Total Sums Research Articles

Total Work Changes at Different Angular Velocities during Isokinetic Exercise.

The purposes of this study were (1) to see the change of total work during isokinetic exercise and (2) to suggest more advanced methods of measuring muscular endurance through considering not only the number of repetitions, but also exercise duration. The subjects were 54 healthy students who performed continuous maximal isokinetic knee flexion and extension until their total work per time reached 50% of their maximal total work. Total work sums, exercise duration in seconds, and the number of repetitions were compared with reference to subject gender, angular velocity, and muscle group. The relationships between total work sum, duration and number of repetitions, and thigh circumference plus leg length were computed. The results showed the total work sums differed greatly from muscle group to muscle group and with different angular velocities. The duration in seconds and the number of repetitions differed only at higher angular velocity. These results suggest that measures of endurance should be included along with measures of total work when isokinetic studies are done. When isokinetic exercise is performed, measures of endurance in seconds are more accurate at an angular velocity of 60 degrees per second and numbers of repetitions are more accurate at an angular velocity of 180 degrees per second.

Factor analysis for clustered observations

Classical factor analysis assumes a random sample of vectors of observations. For clustered vectors of observations, such as data for students from colleges, or individuals within households, it may be necessary to consider different within-group and between-group factor structures. Such a two-level model for factor analysis is defined, and formulas for a scoring algorithm for estimation with this model are derived. A simple noniterative method based on a decomposition of the total sums of squares and crossproducts is discussed. This method provides a suitable starting solution for the iterative algorithm, but it is also a very good approximation to the maximum likelihood solution. Extensions for higher levels of nesting are indicated. With judicious application of quasi-Newton methods, the amount of computation involved in the scoring algorithm is moderate even for complex problems; in particular, no inversion of matrices with large dimensions is involved. The methods are illustrated on two examples.

A Mixture Approach to Multivariate Analysis of Variance

Abstract In textbooks on multivariate statistics, the topic of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is usually presented in terms of the decomposition of the “total sums of squares and products” matrix into the “within” and “between” matrices, often called the “hypothesis” and the “error” matrices. While this decomposition can be justified by maximum likelihood estimation and hypothesis testing under normality assumptions, better motivation is provided by a finite mixture model in which no assumptions beyond the existence of second moments are needed. We propose that the decomposition be interpreted in terms of estimates of conditional and unconditional moments, rather than as just an algebraic identity.

Improvement of glucose-primed intravenous glucose tolerance and correction of acute insulin decrement by glipizide in type II diabetes

Improved glucose disposal after repeated intravenous (IV) glucose loads, known as the Staub effect, is absent in both type I and type II diabetes. Acute decrements of insulin secretion (AID) are observed following the early phase of insulin release on IV glucose stimulation in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). The AID cannot be corrected by acute infusions of glyburide or glipizide, or phentolamine, or by glycemic control after 2 weeks of intensive insulin treatments. Fifteen male subjects had 3 hourly successive IV glucose tolerance tests before and after 6 months of glipizide, at a final maintenance dose of 30 ± 3 mg/d. Before treatment, AID, defined as the difference of the lowest of post IV glucose 7- or 10-minute samples from the preceding baseline insulin levels, was detected in the three loads: −6.4 ± 1.9 μU/mL in the first, and then more consistently in the second and third loads, −11 ± 2 μU/mL, and −17 ± 9 μU/mL, respectively. There was a stepwise increase in insulin sums after each load. After glipizide therapy, the AIDs following all three IV glucose loads were no longer demonstrable; both insulin values, as well as insulin sums, were significantly elevated after all three glucose loads. While in the untreated state, the Staub effect was absent: serum glucose disappearances (K), corrected for glycosuria, were K1 = 0.52 ± 0.02, K2 = 0.50 ± 0.04, and K3 = 0.52 ± 0.03. After glipizide, fasting glucose decreased from 215 ± 12 mg/dL to 132 ± 9 mg/dL, glucose values during the triple IV tolerance tests were significantly lower, and the glycohemoglobin decreased from 9.9% ± 0.5% to 8.2% ± 0.03%. Furthermore, glucose disappearance rates were improved: K1 = 0.62 ± 0.02, K2 = 0.68 ± 0.02, and K3 = 0.77 ± 0.04, also defining a positive Staub effect. There was a positive correlation between the glucose disappearance rates and the treatment-induced improvement of early insulin release in the second and third glucose loads (the difference from baseline of the higher of either the 3-minute or the 5-minute post IV samples). There was also a positive correlation between improvement in glucose disappearance rates in the third load with the total insulin sums. Mean AID in untreated overt NIDDM is potentiated by IV glucose priming, even while insulin levels increase. After treatment with glipizide, the AID is either reverted or insignificant, and the Staub effect is restored, along with post IV glucose improvement in insulin levels. Chronic sulfonylurea administration appears at present to be the only known conventional treatment restoring post IV glucose Staub effect and ameliorating the AID of NIDDM.

