Total Salt Intake Research Articles

Copper utilization during embryogenesis of Palaemon lamarrei.

The pattern of copper utilization during the embryogenesis of the freshwater prawn, Palaemon lamarrei has been described. Throughout the incubation period, lasting for 14 to 16 days, the egg of P. lamarrei is permeable to salts and against a concentration gradient, it absorbs 11 mug of salt from the freshwater medium. Out of this total salt uptake, as much as 0.143 mug is due to the absorption of copper. Intake of copper, as a function of incubation time, exhibit a more or less similar trend to that of total salt intake and this can be attributed to the increased synthesis of haemocyanin.

FORMATION OF SILICEOUS URINARY CALCULI IN CALVES GIVEN SUPPLEMENTS CONTAINING LARGE AMOUNTS OF SODIUM CHLORIDE

In three experiments lasting 50 wk, calves were given either prairie hay alone or prairie hay plus supplements containing salt (sodium chloride). Consumption by 50-wk-old calves of barley-based supplements containing 15–25% salt ranged from 1 to 2 kg per day providing intakes of 220–380 g of salt per day. Supplements compounded of salt and raw sugar in ratios of 1:1 and 1:3 were eaten poorly, total salt intake being no greater, on average, than in calves given salt alone. The concentration of silicic acid in the urine of calves given only prairie hay exceeded saturation and calculi were found in the urinary tracts of all of them. When the intake of salt-containing supplements provided at least 300 g of salt per day, the concentration of silicic acid in urine was well below saturation and calculus formation was largely eliminated. Formation of calculi was reduced when salt intake was about 200 g per day but was largely unaffected with intakes of 50 g per day or less. These results indicate that consumption of 300 g of salt per day by 300-kg calves given prairie hay will prevent the formation of siliceous calculi.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON EXCESSIVE INTAKE OF NaCl

16 rats from two litters (8 male and 8 female) were administered 1 %, 2 % and 3 % of salt water freely, starting at the latter part of puberty (the 60th day after birth) and early part of growth completion (the 120th day after birth). The effect of salt water intake on the growth of those rats in the two different growing stages was observed. 1. The increase of body weight in the group which started taking the salt water at the latter part of puberty was inverse as the concentration increased. The growth in male was rather less than in female. 2. The increase of body weight in the group which started taking the salt water at the early part of growth completion was also inverse as the concentration increased. In comparison with the former group, however, the degree of ill effects was much less and female growth was somewhat less than male. 3. The administration of the 3 % salt water caused death in all 4 rats. The period up to death was prolonged in the female about twice as in the male. Comparing the two groups, the group starting the experiment at the latter part of puberty died much earlier than the other. 4. Growth of the tail was affected relatively as the concentration increased although there was not much difference in two groups in body weight. Also there was no significant difference between the sexes. 5. Generally speaking, the averaged calory intake per kg. per day was more in the female than the male; but the authors did not observe a meaningful difference between the two groups. The group administered 3 % salt water took particularly fewer calories. 6. The total salt intake per kg. per day was the most in the 3 % salt water administered group and decreased as the concentration was lowered. The LPP group and the female sex took remarkably more salt in comparison. The authors will make another report in the near future as to the biochemical, ecological and pathohistogical observations of the studied rats.

Water as a sodium source and its relation to sodium restriction therapy patient response.

man's health. Some of these may exert irritating and deleterious physiologic effects; others may be metabolized with benefit, as supplements to normal nutritional requirements. Tolerances for the mineral content of water supplies are closely related to the hypersensitivity of some individuals to specific materials. For example, the physiologic mechanisms of travelers and newcomers to many communities frequently are upset by a sudden change in water quality. In most cases this is only a temporary response, after which the normal individual soon becomes adjusted. However, where normal physiologic mechanisms are impaired, the unique capacity of the body to make the necessary adjustments breaks down. This paper deals with the problem as it relates to patients for whom total salt (sodium) intake appears to be a significant factor in the development of edema. Salt and Water Balance in fhe Human Body