Total Saturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Effectiveness of natural antioxidants on oxidative stability of margarines

Lipid oxidation has been identified as the main deterioration process of margarines and in which the addition of antioxidants is necessary. Consumers are increasingly demanding that natural preservatives replace chemical antioxidants in foods. The main aim of this study was to improve the oxidative stability of eight commercial margarines without antioxidants, selected by Principal Component Analysis and grouped into three clusters by the addition of six natural ground herbs: Curcuma longa, Illicium verum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Taraxacum officinale, Thymus piperella and Thymus vulgaris. A preliminary assay showed that the margarines with higher total fat and saturated fatty acids presented higher Induction Periods. When adding spices and herbs to margarines, Rosmarinus officinalis increased the oxidative stability value by 73.17% with respect to its baseline values, Curcuma longa, Thymus vulgaris and Thymus piperella between 17 and 26% and Taraxacum officinale together with Illicium verum reduced it by 19% and 34% respectively. The most effective species shown by chemical and statistical analysis were those containing a high content of highly lipophilic apolar phenolic compounds. A multiple linear regression model showed that Induction Period has a positive correlation with saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, ω−3 acids, the monounsaturated/polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio and the antioxidant activity of the added herbs. The oxidative stability of margarines is influenced by various factors and compounds present in their formulation, but the use of plants and spices could be an alternative to improve this emulsion

A Comparative Analysis of Butter, Ghee, and Margarine and Its Implications for Healthier Fat and Oil Group Choices: SWOT Analysis

ABSTRACTThis study aims to comparatively analyze butter, ghee, and margarine fatty acid profiles and their implications for healthier fat and oil group choices. In this cross‐sectional study, 60 samples from best‐selling brands of butter, ghee, and margarine were randomly selected from five food chain stores in Tehran, Iran. Then, all the samples were coded, packed in cool conditions, and sent to the laboratory to determine the fatty acid profiles by using gas chromatography (GC). Based on the authors' experiences and the available literature, a policy dialogue session was held with stakeholders about oil and fat challenges, followed by a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis. The mean ± SE of total fatty acids in butter, ghee, and margarine was 94.07 ± 0.17, 94.49 ± 0.61, and 99.00 ± 0.18; total saturated fatty acid (TSFA) 66.69 ± 0.39, 64.26 ± 0.63, and 40.36 ± 0.87; trans fatty acid (TFA) 2.43 ± 0.09, 3.60 ± 0.29, and 0.83 ± 0.15 g/100 gfat, respectively. The predominant TFAs in butter and ghee were vaccenic acid (animal source) (2.06 ± 0.07 and 2.41 ± 0.17), while in margarine, it was elaidic acid (plant‐based source) (0.32 ± 0.12 g/100 gfat), respectively. Also, the SWOT findings showed being TFAs in the acceptable range (as the main strength), mismanagement (Weakness), reducing taxes based on lower TFA content (Opportunity), and sanctions (as the main Threat) were the most important criteria affecting fat choices in the Iranian food basket. The results of the study found that butter, ghee, and margarine contain relatively low levels of TFAs; however, butter and ghee were rich in beneficial fatty acids, which have been shown to have health‐protective properties. Policymakers can implicate the proposed strategies and opportunities from the SWOT analysis for healthier fat and oil choices to promote public health.

EFFECT OF SEASON ON METABOLITES AND SEMEN TRAITS OF BULLS

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the winter and spring seasons on some biomarkers and semen characteristics of Holstein bulls (n = 20) during the Coronavirus pandemic period. Semen was collected for 16 weeks and evaluated weekly, along with the determination of some biomarkers. Sperm concentration, live sperm percentage, the concentrations of the most amino acids, essential, non-essential, and total amino acids, all carboxylic acids, omega 3, 6, 9, total fatty acids, and total saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, increased (P<0.05) in semen of spring compared to the winter season. Moreover, the percentage of plasma membrane integrity was higher in the winter than the spring season. The concentration of malondialdehyde in semen decreased (P<0.05) in the semen during the winter compared to the spring season. These biomarkers may have played a role in the fertility and semen quality or were affected by the season and repercussions of the Corona pandemic (feed shortage stress). In conclusion, the level of some amino and carboxylic acids can be adopted as an indicator of climate change (season) and semen quality of bulls or energy level in the diet.