Total internal partition sums in the temperature range 70–3000 K: Atmospheric linear molecules

A method for the rapid calculation of the total internal partition sums of atmospheric molecules is presented. Coefficients for a polynomial expansion of the partition function for 11 closed shell linear molecular species and their isotopic variants contained in HITRAN (L. S. Rothman et al., Appl. Opt. 26, 4058–4097 (1987)) are given for two temperature regimes: 70–400 and 400–2005 K. In addition, a logarithmic expansion is presented for extrapolation to higher temperatures.

Development of Short and Coarse‐Fibered American Pima Cotton for Use as Parents of Interspecific Hybrids

Short, coarse‐fibered Pima (Gossypium barbadense L.) cotton strains may be desirable as parents of interspecific F1 hybrid cottons. This study was conducted to determine if selective advance toward short, coarse‐fiber types could be accomplished within a subset of Pima strains while maintaining adequate fiber strength, uniformity, and lint percentage. The fiber selection criteria of extralong length and fineness used for American Pima cotton were reversed within the subset. Two diallel tests were conducted at Maricopa and Marana, AZ in 1985. Significant (0.01 level) genotype mean squares and general combining ability (GCA) estimates indicated useful variability for shorter, coarser fiber. Comparisons of GCA and specific combining ability (SCA) sums of squares (SS) with the total sums of squares indicated that greater additive genetic variability was available for fiber micronaire (x̄GCA SS/total SS = 0.70) than for fiber length (x̄ GCA SS/total SS = 0.34). A single best parent could not be identified based upon GCA effects due to the necessity of simultaneous selection for several traits. Population variances and ranges, estimated from individual plant data from F1 and F2 generations grown in 1985 and 1986, were consistent with genetic segregation in the F2 generation for fiber length and micronaire. Broadsense heritability estimates ranged from 0.20 to 0.52 for 2.5% span length and from 0.51 to 0.69 for micronaire in the F2 populations. Transgressive segregation was observed in F2 populations for shorter and coarser fiber. Selective advance toward Pima cotton with short, coarse fiber appears possible, but progress is expected to be slow.

Antarctic measurements of ozone by SAGE II in the spring of 1985, 1986, and 1987

Vertical profiles of ozone obtained by the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II (SAGE II) inside the southern polar vortex indicate ozone depletion increased dramatically in October 1987 when compared to the previous worst year, 1985. Minimum observed October concentrations dropped from about 4.E+11 to 1.E+11 (molecules/cm³) at 16 km, while minimum total column sums (above 100 mb) dropped by 15%. The top altitude of the depletion region shows a slight correlation with depletion severity in October, being located at 22‐23 km in 1985, 22 km in 1986, and consistently at 23 km in 1987. A less severe downward trend in ozone is observed in September. Vertical profiles of ozone within the vortex are presented for September and October 1987 and compared to 1985 and 1986.

Pedestal drift and cable pickup problems in multiplexed analog signal transmission

Sample-and-hold circuits followed by analog multiplexing are often used to reduce the number of cables required between large multielement high-energy detectors and their associated analog-to-digital converters. All sample-and-hold circuits have charge-injection pedestals that can vary with time, temperature, and power supply voltages. These variations are often correlated among many channels so that total energy sums may be degraded, even though individual pedestal drifts remain negligible. A double-sampling system is described that substantially decreases charge-injection pedestals and their variations. The effects of low-frequency pickup in long signal cables, which also tend to be correlated, are very much reduced as well. >

Relationship between Ear‐Removal‐Induced Leaf Senescence and Green Score in Maize1

