Total Stopping Research Articles

Effect of BaO on some radiation shielding parameters of recycling waste soda lime silica glasses system

This study investigates the impact of BaO as an additive on various radiation shielding parameters for recycled waste soda-lime silica glass (WSLSG) composites. Experimental gamma-ray attenuation measurements were performed using 137Cs and 60Co sources and BaO(x) [0.2Bi2O3-0.3ZnO-0.2B2O3-0.3SLS](1-x) glass composites (x = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, and 0.05 mole%) with a NaI(Tl) detector. Additionally, theoretical validation of gamma-ray shielding effectiveness was carried out using the EpiXS and Phy-X/PSD programs over a wide gamma-ray energy range (0.015 – 15 MeV). Key parameters such as mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), half-value layer (HVL), tenth-value layer (TVL), effective atomic number (Zeff), effective electron density (Neff), transmission factor (TF), and gamma-ray dose rate (Dr) were calculated. For a fixed sample thickness and incident gamma-ray energy, the descending order of TF for the glass samples was determined as: . Furthermore, the fast neutron removal cross section (FNRCS) at 4.5 MeV and the macroscopic removal cross section (MRCS) for fast neutrons were evaluated using Phy-X/PSD and MRCScal software, respectively. The total macroscopic cross section for thermal neutrons (Σth) and TF for fast/thermal neutrons (4 MeV/25.4 meV) were also computed using NGcal and transmission/scatter power software. Results indicated that both FNRCS and MRCS increased with BaO mole %. Additionally, the range (R) and total stopping power (TSP) for selected ions were simulated using SRIM Monte Carlo software over a broad energy range (0.01 - 20 MeV). The TSP and continuous slowing down approximation (CSDA) range for electron interactions were deduced using the ESTAR NIST program across an electron energy range of 0.01 - 1000 MeV.

Effect of bismuth oxide on radiation shielding and interaction characteristics of polyvinyl alcohol-based polymer: Potential use in medical apron design

This study evaluated radiation shielding and interaction characteristics of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer separately doped with 10% and 20% Bi2O3 respectively for medical apron design and shielding special electronic installations. Prepared samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The EDS results showed that Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), and bismuth (Bi) elements were the predominant elements present in the prepared samples. The SEM result displaced surface irregularities due to a special bonding matrix between PVA and Bi2O3. Mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), effective atomic number (Zeff), Half value layer (HVL), Mean free path (MFP), Fast neutron removal cross-section (R), Total Mass Stopping Power (TSP), and photon Range (R) of the prepared polymer composites (PV-1Bi and PV-2Bi) were evaluated with XCOM and PHITS computer programs. Results showed that the MAC of the prepared polymer samples was significantly higher than some recently developed composites at 0.662 MeV and 1.25 MeV gamma energy. Therefore, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer doped with Bi2O3 should be deployed in medical apron design and shielding special electronic installations where flexibility and high adhesion abilities are crucial.

Calculations of Positron Scattering from Boron, BH, BF, BF2, and BF3

The single-center convergent close-coupling (CCC) method is applied to calculate positron scattering from boron. A model potential approach is utilized to extract the positronium formation, direct ionization, and values between the positronium formation and ionization thresholds. We present results for total, electron loss, elastic, momentum transfer, total bound state excitation, positronium formation, direct ionization, stopping power, and mean excitation energy from 10−5 eV to 5000 eV. For boron, there is only one other set of theoretical positron calculations for elastic and momentum transfer above 500 eV, which is in excellent agreement with the current CCC results. Using the current results for boron atoms and previous CCC calculations for hydrogen and fluorine atoms, positron scattering from BF, BF2, BF3, and BH molecules is calculated for energies between 0.1 eV and 5000 eV with a modified independent atom approach.