Association between dietary fatty acids and depressive symptoms in Chinese haemodialysis patients: a cross-sectional study.

Depression is highly prevalent in haemodialysis patients, and diet might play an important role. Therefore, we conducted this cross-sectional study to determine the association between dietary fatty acids (FA) consumption and the prevalence of depression in maintenance haemodialysis (MHD) patients. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated FFQ between December 2021 and January 2022. The daily intake of dietary FA was categorised into three groups, and the lowest tertile was used as the reference category. Depression was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were applied to assess the relationship between dietary FA intake and the prevalence of depression. As a result, after adjustment for potential confounders, a higher intake of total FA [odds ratio (OR)T3 vs. T1 = 1·59, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1·04, 2·46] and saturated fatty acids (SFA)(ORT3 vs. T1 = 1·83, 95 % CI = 1·19, 2·84) was associated with a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms. Significant positive linear trends were also observed (P < 0·05) except for SFA intake. Similarly, the prevalence of depression in MHD patients increasedby 20% (OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.01-1.43)foreach standard deviation increment in SFA intake. RCS analysis indicated an inverse U-shaped correlation between SFA and depression (P nonlinear > 0·05). Additionally, the sensitivity analysis produced similar results. Furthermore, no statistically significant association was observed in the subgroup analysis with significant interaction. In conclusion, higher total dietary FA and SFA were positively associated with depressive symptoms among MHD patients. These findings inform future research exploring potential mechanism underlying the association between dietary FA and depressive symptoms in MHD patients.

Association of erythrocyte fatty acid compositions with the risk of pancreatic cancer: A case-control study.

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most fatal malignancies, which has attracted scientists to investigate its etiology and pathogenesis. Nevertheless, the association between erythrocyte fatty acids and PC risk remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the association between levels of erythrocyte fatty acids and PC risk. The erythrocyte fatty acid compositions of 105 PC patients and 120 controls were determined by gas chromatography. Cases and controls were frequency matched by age and sex. Multivariable conditional logistic regression model and restricted cubic spline were applied to estimate the odds ratio with 95% confidence interval (OR, 95% CI) of erythrocyte fatty acids and PC risk. Our main findings indicated a significant negative association between levels of erythrocyte total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) and the risk of PC (ORT3-T1 = 0.30 [0.14, 0.63] and ORT3-T1 = 0.15 [0.06, 0.33], respectively). In contrast, erythrocyte n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, specifically linoleic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA) levels, were positively associated with PC incidence (RT1-T3 = 4.24 [1.97, 9.46] and ORT1-T3 = 4.53 [2.09, 10.20]). Total saturated fatty acid (SFA), especially high levels of palmitic acid (16:0), was positively associated with the risk of PC (ORT3-T1 = 3.25 [1.53, 7.08]). Our findings suggest that levels of different types of fatty acids in erythrocytes may significantly alter PC susceptibility. Protective factors against PC include unsaturated fatty acids such as n-3 PUFA and MUFA.

Systemic immune-inflammation states in US adults with seropositivity to infectious pathogens: A nutrient-wide association study.

Limited understanding exists regarding the association between daily total dietary nutrient intakes and immune-inflammation states in US adults exposed to various pathogens. This study sought to examine the correlation between nutrient intakes and immune-inflammation indicators and to assess their performance in distinguishing immune-inflammation states. This study was derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), which included 33,804 participants aged 20 years or older between 2005 and 2018. Multivariable linear regression and restricted cubic spline regression were conducted to evaluate the association between nutrient intakes and immune-inflammation indicators. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to evaluate the discriminatory performance of identified nutrients for various immune-inflammation states measured by the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII). Ten key nutrients were significantly associated with immune-inflammation responses, including calcium, saturated fatty acid (SFA) 4:0, SFA 6:0, SFA 12:0, SFA 14:0, SFA 16:0, vitamin B2, total SFAs, retinol, and lutein + zeaxanthin, which show potential as dietary indicators. The area under the curve for discriminating various immune-inflammation states was improved by at least 0.03 compared with a model that included only covariates, with all P values <0.05 in the Delong tests, indicating a significant enhancement in model performance. Ten nutrients, including calcium, various SFAs, vitamin B2, retinol, and lutein + zeaxanthin, exhibit significant association with SII and potential as dietary indicators for distinguishing between different immune-inflammation states in US adults with seropositivity to various viruses.