Ear removal (or pollination prevention) in maize (Zea mays L.) accelerates leaf senescence in certain hybrids and may be a useful means of identifying genotypes with extended leaf‐area duration independent of grain development. The present study was undertaken to clarify the relationship between ear‐removal‐induced leaf senescence and leaf stay‐green when ears are present, and to determine the effect of hybrid pedigree, relative maturity, and environment on the expression of these two traits. A sample of 130 and 101 commercial and precommercial maize hybrids were evaluated in 1984 and 1985, respectively. The hybrids, representative of seven relative maturity groups, were evaluated as separate groups in separate randomized complete block designs at one of two locations. Four of the seven groups were evaluated in both 1984 and 1985. Plants were visually assessed for the rate of ear‐removal‐induced leaf senescence and for the percent green leaf tissue on eared plants at physiological maturity. In each maturity group, significant variation among hybrids was observed for both traits. Although seven of the eight yearby‐genotype interactions were significant, the proportion of the total sums of squares accounted for by this interaction was minor (6‒15%). Simple correlations and comparisons among hybrid pedigrees indicated that the relationship between ear‐removal‐induced and normal leaf senescence is complex and is influenced by hybrid genotype. The results suggest that ear‐removal‐induced senescence represents a phenomenon independent of grain development and raise the possibility that this trait may be beneficial as an additional means of identifying hybrids with late‐season plant health.

Effects of modified instructions on the Washington University Sentence Completion Test of Ego Development.

This research project was designed to investigate the possibility that asking subjects to respond in a mature manner when they take the Washington University Sentence Completion Test of Ego Development (WUSCTED) would result in higher test scores and improve the test-retest reliability of the measure. The results showed that there was a significant increase in Total Protocol Ratings (TPRs) and item sums in the experimental group (n = 32) over the control group (n = 32). In addition, the experimental group spent more time and used significantly more words in its response than did the control group. The question of improved test-retest reliability remains only tentatively resolved. The item sum scores showed a significantly higher correlation for the experimental instruction than for the control, although the test-retest agreement between TPR levels was insignificantly different in the two instructional groups.

Acoustic power measurement for single and annular stream duct-nozzle systems utilizing a modal decomposition scheme

A refined acoustic impulse technique was used to evaluate the adequacy of single point in-duct pressure measurements for determining the acoustic power for incident, reflected, and transmitted fields for single and annular stream duct-nozzle systems at various flow conditions. The spatial distributions of incident and reflected pressure fields were measured at several radial and azimuthal locations inside the duct. A modal decomposition scheme was used to derive the acoustic power of each duct mode from the complex pressure measurements. The total sums of these individual modal acoustic powers were compared with the area-weighted acoustic power distributions that were evaluated from measured pressure data. It was found that a single-point measurement near the duct wall is adequate for estimating the transmitted power for both single and annular stream duct-nozzle systems.

Evaluating dairy sires for conformation of their daughters: use of first classification records

Type classification records for 18 132 Australian Holstein-Friesian heifers were analysed. These consisted of 27 traits scored in three or six categories, from three rounds of classification between 1981 and 1983. Only first lactation, first classification records were considered. The model of analysis included herd-round-classifier subclasses as fixed and sires as random effects, fitting age at classification as a linear and quadratic covariable within subclasses. Herd-round-classifier effects explained between 18% and 37% of total sums of squares. Age accounted for 5.8-2.4% for traits related to body size and for 1.6% or less for the other traits. Heritability estimates obtained using a Restricted Maximum Likelihood procedure ranged from 0.44 for total score, 0.42 for stature and 0.40 for dairy character, to 0.10 or less for feet and legs, rear heel, rear legs set, bone quality and rear teat placement. On average, values were higher than corresponding 'all-lactation' estimates. Covariance components between all traits were obtained. The resulting genetic variance/covariance matrix was then forced to be positive semi-definite before calculating genetic and phenotypic correlations. Breeding value estimates for all sires and traits were determined using a univariate Best Linear Unbiased Prediction procedure for the above model. In addition, the relationship matrix between males was incorporated. There were 2 597 sires with an average of 23.2 effective daughters, and 474 sires without daughter records included as male ancestors. The association between breeding value estimates for different traits was examined by multiple regression. Sire-son regressions were determined and compared with their expectations. Australian Breeding Values for production were obtained for a subset of sires and contrasted to the type proofs. There seemed to be little correlation between genetic merit for type and milk production.