Investigation of charged particles interaction with CeBr3 scintillator by Monte Carlo simulation programs

This work aims to investigate the interaction of charged particles (alpha and proton) with the CeBr3 scintillator by using Monte Carlo simulation. The total mass stopping power (TMSP), projected range, ion distributions, and ion ranges in the CeBr3 at an energy range of 0.01 - 10,000 , were computed by SRIM and FLUKA programs. The simulation results show that the TMSP of CeBr3 obtained by both programs is in good agreement. The alpha particle has a higher TMSP of the CeBr3 than the proton. The projected range of alpha and proton particles increases with increasing energy. The projected range of the proton is higher than that of the alpha particle when compared at the same energy. Finally, the 2D visualization of ion distributions and ion ranges for alpha and proton particles was reported.
 
 

Evaluation of shielding and interaction properties of different stainless steel alloys for nuclear power plant shielding

This study evaluated the gamma and neutron-shielding parameters, electron and charge particles’ interaction properties of three different stainless steel-based alloys (2507SS, 304SS and AISI1018) with densities of 7.82, 7.81 and 7.82, respectively for deployment in nuclear reactor construction. Gamma shielding parameters were evaluated with Phy-X/PSD, Py-MLBUF and GRASP computer programs within the energy range of 0.2 MeV to 15 MeV. The relative deviations (RD %) between two of these computational platforms were calculated. Fast Neutrons Effective Removal Cross-Sections (FNRCS) and Macroscopic Removal cross-section (MRCS) values for fast neutrons were calculated with Phy-X/PSD and MRCS software, while thermal/fast neutron attenuation factors were calculated with NGCals software. The continuous-slowing-down approximation (CSDA) range and total stopping power (TSP) values of H+ and He++ ions were estimated with SRIM Monte Carlo code in a wide energy range of 1–20 MeV. The projectile range of electrons was computed with ESTAR NIST software within the kinetic energy of 0.01–1000 MeV. Gamma-ray, thermal neutron and fast neutron transmission factors (TFs) values were calculated for all samples for a range of well-known energies. From the obtained results, all evaluated parameters were dependent on the composition of shielding materials, the type of radiation and the photon energy of the radiation. The maximum MAC values obtained from the three alloy samples are 0.1505 cm2/g for 2507SS, 0.1453 cm2/g for 304SS and 0.1459 cm2/g for AISI1018 at 0.02 MeV. These results projected 2507SS as a better shielding alloy when compared with other investigated alloy samples. Considering the closeness of densities of investigated alloy samples the shielding and interaction properties of all alloy samples gave excellent and similar results implying that all investigated alloys will effectively serve as a radiation-shielding material in a nuclear reactor.

STATISTICAL MODELING OF κ·q±1 DISCRETE DATA TRANSFORMATION SYSTEMS

A new branching tree model has been proposed for the first time in the direction of increasing degree 2n (merging in the reverse direction), which coincides with the direction of increasing total stopping time. It has been shown that each time corresponds to a sequence of individual numbers n(tst)→∞, the volume of which increases with time. Thus, it is proven that each time corresponds to a finite number of Collatz sequences of the same length. The reason for the formation of a histogram or spectrum tst(q) with two peaks has been established. It is shown that the double structure is formed by the regularities of Jacobsthal recurrence numbers at the nodes of the sequences. It has been established that the graph tst(q) with the numbers of active nodes in semi-logarithmic coordinates tst, logm(p) appears as a straight line, while the graph for the numbers of inactive nodes appears as a scattered spectrum. Based on the established statistical regularities tst(q), a new recurrent model of trivial cycles is proposed.

Neka razmatranja o ukupnom vremenu zaustavljanja za Kolacov problem

Introduction/purpose: The Collatz conjecture has been considered and the stopping time needed for the recursive transformation to end has been investigated. Methods: A statistical analysis on the stopping time has been used. Results: The statistical approach shows that the probability of finding an infinite stopping time, that is a violation of the Collatz conjecture, is extremely low. Conclusion: Picking precisely one particular atom in the Universe is still more favorable, by more than 61 orders of magnitude, than encountering an infinite total stopping time.