The association between circulating saturated fatty acids and thyroid function: results from the NHANES 2011-2012.

Excessive saturated fatty acids (SFAs) are known to be detrimental to human health. Although the majority of research and dietary guidelines have focused on the intake of SFAs, there has been limited attention to the relationship between circulating SFA levels and hormonal regulation, such as that of thyroid hormones. To explore potential associations, we conducted an investigation with 579 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2012. Subgroup analyses and multivariable linear regression models were used to estimate the relationships between eleven distinct SFA concentrations and various thyroid parameters. For 579 adults, subgroup analysis of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) revealed significant differences in nine specific SFAs and the total SFA levels (all p < 0.05). Furthermore, multivariable linear regression analysis identified positive correlations between certain SFAs and various parameters, including TSH, total triiodothyronine (TT3), free triiodothyronine (FT3), thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb), thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb), thyroglobulin (Tg), the ratio of FT3 to free thyroxine (FT4) (FT3/FT4), and the thyrotroph T4 resistance index (TT4RI). Conversely, negative correlations were observed between certain SFAs and total thyroxine (TT4), FT4, the ratio of FT3/TT3, and the thyroid feedback quantile-based index (TFQI) (all p < 0.05). These findings collectively suggest associations between SFAs and thyroid parameters, highlighting the need for future studies to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of these interactions.

Association of circulating fatty acids with cardiovascular disease risk: Analysis of individual-level data in three large prospective cohorts and updated meta-analysis.

Associations of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) with cardiovascular disease (CVD) remain controversial. We therefore aimed to investigate the prospective associations of objectively measured FAs with CVD, including incident coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke, as well as CVD mortality. Circulating FA concentrations expressed as the percentage of total FAs were assayed in 172,891 participants without prior vascular disease at baseline from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-CVD (EPIC-CVD) (7,343 CHD; 6,499 stroke), UK Biobank (1,825; 1,474), and INTERVAL (285; 209) cohort studies. Hazard ratio (HR) per 1-standard deviation (SD) higher FA concentrations was estimated using Cox regression models and pooled by random-effects meta-analysis. Systematic reviews with meta-analysis published by 6 May 2023 on associations between FAs and CVDs were systematically searched and updated meta-analyses using random-effects model were conducted. Evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was also summarized. Higher concentrations of total saturated FAs (SFAs) were associated with higher cardiovascular risks in the combined analysis, with differential findings noted for SFA subtypes in further analysis restricted to EPIC-CVD: positive associations for even-chain SFA [HR for CHD 1.24 (95% CI: 1.18-1.32); stroke 1.23 (1.10-1.38)] and negative associations for odd-chain [0.82 (0.76-0.87); 0.73 (0.67-0.78)] and longer-chain [0.95 (0.80-1.12); 0.84 (0.72-0.99)] SFA. In the combined analysis, total n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) [0.91 (0.85-0.97)], including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) [0.91 (0.84-0.98)], was negatively associated with incident CHD risk. Similarly, total n-6 PUFA [0.94 (0.91-0.98)], including linoleic acid (LA) [0.89 (0.83-0.95)], was negatively associated with incident stroke risk. By contrast, more detailed analyses in EPIC-CVD revealed that several downstream n-6 PUFAs of LA were positively associated with CHD risk. Updated meta-analyses of 37 FAs including 49 non-overlapping studies, involving between 7,787 to 22,802 CHD and 6,499 to 14,221 stroke cases, showed broadly similar results as our combined empirical analysis and further suggested significant inverse associations of individual long-chain n-3 PUFAs and LA on both CHD and stroke. The findings of long-chain n-3 PUFAs were consistent with those from published RCTs on CHD despite insufficient evidence in monotherapy, while RCT evidence remained unclear for the rest of the explored FAs. Our study provides an overview of the most recent evidence on the associations between objectively measured FAs and CVD outcomes. Collectively, the data reveals notable differences in associations by SFA subtypes and calls for further studies, especially RCTs, to explore these links.