Screening Methodology for Resistance to Field Weathering of Soybean Seed1

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds may lose vigor prior to harvest, especially when grown in humid, tropical environments. This study compared three seed weathering treatments to identify soybean genotypes with resistance to field weathering of seed. Thirty‐five genotypes were planted in replicated trials on three dates and subjected to 1) field weathering (seeds were harvested 3 weeks after physiological maturity), 2) incubator weathering (pods at physiological maturity were detached from the plant and kept at 30°C and 90 to 95% relative humidity for 10 days), and 3) wet‐bag weathering (plants at physiological maturity were placed in wet burlap bags for 10 days). Under the wet‐bag treatment, extreme seed deterioration of nearly all genotypes tended to mask their differences in resistance. Incubator weathering was more consistent across experiments than field weathering. Mean seedling emergence scores varied less among experiments for incubator weathering (30, 28, and 22%) than for field weathering (78, 46, and 54%). The genotype ✕ planting date interaction accounted for 7 and 29% of the total sums of squares for incubator and field‐weathering, respectively, indicating that incubator weathering minimized environmental effects that would confound comparisons among genotypes of different maturity. The percentage of hard seed after 1 h of soaking ranged from 0 to 64% and was correlated (r = 0.73, P < 0.01) with seedling emergence following incubator weathering. Large‐seeded genotypes were generally susceptible to seed weathering and deterioration in storage. Some small‐seeded genotypes were resistant; others were susceptible. Black‐seeded genotypes were more resistant to incubator weathering than yellow‐seeded genotypes. Genotypes with a high percentage of seedling emergence following incubator weathering also had high seedling emergence after ambient storage. Genotypes identified as having resistance to weathering of seed and to deterioration in storage were: INDO 153, INDO 131, INDO 243, INDO 226, INDO 255, ‘Fort Lamy’, ‘Lee A’, INDO 173A, and ‘Biloxi 3’.

Metabolism of vinyltoluene in the rat: Effect of induction and inhibition of the cytochrome P-450

Metabolism of vinyltoluene was studied in rats after injecting different doses of vinyltoluene. The main metabolites excreted in urine of rats after vinyltoluene treatment were: thioethers, p-methylmandelic acid, p-methylphenylglyoxylic acid, p-methylbenzoyl glycine, p-methylphenylacetyl glycine and p-vinylbenzoyl glycine. The highest excretion rate was obtained with doses of 50, 250 and 500 mg/kg already within the first six hours. However, the dose of 500 mg/kg did not increase the excretion rates of these metabolites compared to the dose of 250 mg/kg suggesting that the metabolic pathways begin to be saturated with the amount of 250 mg/kg. At the dose of 50 mg/kg 55% of the dose was detected as urinary metabolites within 23 hr, mainly within the first 6hr. The amounts of the excreted metabolites expressed as per cent of the injected dose (250 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg) were lower than that caused by 50 mg/kg, and a noticeable amount of the total sums were excreted within 11–23 hr suggesting that the excretion was still continued with the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg 23 hr after the injection. The excretion of all analyzed metabolites of vinyltoluene was prevented by the pretreatment of the rats with 1-phenylimidazole, an inhibitor of cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases. This indicates that these metabolites were formed as catalyzed by cytochrome P-450. The structures of the analyzed metabolites suggest that the main reactive intermediate of vinyltoluene is vinyltoluene-7,8-oxide. Furthermore, the amounts of the excreted metabolites showed that the main detoxification pathways of vinyltoluene-7,8-oxide were the conjugation with reduced glutathione and hydration to diols. Pretreatment of the rats with PCBs increased the excretion rates of the metabolites. However, the PCB-pretreated rats excreted less thioethers (62%) compared to the rats treated only with the same amount of vinyltoluene whereas the total sum of the other metabolites was about the same in these both groups. This result suggests that PCBs change the metabolism of vinyltoluene to some other pathway which could be glucuronide conjugation because PCBs increased the activity of UDPglucuronosyltransferase in a dose-dependent manner.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING MILK YIELD OF DAIRY COWS

By using a forward selection multiple regression technique, 60% of the total sums of squares (SS) in either average daily milk yield (DCA) or average BCA milk among 56 Ontario dairy herds was accounted for by selected feeding and management factors. Herd average body weight had a strong positive influence on both DCA and BCA milk and was associated with higher nutrient intake. High production was associated with shorter calving intervals (CI) and therefore shorter lactations. Whereas average days in lactation had a strong negative influence on DCA, average CI adversely affected both DCA and BCA milk. Differences in feed quality and nutrient intake (primarily energy) accounted for most of the remaining variation in milk yield between herds. The inability of dairymen to monitor intake of energy-dense feeds was an important factor limiting herd yield. Key words: Milk yield, dairy cows, feeding and management factors