The Behavioral Interaction of Charged Particles via Glass Medium (ZnO:Li2O:MgO:B2O3): Mathematical Calculation

The glass compositions as ZnO: Li2O: MgO: B2O3 (ZLMB) were synthesized by melt-quenching technique, and studied physical properties such as density and molar volume. The behavior of charged particles such as proton and alpha was examined using the theoretical program by the SRIM coding simulation. The total mass stopping power (TMSP) and projected ranges (PR) were simulated via the SRIM at 0.01 MeV to 10 MeV of the energy ranges. The penetration depth and ion ranges also were simulated. The result found that density increased with increasing ZnO concentrations. In contrast, molar volume decreased when ZnO concentrations increased. However, The TMSP and PR values of proton and alpha particles showed decreased with raising density.

The Fundamental Gamma Rays and Charge Particle Interactions of the CeBr3 Scintillator

The research aims to study the primary interaction between gamma radiation in CeBr3 crystal. The analysis of mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), effective atomic number (Z eff), electron density (N eff), mean free path (MFP), and energy absorption buildup factor (EABF) was evaluated using the using the WinXCom software. Also, the interaction with charged particles as the total mass stopping power (TMSP), projected range (PR) of proton () and alpha () particles were evaluated by SRIM programming. The results found that the MAC depends on the energy ranges, the photoelectric effect is the main interaction at low energy ranges, Compton scattering phenomena illustrate and evidents at intermediate energy ranges, and pair production characteristics dominate over on 1.022 MeV in high energy ranges. Moreover, absorption edges appear on energy’s discontinuity at low energy. The Z eff and N eff show similar trends and correspond to the energy ranges. The MFP of the CeBr3 compared with some standard scintillators such as NaI and BGO crystal and found that the BGO responds to faster interaction than CeBr3 and NaI crystals. The EABF shows scattering energies followed by atomic equivalent (Z eq), and they also increase with increasing penetration depth (mfp). The TMSP and PR depend on charged particles, density, and the unit path distance of a material.

An investigation of some ionizing radiation interaction parameters in selected composite scintillation materials

In this study, the interaction parameters of neutrons, charge particles and gamma rays in seven inorganic scintillation materials with densities ranged from 3.86 to 8.30 g/cm3 were theoretically examined. SRIM Monte Carlo software was used to determine the range of H + , H e + + , A u + and O − − ions in the energy range (0.01–20) MeV, Phy-X/PSD while Py-MLBUF computer programs were used to estimate gamma radiation interaction parameters in the energy range (0.02–15) MeV. The electron total stopping power and range values at energies ranging from 0.01 to 1000 MeV were calculated using the ESTAR NIST program. The fast neutron removal cross-section (FNRCS) and the macroscopic effective removal cross-section (MRCS) were calculated using the Phy-X/PSD and MRCS tools, respectively. The outcomes of this research showed that the range of H + , H e + + , A u + and O − − ions increased with decreasing sample density but decreased with increasing projectile energies; the largest range of H + is 2090 µm in the lowest density S1 sample, while the range of A u + is 5.16 µm in the same sample. The denser sample S7 had the highest stopping power and the lowest range at higher electron energies. The S1 sample had the highest calculated HVL value of 5.403 cm, while the S7 sample had the lowest calculated HVL value of 0.0008 cm. Rising sample density causes the MAC to rise, while rising gamma energy causes the MAC to decrease. The highest MAC value recorded was 107 cm2/g at 0.015 MeV in the S7 sample, and the lowest value recorded was 0.0369 cm2/g at 15 MeV in the S1 sample. For all inorganic scintillation samples at particular gamma energies, the standard deviations for the MAC, HVL and Zeff values between the Phy-X/PSD and, Py-MLBUF programs were calculated. With energy range variation, the results for Zeff for the two samples S2 and S4 appeared to be constant. Regards to the fast neutrons, the heights value’s of FNRCS, and MRCS were recorded for S7.