From Traditional to Exceptional: Impact of the Use of Dried Chicken Meat Powder on Sensory and Nutritional Quality of Tarhana

Tarhana is a popular Turkish fermented food, made of a mixture of cereal and yoghurt, generally consumed as soup. Both lactic acid bacteria and yeasts are responsible for the fermentation. The selection and proportions of ingredients integrated along with the production process specify the nutritional value and sensory properties of the final product. Therefore, the first objective of the present study was to process a dried “chicken meat powder (CMP)” that could be used in food formulations. The second objective was to determine the impact of CMP addition on the nutritional and sensorial properties of Uşak tarhana recipe with geographical indication. In order to fulfill these challenges dried chicken meat powder (CMP) at levels of 20, 25, 30, and 35% were included in tarhana recipes for the very first time. Within the scope of the study, organoleptic properties of tarhana soups (control and CMP added) were determined, and the formulation with 30% CMP (TCMP30) achieved the highest sensory evaluation scores. This sample was analyzed further, and its physicochemical properties were compared to a control sample strictly following the traditional Uşak tarhana recipe. In the tarhana samples, the moisture, protein, and total fat content increased with higher CMP additions, while the ash, crude cellulose, carbohydrates, energy, salt, and dietary fiber decreased significantly (p &lt; 0.05). The calcium and sodium contents decreased, however, potassium, phosphorus, and zinc contents increased. The fatty acid composition analysis revealed that Uşak tarhana contained more saturated fatty acids than either CMP or TCMP30; adding 30% CMP reduced the total saturated fatty acids while increasing the monounsaturated fatty acids. The main fatty acids in traditional samples were linoleic, palmitic, and oleic acids, comprising 83.82% of the total fat. In TCMP30, the order changed to oleic &gt; linoleic &gt; palmitic with 83.89% of total fat. Over time, the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity decreased in the control sample but increased in TCMP30. These results suggest that a formulation including 30% CMP effectively enhances the sensory, functional, and nutritional aspects in tarhana.

Metabolic Reprogramming of Phospholipid Fatty Acids as a Signature of Lung Cancer Type.

Background: Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) differ in aggressiveness, proliferation speed, metastasis propensity, and prognosis. Since tumor cells notably change lipid metabolism, especially phospholipids and fatty acids (FA), this study aimed to identify FA alterations in lung cancer tissues. Methods: Our study included patients with newly diagnosed, histologically confirmed SCLC (n = 27) and NSCLC (n = 37). Samples were collected from both malignant and healthy tissues from each patient, providing they were within subject design. Results: In both NSCLC and SCLC tumor tissues, FA contents were shifted toward pro-inflammatory profiles, with increased levels of some individual n-6 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), particularly arachidonic acid, and elevated activity of Δ6 desaturase. Compared to healthy counterparts, lower levels of alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) and total saturated FA (SFA) were found in NSCLC, while decreased levels of linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and all individual n-3 FA were found in SCLC tissue in comparison to the healthy tissue control. When mutually compared, SCLC tissue had higher levels of total SFA, especially stearic acid, while higher levels of linoleic acid, total PUFA, and n-3 and n-6 PUFA were detected in NSCLC. Estimated activities of Δ6 desaturase and elongase were higher in SCLC than in NSCLC. Conclusions: Our findings indicate a notable impairment of lipid metabolism in two types of lung cancer tissues. These type-specific alterations may be associated with differences in their progression and also point out different therapeutic targets.

Brazil Nut Semi-Defatted Flour Oil: Impact of Extraction Using Pressurized Solvents on Lipid Profile, Bioactive Compounds Composition, and Oxidative Stability.

Brazilian nuts are native to the Amazon rainforest and are considered a non-timber forest-product of extreme economic importance to local populations. This study evaluated the lipid profile, bioactive compounds, and oxidative stability of semi-defatted Brazilian nut flour oil (BNSDFO) obtained using pressurized fluids (n-propane at 40 °C and 2, 4, and 8 MPa or a CO2/n-propane mixture at 40 °C and 12 MPa). A Brazilian nut kernel oil (BNKO) processed by conventional cold pressing was also obtained. The BNKO showed a higher concentration of total phenolic compounds and saturated fatty acids, higher antioxidant activity, and the presence of gallic acid derivatives. The oils extracted using pressurized fluids showed a higher concentration of linoleic acid, β-sitosterol, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The utilization of pressurized n-propane resulted in higher yields (13.7 wt%), and at intermediate pressures (4 MPa), the product showed myricetin 3-O-rhamnoside and higher oxidative stability (OSI, 12 h) than at lower pressures (2 MPa). The CO2/n-propane mixture of pressurized solvents resulted in higher concentrations of squalene (4.5 times), the presence of different phenolic compounds, and a high OSI (12 h) but lower yield (2.2 wt%). In conclusion, oils with better fatty acid profiles (oleic e linoleic acids), phytosterol composition, and suitable radical scavenging activity may be obtained using pressurized fluids and Brazilian nut flour, a byproduct of oil extraction. The mixture of solvents may improve the concentration of squalene, whereas using only n-propane may increase oil yield.

