otsego females whose progeny exhibited 100% mortality. Thiamin levels in eggs and larvae were directly related to thiamin levels in maternal blood in both syndrome-positive and syndrome-negative stocks. Thiamin bath treatments of syndrome-afflicted larvae eliminated mortality regardless of their lake stock of origin. Maternal blood levels of approximately 0.31 nmol thiamin pyrophosphate/g or 0.44 nmol total thiamin/g appear necessary to achieve egg threshold levels of approximately 0.8 and 1.1 nmol/g unphosphorylated and total thiamin, respectively; these egg thiamin levels should prevent significant syndrome-related mortality in landlocked Atlantic salmon larvae. These results confirm the role of thiamin in the etiology of the Cayuga syndrome and support the dietary link of this naturally occurring thiamin deficiency to the thiaminase-rich alewife.

Maternal Liver and Egg Thiamine Concentrations in Walleye from Lake Oahe, South Dakota

Thiamine, vitamin B1, cannot be synthesized by fish. Therefore, developing embryos are reliant on thiamine stores deposited during oogenesis. Thiaminase, which breaks down thiamine in predatory fish, has been suggested as the probable reason for the poor reproductive success in salmonids. Similarly, walleye Sander vitreus reproduction may also be hampered by thiaminase-containing diets. This study documented maternal liver and egg thiamine concentrations of walleye populations from the Cheyenne, Moreau, and Grand rivers of Lake Oahe, South Dakota, USA in 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2004. Thiamine concentrations were generally lowest in the eggs from the Cheyenne River. Free thiamine, thiamine monophosphate, and total thiamine were all significantly lower in eggs from the Cheyenne River compared to the Moreau and Grand Rivers. Maternal liver thiamine pyrophosphate and total thiamine followed a similar pattern. Egg survival to hatch varied significantly between locations, at 30.5%, 41.4%, and 56.8% in the Cheyenne, Moreau, and Grand Rivers, respectively, but was not significantly correlated with any form of egg thiamine. Considerable year-to-year variation was observed when data from the locations were pooled; egg free thiamine, thiamine monophosphate, and total thiamine were significantly higher in 2002. The lowest mean egg total thiamine level of 2.6 nmol/g was recorded in 2000. Liver free thiamine and thiamine monophosphate were weakly, but significantly negatively correlated with egg survival to hatch to hatch. Egg survival to hatch was significantly negatively correlated with maternal length. The results were likely impacted by the unexpected catastrophic loss of walleye forage because of flooding in 2003.

Evaluation of blood thiamine concentration in hospitalized dogs with and without critical illness.

To evaluate blood thiamine concentration in healthy and critically ill hospitalized dogs over 72hours of hospitalization and to identify any association of thiamine concentration with patient morbidity and mortality. Prospective, observational, clinical study. University veterinary teaching hospital. Thirty-one hospitalized healthy dogs and 37 dogs with critical illness. Dogs with critical illness had nonseptic (n=24) or septic (n=13) etiologies. None. Whole blood EDTA samples were collected within 24hours of admission and 72hours later. Samples were stored at -80°C and batch analyzed. Total thiamine (tB1) and thiamine diphosphate (TDP) concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography, and free thiamine concentration was determined using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Collected patient data included CBC, biochemistry profile, plasma lactate concentration, shock index, Acute Patient Physiologic and Laboratory Evaluation Score (APPLEfast ) score, comorbid conditions, and patient outcome. Approximately 92% of tB1 present in whole blood is measured as TDP. TDP concentration was strongly correlated with tB1 (R=0.97, P<0.0001). Thiamine concentration, represented by TDP, was not different at admission or at 72hours in all dogs. TDP concentration was lower in septic dogs requiring surgery at admission (P=0.044) and 72hours later (P=0.008), compared to dogs not requiring surgery. TDP concentration was not different between dogs with and without stable chronic diseases at any time point. Older dogs had lower TDP concentration. Positive correlations were seen between TDP and body weight, APPLEfast score, and WBC count. Critically ill dogs with lower admission plasma lactate concentration were more likely to have an increase in thiamine over time (P=0.0142). Differences in thiamine concentration were not identified in hospitalized healthy or critically ill dogs. Further investigation into the clinical relevance of thiamine deficiency is indicated in septic dogs undergoing surgery.