The interacted characteristically study of alpha, proton, neutron, and gamma radiation against Gd2O3-Na2O-Al2O3-P2O5 glass system doped with Dy3+: Theoretical investigation

The radiation shielding properties and fast neutron removal cross-sections of Na2O-Gd2O3-Al2O3-P2O5 glass system doped with Dy3+ were calculated by theoretical approach using the Phy-X program. However, charged particles were simulated via SRIM coding. The result found that density and molar volume of the samples increase with increasing of Dy2O3 concentrations. For radiation shielding properties, increasing Dy2O3 concentrations impact with the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), effective atomic number (Zeff), and effective electron density (Neff) and also corresponds to the gamma energy ranges. In other hands, increasing density and the MAC are not result directly with neutron cross-sections. For charged particles, the total mass stopping power (TMSP) of both particle as proton and alpha particles depend on the medium that charged particles traversed and also rely on number of ions. HIGHLIGHTS Calculate and analyst the rediation shielding parameters by Phy-X program. The charged particles were simulated via SRIM coding. The study of radiation shielding properties Na2O-Gd2O3-Al2O3-P2O5 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Disease Detection of Rice and Chili Based on Image Classification Using Convolutional Neural Network Android-Based

The current development of machine learning makes it easier for humans to obtain information, especially from images. The presence of processing assistance from machines can increase the accuracy of the information provided to further convince the recipient of the information. Rice and chili farmers in Indonesia have experienced many disease attacks from several types of plant diseases. Not many farmers understand and are good at guessing the diseases that attack their rice and chili plants. So many rice and chili farmers experienced crop failure. This research aims to build a disease-detection system for rice and chili plants based on Android-based image classification. The machine learning method used is Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with the Mobile Net version one model combined with the Sequential CNN and Tensor Flow Lite models. The results of the transfer learning evaluation on the Mobile Net version 1 model and the sequential CNN model obtained training accuracy of 0.88% with a loss of 0.34%, validation accuracy of 0.84% with a loss of 0.40%, and testing accuracy of 86% with a loss of 43%. Each uses batch 69 of the total training data stopping at epoch 30 from epoch 100. The results of field testing on the application of rice and chili disease detection on 20 images of rice and chili plants can detect Rice Neck Blast disease with a probability of 75% to 100% and Rice Hispa with a probability of 97% to 100%. It can also detect chili plant diseases such as Chili Yellowish with a probability of 83%, Chili Leaf Spot with a probability of 99%, Chili Whitefly with a probability of 91% to 95, Chili Healthy with a probability of 78% to 99%, and Chili Leaf Curl with a probability 75 to 76%. The probability obtained varies according to how likely damage is to rice and chili plants. CNN with the Mobile Net version one model and the Sequential model can extract and classify images so that it has maximum information processing capabilities. This research can make it easier to help farmers identify diseases that attack their rice and chili plants.

A novel approach to the investigation and quantification of the stop/start process for pedestrian traffic using motion capture devices

Characterising the stop/start walking process of individuals in a crowded and congested space is an important consideration in modelling pedestrian movement. However, the reaction of pedestrians to speed changes, especially to the person in front, has not been fully characterised nor quantified for full adoption in computer models. This study, therefore, explored the different phases of the stop/start process through a series of novel experiments conducted at University College Dublin (UCD) in which individual movements were captured precisely using motion capture equipment. The overall aim of the study was to develop a novel methodology (inspired from vehicle traffic flow) to break down and quantify the components of the stop/start walking process, i.e., the perception-reaction time, slow-down time, and start-up time of individuals walking in a single-file. These times, together with the total stopping distance and inter-person distances of each follower to their leader at the beginning and the end of each phase were quantified successfully and their inter-relationships were explored. The results showed the mean perception-reaction time, slow-down time, and start-up time delay were 0.48, 0.58, and 0.39 s, respectively. Where applicable, normal, lognormal, Weibull, gamma, and log-logistic probability distributions were fitted to the data to determine the best fit. The novel methodology developed in this study can be used in the future to investigate pedestrians’ behaviour in response to any changes in leaders’ speed, i.e. quantify the reaction of individuals in different phases. The results of this study can inform the representation of the stop/start process in microscopic pedestrian models.

