Total Suspended Particulate Data Research Articles

도시환경의 총부유먼지 중 미지성분의 분포 특성에 대한 연구

The quantitative composition of total suspended particulates (TSP) in the atmosphere is identified to consist mainly of ions, organic carbon (OC), element carbon (EC), and metals. In terms of environmental analysis, the rest of the TSP composition may be defined as unknown fraction () which is yet difficult to analyze both quantitatively and qualitatively. In this study, the major components of TSP were measured at an urban residential area (Gang Seo) in Seoul, Korea from February to December 2009. These TSP data were analyzed in various respects to explain the relationship between known and unknown constituents. During this study period, TSP was comprised mainly of unknown compounds (48.6%) followed by ions, OC, EC, and metals. The results of this study indicate that the distribution of exhibits a strong similarity with , as they both increase with increasing TSP levels. However, if the concentrations of and are normalized against TSP, they exhibit a strong inverse correlation with each other due probably to larges differences in solubility. To establish a better strategy for air quality control in urban atmosphere, more efforts are needed to characterize unidentified proportion of particulate matters.

Measuring Cattle Feedlot Dust Using Laser Diffraction Analysis

Considerable amounts of particulate matter (PM), including total suspended particulates (TSP), particulates with equivalent aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 m (PM10), and particulates with equivalent aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 m (PM2.5), are emitted from large beef cattle feedlots. Particle size distribution and concentrations of TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 at a commercial cattle feedlot in Kansas were measured over a two-year period. The feedlot had a capacity of 30,000 head with a total pen area of 50 ha and was equipped with a sprinkler system for dust control. Collocated low-volume samplers for TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 were used to measure concentrations of TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 at the upwind and downwind edges of the feedlot. A laser diffraction (LD) analyzer (Beckman Coulter LS 13 320) was utilized to determine the particle size distribution of dust samples collected by TSP samplers. A micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI) was also used to measure particle size distribution at the downwind edge of the feedlot. Considering the same effective size range, the LD analyzer and MOUDI did not differ significantly in mean geometric mean diameter (GMD) (11.6 vs. 13.0 m) and in mean geometric standard deviation (2.3 vs. 2.3). Wind speed and period of sampling significantly affected the mean GMD of the particles. The PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations that were calculated from the LD method and TSP data were not significantly different from those measured by low-volume PM10 and PM2.5 samplers (122 vs. 131 g m-3 for PM10 and 26 vs. 35 g m-3 for PM2.5). Both PM10 and PM2.5 fractions decreased as pen surface water content increased, but the PM2.5/PM10 ratio showed little change as pen surface water content increased.

Measurements of Inhalable Particles < 10 μm (PM10) and Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) Concentrations along the North–South Corridor, in Kolkata, India

The 24-hour concentrations of total suspended particulate matter (TSP) and respirable suspended particulates (PM10) were monitored during March 2003 to February 2004 from a network of 15 sampling stations along a populated urban corridor of Kolkata City in India. The air samplers were placed at a distance 20–200 m from roadways and their height from ground level was within 3 to 5 m. It was also insured that from any obstacle to the airflow was at least 30 cm away. Over the study area, the monthly average concentrations of TSP and PM10 were found to be 200.3 ± 93.1 μg/m3 and 95.8 ± 67.5 μg/m3, respectively, while the 24-hour average concentrations were in the range of 17–456 μg/m3 and 15–291 μg/m3, respectively. The higher average values at particular stations reflected the closeness of those to heavy road traffic. With regards to the temporal variations, higher concentrations were observed during winter and lower concentrations during monsoon. Statistical analysis of the sampling data was conducted to obtain general characteristics of the particulate pollution and to investigate the effects of traffic volume and meteorological factors on the pollution level. TSP and PM10 concentrations were found to be highly correlated with each other at all the sampling stations. There were clear associations between TSP and PM10 data set at all the measured 15 stations and on average, PM10 was 52% of the total TSP concentration.

Spatiotemporal Perspectives on Air Pollution and Environmental Justice in Hamilton, Canada, 1985–1996

This article addresses two questions: (1) How do spatiotemporal changes in air pollution levels—specifically, total suspended particulates (TSP)—rise or fall with socioeconomic status? (2) A critical equity interpretation of environmental policy then motivates this question: does the pursuit of average regional reductions in pollution benefit those who need improvements least, benefit those who need improvements most, or maintain the status quo? TSP data are drawn from networks of monitoring stations operated in 1985, 1990, and 1995. The monitoring data are interpolated with a kriging algorithm to produce estimates of likely pollution distribution throughout Hamilton. Exposure is related to socioeconomic status (SES) variables at the census tract level for corresponding years—1986, 1991, and 1996—and associations are tested with ordinary least squares (OLS) and spatial regression models. The results show that whether TSP rises or falls, injustice persists but becomes less pronounced over time. Among all SES indicators, dwelling value consistently predicts TSP levels for all years, suggestive of a land-rent/spatial-externalities dynamic. As we move forward in time, it becomes increasingly difficult to differentiate air-pollution exposure among Hamilton neighborhoods, as industrial TSP sources become more dispersed in the region and transportation pollution becomes relatively more important. We conjecture that more equitable distributions of air pollution have resulted more from post-Fordist industrial and spatial restructuring than from environmental policy intervention. Injustice in Hamilton and its apparent relationship with changing industrial structure appear similar to results in the United States and speak to a continental, intraurban environmental-justice experience.