High Lipid Content of Prey Fish and n-3 PUFA Peroxidation Impair the Thiamine Status of Feeding-Migrating Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and Is Reflected in Hepatic Biochemical Indices.

Signs of impaired thiamine (vitamin B1) status in feeding-migrating Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were studied in three Baltic Sea areas, which differ in the proportion and nutritional composition of prey fish sprat (Sprattus sprattus) and herring (Clupea harengus). The concentration of n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n−3 PUFAs) increased in salmon with dietary lipids and n−3 PUFAs, and the hepatic peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration increased exponentially with increasing n−3 PUFA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n−3) concentration, whereas hepatic total thiamine concentration, a sensitive indicator of thiamine status, decreased with the increase in both body lipid and n−3 PUFA or DHA concentration. The hepatic glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was suppressed by high dietary lipids. In salmon muscle and in prey fish, the proportion of thiamine pyrophosphate increased, and that of free thiamine decreased, with increasing body lipid content or PUFAs, or merely DHA. The thiamine status of salmon was impaired mainly due to the peroxidation of n−3 PUFAs, whereas lipids as a source of metabolic energy had less effect. Organochlorines or general oxidative stress did not affect the thiamine status. The amount of lipids, and, specifically, their long-chain n−3 PUFAs, are thus responsible for generating thiamine deficiency, and not a prey fish species per se.

Low-dose thiamine supplementation of lactating Cambodian mothers improves human milk thiamine concentrations: a randomized controlled trial

ABSTRACTBackgroundInfantile beriberi–related mortality is still common in South and Southeast Asia. Interventions to increase maternal thiamine intakes, and thus human milk thiamine, are warranted; however, the required dose remains unknown.ObjectivesWe sought to estimate the dose at which additional maternal intake of oral thiamine no longer meaningfully increased milk thiamine concentrations in infants at 24 wk postpartum, and to investigate the impact of 4 thiamine supplementation doses on milk and blood thiamine status biomarkers.MethodsIn this double-blind, 4–parallel arm randomized controlled dose–response trial, healthy mothers were recruited in Kampong Thom, Cambodia. At 2 wk postpartum, women were randomly assigned to consume 1 capsule, containing 0, 1.2 (estimated average requirement), 2.4, or 10 mg of thiamine daily from 2 through 24 weeks postpartum. Human milk total thiamine concentrations were measured using HPLC. An Emax curve was plotted, which was estimated using a nonlinear least squares model in an intention-to-treat analysis. Linear mixed-effects models were used to test for differences between treatment groups. Maternal and infant blood thiamine biomarkers were also assessed.ResultsIn total, each of 335 women was randomly assigned to1 of the following thiamine-dose groups: placebo (n = 83), 1.2 mg (n = 86), 2.4 mg (n = 81), and 10 mg (n = 85). The estimated dose required to reach 90% of the maximum average total thiamine concentration in human milk (191 µg/L) is 2.35 (95% CI: 0.58, 7.01) mg/d. The mean ± SD milk thiamine concentrations were significantly higher in all intervention groups (183 ± 91, 190 ± 105, and 206 ± 89 µg/L for 1.2, 2.4, and 10 mg, respectively) compared with the placebo group (153 ± 85 µg/L; P < 0.0001) and did not significantly differ from each other.ConclusionsA supplemental thiamine dose of 2.35 mg/d was required to achieve a milk total thiamine concentration of 191 µg/L. However, 1.2 mg/d for 22 wk was sufficient to increase milk thiamine concentrations to similar levels achieved by higher supplementation doses (2.4 and 10 mg/d), and comparable to those of healthy mothers in regions without beriberi. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03616288.