The influence of planting density on the oil and fatty acids content of soybean in hydroponic and soil conditions of the Ararat Valley

Background: Plant seed oils are major renewable resources from nature that can be used in multiple applications. Oils and fats are a vital component of human diets. About 1/3 of the daily energy requirements of a healthy diet come from fats. Each branch of the food industry has its own demands for the fatty acid composition of seed oils. High amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids are a requirement of healthy diets. However, food manufacturers need highly saturated fatty acids because they need oil that is resistant to high temperatures and oxidation. Soybean oil is second only behind palm oil as the most commercially abundant plant oil globally. Soybean has been recognized for its agricultural importance and their various positive effects on human health. Objective: to identify the quantitative changes of soybean fatty acids depending on the planting density and growing conditions in the Ararat Valley of Armenia. Methods: Soybean was grown in hydroponic and soil conditions of the Ararat Valley. The seeds were sown in the middle of April. Experiments were carried out in hydroponic equipment and soil with different planting densities (30, 50, 70 and 90 plants/m2). The oil content was measured by using the pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance method. The composition of fatty acids in seed oil was analyzed by chromatographic method on "Chromatec Crystal 5000" GC. Results: Oil content ranged from 19.6% to 24.4% in all variants. The maximum content was registered in soil with 30 plant/m2 planting density. Linoleic acid content ranged from 46.35 to 51.28% of the total fatty acid content, regardless of planting density and growing media. The content of linolenic acid ranged from 4.13 to 5.11% in all variants. The maximum content of ω-3 and the minimal content of ω-9 was recorded in hydroponics at 30 plants/m2 planting density. The highest percentage of stearic acid was observed in the soil variant with a planting density of 30 plants/m2. Interestingly, the variants did not differ in the total content of the 5 main fatty acids (98.84-98.95%). Growing medium had no significant effect on the total saturated fatty acids content; in all variants it ranged from 14.29% to 14.83%. Total unsaturated fatty acids content ranged from 85.2% to 85.7%. The hydroponic variant with a planting density of 30 plants/m2 had the lowest ratio of ω-6 and ω-3 fatty acids (10:1). Conclusion: Planting density and growing media had a significant influence on the content of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Under hydroponic conditions the lowest content of monounsaturated and the highest content of polyunsaturated fatty acids were observed at the lowest planting density (30 plants/m2), which can be used as a functional food for daily consumption. Keywords: Glycine max (L.) Merr., soilless culture, ω-3, ω-6, ω-9, saturated acids.

Saturated fatty acids and total and CVD mortality in Norway: a prospective cohort study with up to 45 years of follow-up.

The contribution of dietary saturated fatty acids (SFA) to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality remains debated after decades of research. Few previous studies had repeated dietary assessments and power to assess mortality. Evidence for individual SFA is limited. In this large population-based cohort study, we investigated associations between intake of total and individual SFA and risk of total and CVD mortality. Adult residents (mean 41·1 years at baseline) in three Norwegian counties were invited to repeated health screenings between 1974 and 1988 (> 80 % attendance). We calculated cumulative average intakes of macronutrients from semi-quantitative FFQ. Median (interquartile range) intake of SFA was 14·6 % (12·8-16·6 %) of total energy (E%). Hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % CI were estimated using multivariable Cox regression models to assess total, CVD, ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) mortality. Among 78725 participants, 28555 deaths occurred during a median follow-up of 33·5 years, with 9318 deaths due to CVD. Higher intake of SFA (replacing carbohydrates) was positively associated with all mortality endpoints, including total (HR per 5 E% increment, 1·18; 95 % CI 1·13, 1·23) and CVD mortality (1·16; 95 % CI 1·07, 1·25). Theoretical isoenergetic substitution of SFA with carbohydrates or MUFA was associated with lower risk. Of individual SFA, myristic (14:0) and palmitic acid (16:0) were positively associated with mortality. In summary, dietary SFA intake was strongly associated with higher total and CVD mortality in this long-term cohort study. This supports policies implemented to reduce SFA consumption in favour of carbohydrates and unsaturated fats.