Aerosol composition change due to dust storm: Measurements between 1992 and 1999 at Gosan, Korea

Aerosol composition change between dust storm and non duststorm periods is studied using the TSP (Total SuspendedParticulate) data measured at Gosan, Korea between 1992 and1999. The concentrations of elements measured between 1993and 1996 and those of ions between 1992 and 1999 duringdust storms are compared with those during non-dust stormperiods in spring (March, April, and May). Among theanalyzed ions, the concentrations of crustal species(potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride) andanthropogenic species (nitrate and non-sea salt (nss)-sulfate) increased when dust storm occurs while those ofammonium and sodium did not increase. Among the analyzedelements, the concentrations of crustal species (Fe, Al,Ca, Ti, and Zn) increased when dust storm occurs whilethose of anthropogenic species (Mn, V, Ni, Cu, Cd, and Cr)did not increase. The only anthropogenic element of whichconcentration increased during dust storm periods was Pb.It was found that the concentrations of nitrate and nss-sulfatewere highest during spring. Also, the ratio of theyearly average concentrations of nitrate to nss-sulfateincreases, probably due to the emission trend change innortheast Asia, especially, in China.

Roadside particulate and trace element concentrations at four London sites

Measurements of black smoke (BS), total suspended particulates (TSP) and selected trace element concentrations were made at two locations (four sites) in London, UK. One location was in Ealing, West London, the other was in Wood Green, North London. At each location, a residential and commercial roadside site was identified and monitored. The black smoke measurements were taken over 24-hour periods via a British standard 8-port smoke sampler situated inside a mobile laboratory. The TSP measurements were taken during peak traffic periods and 24-hour periods using glass fibre filters and high volume sampling pumps. At one site (the residential site at Wood Green), the TSP samples were analysed for 17 elements Pb, Zn, Br, Mg, Al, V, Fe, Sb, Mo, Co, Ni, Cu, Mn, Cr, Ba, Sn and Pt. After gravimetric analysis, the trace elements were extracted from the filter papers and analysed using inductively coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry. Two methods of extracting the trace elements were investigated, and the most efficient technique, the &quot;nitric-perchloric&quot;, was used. Quantitative determinations of BS were made for a total of 98 and 115 days at the Ealing and Wood Green locations respectively during 1991/92. The average concentrations determined at the residential locations were 18.3 (Ealing) and 20.5 (Wood Green) µg/m³, respectively, and for the commercial sites the corresponding values were 30.6 and 69.5 µg/m³. The daily TSP values at the four sites are also reported and compared with measurements taken during the morning and afternoon rush hours. The particulate values reported here are discussed and compared with previously reported measurements in the UK. A total of 55 filter papers from the residential site at Wood Green were extracted for trace element analysis and the results are reported. Sufficient samples were collected to allow the data to be divided into morning, afternoon and 24-hour time periods, allowing comparison of the trends with the TSP data. The total and individual contributions of the trace elements to the particulate mass have been calculated and the most abundant trace elements (Zn, Pb, Br, Fe, Al, Mg) identified.

Kuwaiti oil fires—Particulate monitoring

Abstract The total suspended particulate (TSP) matters using a high-volume sampler and inhalable particulate matters using PM-10 samplers were collected at various locations in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia during and after the Kuwaiti oil fires. The collected samples were analysed for toxic metals and oil hydrocarbon concentrations including some carcinogenic organic compounds in addition to gravimetric analysis. The concentration values of particulate matters were determined on a daily basis at Dhahran. Abqaiq, Rahima, Tanajib and Jubail locations. The analyses of the filters show a high concentration of the inhalable particulate at various locations, especially when north or northwest winds were blowing. It was found that the inhalable particulate concentration exceeded the Meteorology and Environmental Protection Administration (MEPA) permissible limit of 340 μg m− 3 at most of these locations during May–October 1991. A trend between the total suspended particulate and inhalable particulate measured concurrently at the same locations was observed and a regression equation was developed to correlate PM-10 data with the total suspended particulate data.

Controlling emissions to avoid violations of health standards for short term and long term exposures to TSP concentrations

A mathematical model is constructed to predict frequency distributions of total suspended particulates (TSP) data for an urban area using only emissions and meteorological data as input. Predictions from this model can then be used to devise source specific emissions control strategies that avoid violations of health standards for short and long term exposure to TSP levels, both in the present situation and for future urban development. The model assumes (a) the Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Laboratories (ATDL) model can be used to estimate annual arithmetic means, (b) the two-parameter lognormal distribution is representative of the TSP data, and (c) there is an inverse relationship between the percentiles of the wind speed and air pollution data sets. It is noted that only assumption (b) may not be generally applicable although the results here imply its use leads to conservative control strategies which may be reasonable first approximations. The importance of studies on the chemical composition of particulate data is stressed and shown here to be essential for accurate model predictions.