Decentralized signal control for multi-modal traffic network: A deep reinforcement learning approach

Managing traffic flow at intersections in a large-scale network remains challenging. Multi-modal signalized intersections integrate various objectives, including minimizing the queue length and maintaining constant bus headway. Inefficient traffic signals and bus headway control strategies may cause severe traffic jams, high delays for bus passengers, and bus bunching that harms bus line operations. To simultaneously improve the level of service for car traffic and the bus system in a multi-modal network, this paper integrates bus priority and holding with traffic signal control via decentralized controllers based on Reinforcement Learning (RL). The controller agents act and learn from a synthetic traffic environment built with the microscopic traffic simulator SUMO. Action information is shared among agents to achieve cooperation, forming a Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) framework. The agents simultaneously aim to minimize vehicles' total stopping time and homogenize the forward and backward space headways for buses approaching intersections at each decision step. The Deep Q-Network (DQN) algorithm is applied to manage the continuity of the state space. The tradeoff between the bus transit and car traffic objectives is discussed using various numerical experiments. The introduced method is tested in scenarios with distinct bus lane layouts and bus line deployments. The proposed controller outperforms model-based adaptive control methods and the centralized RL method regarding global traffic efficiency and bus transit stability. Furthermore, the remarkable scalability and transferability of trained models are demonstrated by applying them to several different test networks without retraining.

Calculation of the electron stopping power of some components of human body tissues

The stopping power of the target material is an essential variable for evaluating the effects of radiation. In this study, the stopping power for an electron that interacts with some components of human body tissues (H, C, N, O, Na, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe, I) was calculated using two methods: The Beth formula and the ESTAR code, in the energy range 0.01–1000 ​MeV. The total stopping power of these elements was calculated by adding their collisional stopping power to their radiative stopping power. The results from both methods were in good agreement. A semi-empirical formula was found to compute the total electron stopping power of electrons of these targets for a given electron energy. Our stopping power values show good agreement with ICRU 37 (1984).

Gamma-ray, fast neutron and ion shielding characteristics of low-density and high-entropy Mg–Al–Ti–V–Cr–Fe–Zr–Nb alloy systems using Phy-X/PSD and SRIM programs

This study aimed to assess the radiation shielding properties of ten low-density high-entropy alloys (LWHEAs) using Phy-X/PSD software to analyze various shielding parameters, such as attenuation coefficients (μm and μ), mean free path (λ), effective atomic number (Zeff), and removal cross-section (ΣR), in the energy range of ▪ to ▪. A comprehensive evaluation was performed to compare the attenuation outcomes provided by HEAs with a range of shielding materials documented in the literature. The study also calculated the build-up factors (BUFs) of the alloys by using the GP-fitting interpolation method. The stopping power of the alloys against H1/He+2 ions was analyzed using the SRIM Monte Carlo code, considering total stopping power (TSP) and projected range (PR). The results indicated that HEA8 (Al3.88Cr14.95Mo27.58Nb26.71Ti13.76Zr13.11) had the best performance in terms of shielding against γ-rays, fast neutrons, and H1/He+2 ions, as it achieved the highest values of parameters such as μm, μ, Zeff, and ΣR, along with the lowest values of HVL, TVL, λ, BUFs (▪▪), TSP, and PR. On the other hand, HEA10 (Mg10.77Al11.96Mn24.35Fe24.75Cu28.17) had the lowest BUFs in both lower (▪▪) and higher (▪▪) energy regions. The order of μm for the alloys was found to be HEA5<HEA6<HEA9<HEA7<HEA10<HEA4<HEA2<HEA3<HEA1<HEA8. The study concluded that LWHEAs possess superior radiation shielding properties compared to conventional materials, making them a promising new class of materials for radiation shielding applications.