Thiamine Status of Supplemented, Lactating Mothers in Rural Cambodia: A Randomized Controlled Trial

ObjectivesThiamine deficiency is a cause of infant morbidity and mortality throughout Southeast and South Asia. Maternal intake influences human milk thiamine concentrations, thus mother’s intake must be improved to combat infant deficiency. However, the dose of supplemental thiamine required by lactating mothers is unknown. We aimed to estimate the maternal oral thiamine dose required to optimize milk thiamine concentrations, and to investigate the impact of various doses on thiamine status biomarkers. MethodsThis was a double-blind, four-parallel arm randomized controlled dose-response trial. At 2 weeks postpartum, healthy mothers were randomized to consume one capsule daily for 22 weeks, containing either 0 mg (placebo, n = 83), 1.2 mg (estimated average requirement, n = 86), 2.4 mg (n = 81), or 10 mg (n = 85) thiamine. Human milk total thiamine, whole blood thiamine diphosphate, and erythrocyte transketolase activity coefficient (ETKac) were assessed. An Emax curve, estimated using a non-linear least squares model, was plotted for human milk. Linear mixed-effects models were used to test for differences between treatment groups for milk and blood biomarkers. ResultsA maternal supplemental dose of 2.35 (95% CI 0.58, 7.01) mg/d was estimated to reach 90% of the maximum average human milk total thiamine concentration of 191 μg/L. The mean (SD) milk thiamine concentration was significantly higher in all intervention groups (183 (91), 190 (105), and 206 (89) μg/L, for 1.2, 2.4, and 10 mg, respectively) compared to placebo (153 (85) μg/L; p < 0.0001), and did not differ from each other. Blood biomarkers followed similar group trends, except for infant ETKac, where only the 10 mg (mean [SD]: 1.18 [0.10]) and placebo (1.12 [0.06]) groups differed significantly (p = 0.003). ConclusionsWhile an estimated maternal dose of 2.35 (0.58, 7.01) mg/d was required to reach a milk thiamine concentration of 191 μg/L in Emax dose analyses, group comparisons suggest a daily dose of 1.2 mg/d is sufficient to improve maternal biomarkers to levels similar to higher doses (2.4 and 10 mg/d) and consistent with thiamine-replete populations. However, a higher maternal dose of 10 mg/d was required to improve infant ETKac status compared to other dose groups. Funding SourcesBill & Melinda Gates Foundation, The New York Academy of Sciences.

Thiamine in Lipid Systems vs. the Antioxidant Activity of Epigallocatechin Gallate and Caffeine

The aim of this study was to determine correlations between the concentration of thiamine hydrochloride or thiamine pyrophosphate and the antioxidant activity of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and caffeine, as well as thiamine stability. The study was conducted in model systems. Oxidation degree indices of soybean oil (peroxide value and anisidine value LAN) and concentrations of total thiamine were determined. To compare the dynamics of the changes in thiamine content during storage, half-life T1/2 was determined. There was a strong correlation between the stability of thiamine and the stability of the oil. Thiamine was particularly sensitive to secondary oxidation products. Higher losses of thiamine introduced in the form of thiamine pyrophosphate were found (4–6%). The addition of tea components increased fat stability and thus reduced thiamine losses. The dynamics of thiamine loss were found to be lower with EGCG than caffeine. The antioxidant activity of these components was significantly reduced when the content of thiamine (1.0–20.0 mg/100 g) was higher than the natural level in foods. In order to maintain thiamine stability and the high activity of the active tea ingredients, it is necessary to consider their simultaneous addition to the systems in concentrations that limit their interactions.