Effects of perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids on developmental, physiological, and immunological measures in northern leopard frog tadpoles

The chronic toxicity of short chain perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs), such as perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), are relatively understudied despite the increasing detection of these compounds in the environment. We investigated the chronic toxicity and bioconcentration of PFBS and PFHxS using northern leopard frog (Rana [Lithobates] pipiens) tadpoles. We exposed Gosner stage (GS) 25 tadpoles to either PFBS or PFHxS at nominal concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 μg/L until metamorphosis (GS42). We then assessed tadpole growth, development, stress, and immune metrics, and measured fatty acid (FA) composition and PFSA concentrations in liver and whole-body tissues. Tadpole growth and development measures were relatively unaffected by PFSA exposure. However, tadpoles exposed to 1000 μg/L PFBS or PFHxS had significantly increased hepatosomatic indexes (HSI) relative to controls. Further, tadpoles from the 1000 μg/L PFHxS treatment had altered FA profiles relative to controls, with increased total FAs, saturated FAs, monounsaturated FAs, and omega-6 polyunsaturated FAs. In addition, tadpoles from the 1000 μg/L PFHxS treatment had a higher probability of waterborne corticosterone detection. These results suggest that PFBS and PFHxS influence the hepatic health of tadpoles, and that PFHxS may alter lipid metabolism in tadpoles. We also observed a higher probability of tadpoles being phenotypically female after exposure to an environmentally relevant concentration (0.1 μg/L) of PFHxS, suggesting that PFHxS may exert endocrine disrupting effects on tadpoles during early development. The measured bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for both compounds were ≤10 L kg−1 wet weight, suggesting low bioconcentration potential for PFBS and PFHxS in tadpoles. Many of the significant effects observed in this study occurred at concentrations several orders of magnitude above those measured in the environment; however, our work shows effects of PFSAs exposure on amphibians and provides essential information for ecological risk assessments of these compounds.

Effect of Stocking Density on Growth, Biochemical Composition, and Blood Parameters in the Pacific Shortfin Eel (Anguilla bicolor pacifica) Elvers

This study examined the effect of stocking density on growth, biochemical composition, and blood parameters of the Pacific shortfin eel Anguilla bicolor pacifica. Elvers (1.95 ± 0.14 g body weight) were randomly stocked in indoor tanks and reared over 186 d at three stocking densities (0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 kg m-3) set up in triplicates. Except for survival and biometric indices, elvers maintained at 0.3 and 0.6 kg m-3 densities exhibited higher growth and feed utilization than those held at 0.9 kg m-3. Yield increased with stocking density, which were significantly higher at 0.6 and 0.9 kg m-3. RNA/DNA ratio did not reflect growth rate, but trends in survival and RNA/DNA ratio with stocking density were positively related. In contrast to body proximate composition, increasing stocking density resulted in significantly higher erucic acid (22:1n-9) and total saturated fatty acid levels at 0.6 and 0.9 kg m-3 densities, respectively. Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity was significantly elevated at 0.6 kg m-3, while total protein, glucose, and triglycerides slightly decreased with increasing stocking density. Results suggest that Pacific shortfin eel elvers can be reared in indoor tanks at a stocking density of 0.3 – 0.6 kg m-3 to achieve acceptable growth, feed performance, and health condition.

Association between dietary fat intake and history of stroke in US adults: findings from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2018

ABSTRACT Objectives Diet is an important target for primary prevention of stroke. There are mixed findings on the relationship between dietary fat intake and stroke. We aimed to investigate the relationship of stroke with fats, including total fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Methods We analysed data on 27,673 participants who had valid data on dietary fat intake and history of stroke from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2018. History of stroke was defined according to previous diagnosis by doctors or other health professional. Data on 24-h dietary recalls was collected using Automated Multiple-Pass Method. Age, sex, race/ethnicity, total calories, body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity were adjusted in multivariable models. Results 3.8% (n = 1,054) of participants had a diagnosis of stroke. History of stroke was inversely associated with total fat (OR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.79–0.99, P = 0.037), SFA (OR = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.23–0.91) and MUFA (OR = 0.08, 95% CI = 0.02–0.38, P = 0.002) from supplements. There was an inverse association between history of stroke and PUFA intake (from diet: quartile 4 vs quartile 1, OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.43–0.78, P for trend = 0.003; from supplements: OR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.27–0.72, P = 0.001). Conclusions In this large-scale nationally representative study, stroke is inversely associated with fat intake from supplements and PUFA intake from diet. While lifestyle choices may not be the most vital health factor for stroke patients, increasing fat intake from specific supplements does provide additional motivation for undertaking the difficult challenge of stroke prevention.