Digital comparison of x‐ray diffraction data from cotton textiles

AbstractIt is proposed that step‐scanned digital x‐ray diffraction data from closely similar samples be compared only after averaging several scans. The comparison of averaged data for two samples is shown directly by a running difference curve; more subtle differences are indicated by a running sum of difference curve. In order to compensate for inequalities arising from experimental difficulties, scaling of the two data sets may be optionally accomplished by either equating the total intensity sums or performing a least‐squares fitting. Comparison of the two scale factors and consideration of the intercept (background) and resulting standard deviation provide a quantitative estimate of the difference between samples. The proposed techniques are illustrated for hydrocellulose II, cotton treated with acid, flame retardant, and permanent‐press agent, and for the experimental differences of intact cloth versus pressed pellet and different beam‐current settings on the diffractometer.

Effect of Simulated Acid Rain on Sulfate Movement in Acid Forest Soils

The effect of simulated acid rain on sulfate mobility in ironpodzol and semipodzol (Typic Udipsamments) forest soils of southern Norway was studied. The study was carried out with lysimeters with undisturbed soil. The lysimeters were watered with ‘rain” having pH 5.6 and 4.3. It was found that sulfate mobility was higher in the semipodzol than in the iron-podzol and it was dependent on their sulfate adsorption capacities which in their turn were dependent on Al contents of these soils. Sulfate losses from applied 35S increased with increasing volume and decreasing pH of the ‘rain”. The element losses were also higher in the semipodzol reflecting further higher mobility of sulfate in this soil. The total sums of cations, on equivalent basis, in the leachate from the semipodzol were nearly equal at pH 5.6 and 4.3 (0.480 and 0.485 meq liter−1, respectively). In the iron-podzol, however, total sums of cations at pH 5.6 and 4.3 differed slightly (0.314 and 0.387 meq liter−1, respectively).

DETERMINATION OF THE KINETICS OF THE BACK REACTION OF PHOTOSYSTEM II IN THE PRESENCE OF 3–(3,4‐DICHLORPHENYL)‐1,1‐DIMETHYLUREA FROM LUMINESCENCE MEASUREMENTS

Abstract— An alternative method to that used by Mar and Roy (1974) for the determination of the kinetics of the back reaction of photosystem II from the luminescence decay curve in the presence of 3–(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea (DCMU) has been suggested. The new theory relies upon two hypotheses: the well‐known recombination hypothesis of luminescence and the assumption that the luminescence yield in the seconds region is given by the variable part of the live fluorescence yield. The second hypothesis was introduced since assuming a constant luminescence yield results in kinetic data that are not consistent with measurements of the kinetics of the back reaction by the restoration of the area over the fluorescence rise curve. The dependence of the live fluorescence yield from the concentration of closed PS II traps was assumed to be represented by Delosme's expression originally derived for the rise curve of the fluorescence yield in the presence of DCMU.The theory is based on the fact that then the partial and total light sums of luminescence are simple functions of the concentration of the primary electron acceptor Q‐ of PS II. Thus, after integrating the luminescence decay curve the theory permits a convenient evaluation of the kinetics of the back reaction [Q‐](t) in terms of the partial and total light sum.This method was applied in order to determine the kinetics of the back reaction in Chlorella fusca in the presence of DCMU. It is shown that the kinetics of deactivation of the S, state can be described using the expression for the kinetics of the back reaction derived by Mar and Roy. As an alternative explanation, a biphasic first order decay of S2 is proposed.