Thiamine Status in Children with Septic Shock from a Developing Country: A Prospective Case-Control Study.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is central to sepsis-induced multi-organ dysfunction. Thiamine deficiency may contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction and thus high mortality. Study was planned to assess thiamine status in children with septic shock in comparison to healthy controls from a developing country and to study the effect of thiamine levels on its outcome. A prospective case-control study (April 2017 to May 2018) enrolling consecutive children with septic shock as 'cases' (n = 76), their healthy siblings (n = 51) and apparently healthy children from immunization clinic (n = 35) as 'controls'. Whole blood total thiamine (WBTT) level was measured on days 1, 10 and 1-month post-discharge. Outcome parameters were acute care area free days on days 14 and 28, and mortality. WBTT [nMol/l; median (interquartile range, IQR)] was significantly lower on day 1 in cases compared with sibling controls [23.1 (21.8-26.3) vs. 36.9 (33.6-40.5); p < 0.001]. It fell further on day 10 [20.8 (18.1-21.1); p < 0.02]. Levels rose significantly 1-month post-discharge [35.5 (31.2-36.6)] and became comparable to sibling controls (p = 0.4). Immunization clinic controls also had lower WBTT [42.3 (40.1-45.9)], but was significantly higher than sibling controls and cases at 1-month post-discharge (p < 0.001). Survivors and non-survivors of septic shock were similar. WBTT levels did not correlate with any of the severity indicators of septic shock or its outcomes. WBTT was significantly low in all children, and fell further during septic shock. Observed severe deficiency might have precluded any further association of thiamine levels with severity of septic shock and its outcome. Data obtained may inform trials on metabolic resuscitation in paediatric septic shock in developing countries. Lay summaryThiamine deficiency may contribute to high mortality in paediatric septic shock as thiamine is an essential factor for functioning of mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cells. This prospective case-control study was conducted to assess thiamine status in children with septic shock in comparison with healthy controls in a developing country. Consecutive children with fluid-refractory septic shock were enrolled as 'cases'. Their apparently healthy siblings, and apparently healthy children from immunization clinic, were enrolled as 'controls'. The whole blood total thiamine (WBTT) level was measured on days 1, 10 and 1 month after hospital discharge. Seventy-six children were enrolled as cases, 51 children as sibling controls and 35 children as immunization clinic controls. WBTT was significantly lower on day 1 in cases as compared with their sibling controls. It fell further on day 10. The level rose significantly after a month of discharge and became comparable to sibling controls. Immunization clinic controls also had lower WBTT but was significantly higher compared with sibling controls and cases at 1-month post-discharge. Survivors and non-survivors of septic shock had similar WBTT levels. Observed severe deficiency might have precluded any further association of thiamine levels with septic shock outcome.

An optimized LC-MS/MS method as a pivotal tool to steer thiamine biofortification strategies in rice

In developing countries, people mainly depend on rice as their primary source of calories. However, the thiamine content of rice is below minimal requirements. Biofortification, via genetic engineering, is a cost-effective strategy to increase thiamine content in rice. We report on the optimization of a matrix-specific method, including extensive optimization of the sample preparation to ensure maximal sensitivity and stability. The LC-MS/MS method was fully validated for the simultaneous quantification of thiamine, its precursors 4-methyl-5-(2-hydroxyethyl) thiazole (HET) and 4-amino-2-methyl-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine (HMP) and its diphosphate derivative (TDP) in both polished and unpolished rice. Bias was below 9% for all analytes and total imprecision (CV%) was within pre-set acceptance criteria (≤15%) for both QCs and real samples. Thiamine monophosphate (TMP), for which no labeled analogue was available at the time of analysis, was determined without internal standard. Although both accuracy and precision criteria were met (bias and CV < 12%), the determination of TMP was considered semi-quantitatively. Moreover, TMP was found to be only a minor thiamine form (<1% of total thiamine in all lines analyzed, both wild-type and genetically engineered), with measurable levels only present in unpolished rice. Finally, the validity and applicability of the procedure were demonstrated via its successful application on rice lines, genetically engineered to enhance thiamine content. Consequently, this method allows to evaluate the success of biofortification strategies in rice.

Changes in thiamine concentrations, fatty acid composition, and some other lipid-related biochemical indices in Baltic Sea Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during the spawning run and pre-spawning fasting