Partial replacement of soybean with alternative protein sources: Effects on meat quality, sensory attributes, and fatty acids and amino acids content of breast meat of a local chicken strain.

The environmental sustainability of soybean cultivation has been questioned as it has been linked to deforestation, eutrophication, pesticide use, and carbon dioxide footprint. Agri-industrial byproducts and black soldier fly (BSF) larvae meal are promising alternative protein sources that can be used to partly replace soybean in broiler diets. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of partial replacement of soybeans with agro-industrial by-products with or without the addition of BSF dried larvae meal on the meat quality, fatty acid and amino acid content, and sensory traits of breast meat of local chickens. A total of 252 one-day-old mixed-sex chicks from the Anadolu-T pure dam line were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 diets; a soybean-based Control diet, a diet in which soybean meal was partly replaced (SPR) with brewers' dried grain, sunflower seed meal, and wheat middlings and an SPR + BSF diet in which 5% of BSF dried larva meal was added to the SPR diet. All birds were slaughtered at a commercial slaughterhouse at 55 days and breast and drumstick muscles were sampled for meat quality analysis from 18 chickens/dietary treatments. No significant effects of diets were observed for the pH24 and lightness, redness, and yellowness of breast and leg meats. Thawing loss significantly decreased and cooking loss increased in the breast meat of chickens fed the SPR + BSF compared with those fed Control and SPR diets. Diets did not affect either texture profile or consumer sensory properties of breast meat. The chickens fed the SPR + BSF had the highest total saturated fatty acid and lower polyunsaturated fatty acid content in breast meat than those fed the Control and SPR diets. The essential and nonessential amino acid content of breast meat decreased by the SPR diet compared with the SPR + BSF diet. The chickens fed SPR + BSF diet had higher values of tasty, aromatic, and umami-related amino acids than those fed SPR and Control diets. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that agri-industrial byproducts with or without BSF larvae meal could be used to partially replace soybean meal in broiler diets without affecting technological meat quality traits. The addition of BSF larvae meal to the diet along with agri-industrial by-products improved the amino acid content of the breast meat of chickens but reduced polyunsaturated fatty acid levels.

Diversity of fatty acids in different coral species collected in the coastal sea of Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa

The total of 15 coral samples belonging to soft coral species Sinularia flexibilis, hard coral Acropora sp., and the hydrocoral Millepora platypylla, were collected in the coastal sea of Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa, Vietnam. In these samples, 39 fatty acids were identified in which Sinularia flexibilis sample identified 26 fatty acids, Acropora sp. identified 27 fatty acids, and Millepora platyphylla has the most diverse fatty acid composition with 35 fatty acids. In the coral samples of S. flexibilis, the difference between the ratio of total saturated fatty acids and the polyunsaturated fatty acids was much smaller than that of the other two species. The n-3/n-6 ratio is the highest among Millepora species, up to 4.45; in S. flexibilis and Acropora, this ratio can be lower than 1. Fatty acids 16:0 and 18:0 are the two main fatty acids in total; the content varies between samples of different species but is quite similar amongst samples of the same species. Fatty acids characterized by symbiotic microalgae 16:2n-7, 18:3n-6, 18:4n-3 Fatty acids 18:3n-6 were absent in S. flexibilis samples, minor content in M. platyphylla samples, and relatively significant in Acropora sp. (from 7.07% to 9.59% total fatty acids). Two fatty acids 16:2n-7 and 18:4n-3 were present in all 3 species, the highest in the sample S. flexibilis. The tetracosapolyenoic fatty acids 24:5n-6 and 24:6n-3 are soft coral marker fatty acids, present in only 5 samples of S. flexibilis with 24:5n-6 content ranging from 2.56% to 5.58% total fatty acids, 24:6n-3 is much lower (0.24% to 0.76%). The two PUFAs with the highest concentration were 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3. 20:4n-6 was present in the total fatty acids of S. flexibilis with a quite high content (9.76% to 17.12% of the total axb), in contrast, the proportion was very low in five Millepora samples and five Acropora samples. 22:6n-3 was significantly high in the five Millepora samples (12.63% to 25.29% total fatty acids) and minor in the samples of the other two species.