The general applicability of a model to control violations of short-term exposure standards for TSP

An urban air quality model, referred to here as the TSP hybrid emissions control model, has been successfully applied to Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) data in the city of Brisbane, Australia, by Simpson and Miles (1988, Atmospheric Environment, in press). The model is based on the assumptions that 1. (1) the frequency of total suspended particulate data can be reliably represented by a two-parameter lognormal distribution; and 2. (2) a simple deterministic relationship between percentiles of pollutant concentration and the inverse of wind speed exists for this urban area. These assumptions are tested in this paper at a number of locations in Australia and over a number of years. Assumption 1. (1) is shown to be valid for most sites and years. If invalid the lognormal model may overestimate the maximum concentration by between 12 and 161% where the two-parameter γ distribution is preferred and between 36 and 215% where the two-parameter Weibull distribution best represents the statistical distribution of TSP concentrations. These errors were considerably less at coastal sites and reduced further if only east and southeast coast sites were compared. Assumption 2. (2) has been tested for the same sites and years. A comparison of geometric standard deviations for TSP and the inverse of wind speed demonstrates that the TSP hybrid emissions control model may be as successful in other coastal urban areas of Australia but inland sites may be different. Both assumptions tend to overestimate the annual maximum so the model may be useful in producing a conservative control strategy for particulate emissions which avoids violations of health standards related to short-term exposure. It is also suggested that an average TSP shape parameter may improve model performance and that both modelling assumptions are generally applicable to urban areas where the particulate emissions show little marked seasonal variability.

Intervention analysis of total suspended particulate data from Chicago

The monthly total suspended particulate data measured at Chicago during January 1964 to December 1977 are analyzed and the results are reported. The ban on using high sulfur coal in Chicago which came into effect in January 1970 coincided with a dramatic change in the seasonality of the particulate time series and a reduction in particulate levels. Traditional methods of time series analysis based on the assumptions of constant mean and variance of time series are not applicable for these nonstationary time series with jumps. A recently developed stochastic modeling technique called intervention analysis is used in the present study. A dynamic model and a stochastic model are used to characterize the time series. The technique is briefly introduced and the results of analysis of the suspended particle data are discussed. The statistically significant reduction in the suspended particles in Chicago after January 1970 has occurred over both the warm and cold periods of the year. The dangers of using a model fitted to data before the intervention in the post-intervention period are also brought out.

AIR POLLUTION AS A RISK FACTOR IN LUNG CANCER1

Retrospective data on residential and employment history and on smoking were obtained from 417 white male lung cancer patients and 752 controls with nonrespiratory, nonneoplastic diseases, from Erie County, New York, admitted to Roswell Park Memorial Institute from 1957-1965. Total suspended particulate data and a historical review of problem point sources of pollution were used to delineate air pollution zones. The findings did not support the hypothesis that air pollution alone significantly increased risk for lung cancer. However, there was increased risk from smoking and occupational exposures if there was also long-term exposure to air pollution. The risk for heavy smokers with heavy exposure to air pollution was over four times that of men with none of the high exposure traits. The findings suggest an apparent synergistic mechanism involving smoking and air pollution and smoking and occupational exposures. The findings are consistent with previous epidemiologic studies and with biologic and experimental evidence. The limitations of the methods used here necessitate further study and replication. However, the study indicates that air pollution should not be dismissed as a risk factor in lung cancer.

Patterns in TSP Distribution Functions

The mid-parts of total suspended particulate-distribution functions are examined and compared with the log-normal distribution commonly used for representing ambient air quality data. Four patterns in the mid-range of data are observed when total suspended particulate data are plotted on log-normal coordinates. The patterns are analyzed. Most occurrences of all but one pattern are attributed to random sampling from populations that are well represented by log-normal distributions. (8 graphs, 2 tables)

An adaptive diagnostic model for air quality management

This paper draws attention to the program evaluation and regulation adjustment capabilities required for implementing and maintaining air quality standards. A diagnostic approach is presented for determining the causes of air quality problems based on a multivariate time series model. The model formulation is based on routinely available data and the concept of time-varying parameters with estimation via an adaptive filtering technique. The diagnostic approach is illustrated with some total suspended particulates data from Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, recorded over a period of time during which a series of pollution control milestone events occurred.

Evidence of high atmospheric concentrations of sulfates detected at rural sites in the northeast

Abstract Ambient sulfates, total suspended particulates (TSP), and ozone data were collected in rural areas of New York and New Jersey as part of a study conducted jointly by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation and the Interstate Sanitation Commission during July and August 1975. Relationships between these contaminants and various meteorological systems were examined. The sulfate and TSP data were obtained from 24‐hour integrated high volume samples obtained on a daily basis at seven rural sites with the emphasis in this paper being on two sites: Whiteface Mountain, N.Y., and High Point, N.J. The sulfate concentrations were found to be highest during four distinct periods which were generally defined by anticyclonic stagnation and/or return flow of maritime tropical air. The highest values recorded at Whiteface Mountain and High Point were 24 μg/m3 and 20 μg/m3, respectively, in the period from July 21 through 25. During the other three periods, a maximum of at least 15 μg/m3 was ...