Salmonines in the Baltic Sea and North American lakes suffer from thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, which is connected to an abundant lipid-rich diet containing substantial amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). In the Baltic region, this is known as the M74 syndrome. It affects both adult salmon (Salmo salar) and especially their offspring, impairing recruitment. However, very little is known about the thiamine and lipid metabolism of salmon during feeding and spawning migrations in the Baltic Sea. In this study, salmon females were sampled along the spawning run from the southern Baltic Proper in four locations at sea and finally at spawning in a river at the Bothnian Bay in a year with insignificant M74 mortality. Changes in concentrations of thiamine and its components in muscle, ovaries, and the liver and other biochemical indices potentially relating to lipid and fatty acid metabolism were investigated. The results provide further evidence of the role of peroxidation of PUFAs in eliciting thiamine deficiency in salmon: During the entire spawning run, the muscle total lipid content decreased by 50%, palmitic acid (16:0) by 62%, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) by 45%. The concentration of total thiamine decreased significantly until the spawning in the liver and ovaries, 66 and 70% respectively. In the muscle, the proportion of thiamine pyrophosphate of total thiamine increased with the use of muscular lipid stores. There was no trend in the concentration of total carotenoids during the spawning run. The doubling of the concentration of hepatic malondialdehyde indicated peroxidation of PUFAs, and the mobilisation of body lipids suppressed the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, as consumed dietary lipids would also have done.

Thiamine concentrations in lake trout and Atlantic salmon eggs during 14 years following the invasion of alewife in Lake Champlain

Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency in Great Lakes salmonines has been linked to consumption of alewife Alosa pseudoharengus. Thiamine deficiency has been recognized as a possible impediment to lake trout Salvelinus namaycush recruitment in the Great Lakes and Atlantic salmon Salmo salar recruitment in the Finger Lakes and Baltic Sea. Alewife invaded Lake Champlain in 2003 which provided an opportunity to investigate changes in thiamine concentrations in salmonine predators during an alewife invasion. We monitored egg unphosphorylated and total thiamine concentrations in lake trout and Atlantic salmon in 2004 and 2007–2019, assessed whether concentrations were associated with mortality, and examined thiaminase activity in alewife. Total thiamine concentrations in lake trout and Atlantic salmon were significantly lower than in 2004 for seven of the ten collection years for lake trout and for nine of the 12 collection years for Atlantic salmon. Mortality and signs of thiamine deficiency were observed in laboratory-reared Atlantic salmon free embryos but not in lake trout. Average thiaminase activity in adult alewife declined from 5200 pmol/g/min in 2006 to 1500 pmol/g/min in 2012. Our results provide further evidence that a diet that includes alewife reduces egg thiamine concentrations in salmonines. This effect was observed within four years of the invasion of alewife.

Thiamine status and lactate concentration in sepsis: A prospective observational study.

Thiamine is an essential co-factor for aerobic metabolism. Both thiamine deficiency and sepsis may be associated with hyperlactatemia and hypotension. We assessed the relationship between thiamine compounds, lactate concentrations and clinical outcomes in septic patients.We undertook a prospective observational single-center study. Erythrocyte levels of total thiamine, free thiamine, thiamine mono, di and triphosphate (TMP, TDP, and TTP respectively), the erythrocyte transketolase activity (ETKA) and the effect of thiamine diphosphate on ETKA were measured in septic patients by high performance liquid chromatography and correlated with arterial lactate. Vital status at the end of intensive care unit stay was recorded.Overall, 28 patients suffering from sepsis were included. Median (interquartile range [IQR]) age was 60 [44-77.3] years, 15 (53.6%) patients were male, median [IQR] simplified acute physiology score II was 40 [27-50]. There was no correlation between total thiamine and lactate levels (P = .33). There was no correlation between free thiamine (P = .81), TMP (P = .71), TDP (P = .31), TTP (P = .86), and lactate levels in our population. There was no correlation between ETKA (P = .58) or the effect of TDP on ETKA (P = .40) and lactate concentration. Total thiamine and TDP concentration were significantly higher in intensive care unit (ICU) survivors than in nonsurvivors (P = .03 and P = .03). The effect of TDP on ETKA was significantly higher in nonsurvivors compared to survivors (P = .04).We found no correlation between thiamine compounds and lactate concentration in sepsis. Thiamine deficiency in sepsis may be associated with ICU-mortality.

GmPGL1, a Thiamine Thiazole Synthase, Is Required for the Biosynthesis of Thiamine in Soybean.