Association of frequent intake of trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids in diets with increased susceptibility of atopic dermatitis exacerbation in young Chinese adults: A cross-sectional study in Singapore/Malaysia.

Numerous evidence has attributed diets with a high fatty acids (FAs) intake to be associated with atopic dermatitis (AD) development. Therefore, this study investigated the association between intake frequencies of five dietary FAs and AD exacerbations among young Chinese adults from Singapore and Malaysia. A validated International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire was investigator-administered to 13,561 subjects to collect information on socioeconomic, anthropometric, dietary and lifestyles habits, and personal/family medical histories. Six novel dietary indices were derived to analyse the associations between total FAs, trans fatty acids (TFAs), saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acids, and alpha-linolenic acids in diets and AD exacerbation. Synergy factor (SF) analysis was used to identify interactions between the dietary FAs to influence disease susceptibility. In our multivariable model adjusted for age, gender, BMI, parental eczema, and lifestyle factors, a diet high in total estimated FAs was strongly associated with AD (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 1.227; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.054-1.429; adjusted p-value <0.01). Particularly, high estimated total TFAs and SFAs were significantly associated with AD exacerbations including chronic and current moderate-to-severe AD. The association between TFAs and AD remained strong even controlled for the total FAs in diets and false discovery rate corrected (AOR: 1.516; 95% CI: 1.094-2.097; adjusted p-value <0.05). Similarly, having a high SFAs in diets was associated with AD (AOR: 1.581; 95% CI: 1.106-2.256; adjusted p-value <0.05) independently on the total FAs in diets. FAs in diets do not interact to influence AD. Overall, these results highlighted an association between high dietary TFAs and SFAs and AD exacerbations in an Asian population.

Evaluation of cottonseed oil as a substitute for fish oil in the commercial diet for juvenile swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus)

A six-week feeding trial was carried out to determine the feasibility of cottonseed oil (CSO) as a viable substitute for fish oil (FO) in the commercial diet of swimming crab. Ninety healthy swimming crabs (initial body weight 34.28 ± 0.59 g) were randomly assigned to 90 plastic baskets. Three isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets (450 g/kg protein and 120 g/kg lipid) were formulated replacing FO with CSO at 0%, 50% and 100% (CSO-0, CSO-50, and CSO-100), respectively. Each diet was randomly allocated to three replicates, each consisting of 10 crabs. Results indicated that crabs fed with CSO-100 diet had the lowest the percent weight gain (PWG), specific growth rate (SGR) and survival among all treatments (P < 0.05). Albumin (ALB), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glucose (GLU), triglyceride (TAG), total cholesterol (T-CHO), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) contents and alanine amino transferase (ALT) activity in hemolymph were significantly affected by dietary substitution of FO with CSO (P < 0.05). The contents of total saturated fatty acids (SFA), total mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and total long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in the hepatopancreas and muscle were negatively correlated with the substitution level, whereas total n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFA) and linoleic acid (18:2n-6) contents increased significantly with increasing levels of dietary substitution of FO with CSO (P < 0.05). Dietary substitution of FO with CSO resulted in changes in the composition of volatile substances in muscle, with 16 volatile substances in muscle significantly affected (P < 0.05). The relative expression of genes related to lipid synthesis such as fatty acid synthase (fas), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (acc) and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 1 (gpat1) in the hepatopancreas were significantly up-regulated in the CSO-50 group compared to other treatment groups (P < 0.05). The relative expression of fatty acid anabolism-related genes fatty acyl desaturase 2 (fads2) and elongase 4 (elovl4) were significantly down-regulated with the increase of dietary substitution of FO with CSO (P < 0.05). In conclusion, 50% substitution with CSO had no negative effects on growth performance, promoted lipid synthesis and metabolism, facilitated lipid accumulation. However, complete substitution of FO with CSO inhibited fatty acid synthesis and metabolism, resulting in a lower tissue LC-PUFA content and an altered composition of muscle volatiles.