Stopping Power Calculation of Protons and α–Particles for C2H4 and C6H6 in Energy Range 0.01-1000 MeV

In this research, a theoretical study was conducted to calculate the total stopping power of some relativistic heavy ions (protons and alpha particles) during their passage through some media (ethylene and benzene) in the energy range (0.01-1000 MeV). The equations were programmed using MATLAB2021, the curve fitting tool was used, and the calculated results were compared with the experimental data of the P- Star and A-Star programs for the same missiles in those organic compounds.

Characterization and applications of highly optical transparency tellurite glasses doped with Er3+, Tm3+, and Nd3+

Highly optical transparent tellurite glasses are attractive and viable as alternative materials for absorbing gamma-ray photons in the design of radiation protection structures. This report examines the potential of new tellurite glass systems (TeO2-ZnO-WO3-Bi2O3) doped with Er3+ (TZWB-Er), Tm3+ (TZWB-Tm), and Nd3+ (TZWB-Nd) as shielding materials against charged and uncharged radiation. The mass attenuation coefficient, μ/ρ of the glasses was computed by XCOM software and data from simulations of photon transmission in the PHIT code. The total stopping powers and range of beta particles β, H+, He2+, and C6+ in the glasses were estimated by ESTAR, PSTAR, ASTAR, and SRIM software at particle kinetic energies within 0.1–10 MeV. The fast neutron (FN) removal and thermal neutron absorption cross-sections in the glasses were also computed. The stopping powers and ranges of the considered charged particles showed variations that depended on the kinetic energy of the particles and chemical composition of the glasses. The TZWB-M glasses are better alternatives as gamma-radiation shields compared to traditional shielding substances such as concrete, some commercial glass shields, and recently recommended glass shields. The glasses are thus recommended for the design of radiation safety structures.

Determination of resistance against the transmission of charged particles of Rhenium-Boron (Re-B) based alloys

In this study, the resistance of the Rhenium-Boron (Re-B) based alloys against the transmission of charged particles such as electron, proton, alpha, carbon and oxygen was investigated using the stopping power as the characterizing quantity. For this, the collision, radiative/nuclear, total stopping powers and projected range of the charged particles in the Re40-B60, Re50-B50, Re58-B42 and Re60-B40 alloys were calculated using the ESTAR, and the the Stopping and Range of Ions in Materials (SRIM) Monte Carlo code. It was found that the stopping powers of the heavy charged particles tended to decrease with increasing the rhenium concentration. These results suggest that the boron element is more suitable for heavy charged particle shielding materials compared to rhenium element.

Investigation of the nuclear radiation interaction parameters of selected polymers for radiation therapy and dosimetry.

The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), effective atomic number (Zeff), equivalent atomic number (Zeq), fast neutron removal cross-section (FNRCS), energy absorption buildup factor (EABF), mass-energy absorption coefficient (MenAC), relative kerma, and computed tomography (CT) numbers were calculated for the alginates, bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA), chitin, hyaluronic acid, polycaprolactone (PCL), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyglycolide (PGA), polylactic acid (PLA), poly lacto-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA), poly vinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), and urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) polymers using the Phy-X/PSD and Py-MLBUF software. The total stopping power (TSP) of electrons, protons, and alpha particles was calculated for the selected polymers using the ESTAR, PSTAR, and ASTAR programs. The effective atomic number for absorption and charged particle (electron, proton, alpha, and carbon ion) interactions were estimated for the selected polymers using Phy-X/ZeXTRa software. The FNRCS values of Bis-GMA, PCL, PEG, PMMA, and PVP were similar to those of the human tissues. For the selected polymers, the Zeff values for electron, proton, alpha, and carbon ion interactions of PCL, PEG, PLGA, and PVA were similar to those of human tissues, except for the cortical bone, across the entire energy range. These results are expected to assist in selecting suitable polymers as tissue-equivalent materials in the desired energy range for photon, neutron, and charged-particle interactions. This study is expected to be useful for radiation therapy and dosimetry.