Thiamine is an essential cofactor in several enzymatic reactions for all living organisms. Animals cannot synthesize thiamine and depend on their diet. Enhancing the content of thiamine is one of the most important goals of plant breeding to solve the thiamine deficiency associated with the low-thiamin staple crops. In this study, a Glycine max pale green leaf 1 (Gmpgl1) mutant was isolated from the EMS mutagenized population of soybean cultivar, Williams 82. Map-based cloning of the GmPGL1 locus revealed a single nucleotide deletion at the 292th nucleotide residue of the first exon of Glyma.10g251500 gene in Gmpgl1 mutant plant, encoding a thiamine thiazole synthase. Total thiamine contents decreased in both seedlings and seeds of the Gmpgl1 mutant. Exogenous application of thiazole restored the pale green leaf phenotype of the mutant. The deficiency of thiamine in Gmpgl1 mutant led to reduced activities of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC), and decreased contents of six amino acids as compared to that in the wild type plants. These results revealed that GmPGL1 played an essential role in thiamine thiazole biosynthesis.

Prevalent Low Thiamine Status Among Adults Living in Seoul Metropolitan Area (South Korea).

The thiamine status of South Korean people has not been recently reported. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine thiamine intake and status of Korean adults based on a biochemical index. Three consecutive 24-h food recalls and morning first-urine samples were obtained from 143 healthy adults (65 men and 78 women), aged 20-64years, living in Seoul metropolitan area, Korea. Daily dietary thiamine intake of men and women was 1.42±0.37mg and 1.18±0.24mg, respectively. Only 9.1% of the subjects consumed less total thiamine (dietary plus supplemental thiamine) than the estimated average requirement for Koreans. The top 10 major dietary thiamine sources were pork, polished rice, ramyeon (Korean instant noodles), baechukimchi (Chinese cabbage), mandarin oranges, chicken, cow's milk, bread, beef, and potatoes. Those top 10 foods provided 57.85% of the subjects' dietary thiamine intake and the top 30 food sources provided 77.23% of their dietary thiamine intake. Urinary thiamine excretions for men and women were 37.20±26.54 and 39.09±28.80μg/g creatinine, respectively. Urinary thiamine excretion was positively correlated with total thiamine intake (r=0.3349, p<0.0001). Approximately 40% of the subjects had urinary thiamine excretion<27μg/g creatinine, indicating thiamine deficiency. In conclusion, thiamine intake among Korean adults in this study was generally adequate, but there was a high prevalence of a low thiamine status. Further study is required to explain the incongruity of adequate intake and low thiamine status thiamine in the South Korean population.

Nutritional Comparison of Raw, Holder Pasteurized, and Shelf-stable Human Milk Products.

We aim to assess the nutritional composition of shelf-stable (SS) human milk and compare the nutritional profile to Holder pasteurized (HP) and raw human milk from the same pool. Milk samples from 60 mothers were pooled. From this pool, 36 samples were taken; 12 samples were kept raw, 12 samples were HP, and 12 samples were retort processed to create an SS product. Samples were analyzed for percent fat, percent solids, total protein, lactose, amino acids, and thiamine. Percent fat, percent solids, and lactose were similar between raw, HP, and SS samples. Total protein was statistically increased in SS samples when compared to raw (P = 0.005) and HP (P < 0.001) samples, but protein differences were not clinically relevant (raw = 15.1 mg/mL, HP = 14.8 mg/mL, and SS = 15.8 mg/mL). Lysine was the only amino acid impacted by processing, and its destruction increased as heat increased (raw = 0.85 mg/100 mL, HP = 0.77 mg/100 mL, SS = 0.68 mg/100 mL). Total thiamine was significantly decreased in SS samples (0.14 mg/L; P < 0.01) when compared with raw samples (0.24 mg/L) and HP samples (0.26 mg/L). Macronutrient content is relatively unaffected by processing; Holder pasteurization and retort processing maintain similar fat, lactose, and total protein levels. Lysine and thiamine were significantly decreased by retort processing, but not by Holder pasteurization. Thiamine losses are clinically significant, and fortification may be necessary if SS donor milk is a long-term feeding choice.