Magic Squares: A Design Source

Magic squares, a form of recreational mathematics, are a possible source of geometric design. The magic squares are a different kind of number array from those presented by Richard Kostelanetz, recently in Leonardo [1] and from other numerical matrices. A basic magic square (Fig. la) is a series of consecutive numbers from 1 to n2 so arranged that at least the horizontal rows, vertical columns and the two principle diagonals always add up to a constant sum [2-4]. The example shown is a pan diagonal square of sum 65. This constant is five times the center number of the series, 13. The square is named 'pan diagonal' because all broken diagonals also total 65, as 10-3-21-19-12, etc. Magic squares may be of interest to artists for three reasons. First, many squares contain other number groupings within the square besides the required row, column and diagonal sets that add up to a constant sumthese beautiful harmonies of numbers may have a kind of aesthetic appeal. Next, it is possible to place numbers at the intersections of lines or curves of a great variety of geometric plane figures that exhibit a constancy in their summation. Likewise, numbers may be situated on the surfaces of cubes, spheres or other 3-dimensional constructions, or in spatial lattices to total constant sums. Lastly, the natural magic squares of numbers 1 to n2 may yield basic design elements from magic line tracings. These are derived from following the path of the consecutive numbers within the square or the paths of other submultiples of the series. In the 5 x 5 square (shown in Fig. l a) there are other magic groupings or constellations that total 65. Every plus (+ ) or times ( x ) cross set of five contiguous numbers, as 11-18-24-5-7 or 10-24-13-17-1, exhibits this property. Also, any group of four numbers in a square, plus another number separated by one cell diagonally, total 65, as 10-18-11-24-2. In some types of higher order squares, many kinds of such constellations occur at all places within such magic squares. An example of an exotic geometric arrangement with magic number properties is shown in Fig. 2. This is a representation of a 2-dimensional projection of a theoretical 4-dimensional figure, a magic hypercube or tessaract. It totals 34 for various constant groups of four numbers, as the corners of all squares or diamonds which may be regarded as the faces of projections of cubes. Magic lines are exemplified by the tracing shown in Fig. 1(b). This is formed by connecting points representing in place the numbers in Fig. 1(a), in consecutive order (then back to 25 to close the path). Other magic lines may be traced by following only the even numbers, or only the odd numbers, or the submultiples (as 1-5, then back to 1, 6-9, etc.), or by skipping from the initial number of each

TERRITORIAL STRUCTURE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN JAPAN

“Capital” has long been considered as a major force of urbanization. Few geographers have studied “Capital” from the spatial point of view. The purpose of this study is to analyze chronologically the distribution of capital accumulation and investments. By doing this, urban economic areas are delimited and the fundamental nature of the development of urbanization is understood. There are varied financial institutions in Japan. In this study, Credit Associations (Shinyo Kinko), which are small and medium in size, were selected. Credit Associations were established by the Act of Credit Associations in 1951. The purposes for establishing the Credit Associations were to facilitate monetary circulation and to promote saving among the general public. To be eligible as members of a Credit Association, individuals should reside or work and business establishment (Small and medium) should be located within the designated territory of the Credit Association. Its main financial activities are to deal in deposits from the members as well as from the general public, and to loan money to the members. Accordingly, its financial activities are local. The number of Credit Associations in Japan in 1977 was 469, and their branches and agencies amounted to 4, 340 and 57 respectively. In terms of monetary value, the ratio of deposit and loan of Credit Associations to those of all financial institutions were 8.7% and 7.7% respectively in 1975. In order to delimit the territory of each Credit Association, its headquarters and branches were connected by lines, and the area that encloses these lines was termed financial territory. Physiographic conditions and main transportation networks were also taken into account in drawing the boundaries of financial territories. The changes in financial territories were mapped for every five years after 1960. The Directory of Credit Associations of Japan was used as the major data source to draw the boundaries. Since it was not published in 1970, the Directory of Credit Associations published in 1969 was used to substitute for the data of 1970. Each Credit Association differs from the others in its size of deposit and loan, and the ratio of loan to deposit. Each financial territory was weighted according to its deposit, loan, and the ratio of loan to deposit in 1975. Then the financial territories were classified on the basis of the means and standard deviations of deposits, loans, and the ratios of loans to deposits of all the Credit Associations. 1. The financial territories of Credit Associations are concentrated in the Tokyo, Chukyo, and Hanshin metropolitan areas, indicating the agglomeration of financial acti-vities in the three large metropolitan areas. On the other hand, the distribution of financial territories in rural areas is extraordinarilly sparse. The distribution shows strong regional variation. 2. In many financial terrifories, the total sums of deposits greatly from those of loans, indicating the relative imbalance of the two activities. 3. The ratio loan to deposit greatly differs from a territory to another, and loans are made between financial territories, resulting in interterritorial movements of capital. 4. Many Credit Associations expanded their territories. Good examples are seen in Hokkaido. In 1960, financial territories in Hokkaido did not overlap with each other. This was due to the regulations made by the Ministry of Finance whereby the financial territory of a Credit Association was limited to particular administrative units (for example, city, town, or village). In 1965, the financial territories of Credit Associations in Kushiro, Asahikawa and Monbetsu expanded. In 1969, the Credit Associations established their branches in large centers, and their territories overlapped.