Total Reserves Research Articles

Evaluating the Potential Contribution of District Heating to the Flexibility of the Future Italian Power System

Flexibility is crucial to enable the penetration of high shares of renewables in the power system while ensuring the security and affordability of the electricity dispatch. In this regard, heat–electricity sector coupling technologies are considered a promising solution for the integration of flexible devices such as thermal storage units and heat pumps. The deployment of these devices would also enable the decarbonization of the heating sector, responsible for around half of the energy consumption in the EU, of which 75% is currently supplied by fossil fuels. This paper investigates in which measure the diffusion of district heating (DH) coupled with thermal energy storage (TES) units can contribute to the overall system flexibility and to the provision of operating reserves for energy systems with high renewable penetration. The deployment of two different DH supply technologies, namely combined heat and power units (CHP) and large-scale heat pumps (P2HT), is modeled and compared in terms of performance. The case study analyzed is the future Italian energy system, which is simulated through the unit commitment and optimal dispatch model Dispa-SET. Results show that DH coupled with heat pumps and CHP units could enable both costs and emissions related to the heat–electricity sector to be reduced by up to 50%. DH systems also proved to be a promising solution to grant the flexibility and resilience of power systems with high shares of renewables by significantly reducing the curtailment of renewables and cost-optimally providing up to 15% of the total upward reserve requirements.

Aqueous Allium sativum (garlic) extract ameliorated CdCl2- induced alterations in blood formation and spermatogenesis in albino rats


 
 
 
 Purpose: To investigate the ameliorative effect of aqueous garlic extract (AGEx) on cadmium chloride (CdCl2-induced) alterations in the blood and testicles of rats.
 Methods: A total of 24 male rats (160 - 200 g), randomly assigned into 4 groups (A - D; n = 6), were used to investigate the claimed protective effect of AGEx on blood and spermatogenic tissues following CdCl2-intoxication in albino rats. The rats in Group A served as controls and were given 5 mg/mL of deionized water. Group B rats were given 300 mg/kg of AGEx. Group C rats were given 2 mg/kg of CdCl2. Rats in Group D first received 2 mg/kg of CdCl2, and 300 mg/kg of AGEx 2 h later. All treatments were done every 48 h for a period of six weeks.
 Results: CdCl2 administration to group C rats reduced (p < 0.05) haematocrit value (PCV), concentration of haemoglobin (Hb), red cells count (RBC), total leucocytes count (tWBC), eosinophil, neutrophil, testicular weights and sperm reserves; but elevated (p < 0.05) lymphocytes count compared with the controls. AGEx 300 mg/kg in group D rats significantly reversed (p < 0.05) the altered parameters compared with the controls.
 Conclusion: The results demonstrate that administration of aqueous Allium sativum (garlic) extract to male rats enhances spermatogenesis, and ameliorates testicular and haematological alterations induced by cadmium poisoning. Therefore, the spermatogenic principle in AGEx is a potential candidate for the clinical management of male infertility.
 
 
 

Study on the possibility of using artificial pillar to replace the protection coal pillar of the preparation roadways during the mining process at underground coal mines in Quang Ninh region, Vietnam

The coal reserves in protection pillar of roadways are expected to be left in the mining processin underground mines in Quangninh coal basin which is relatively large (about 16% of the total reserves).If it can be exploited, it will help to save non-renewable coal resources, reduce the cost of preparingroadway meters, extend the mine life and increase the efficiency of construction investment. In the world,in order to reduce coal loss in protection pillar of roadways, mining technology to exploit and use artificialprotection pillars are quite popular. Accordingly, in order to simultaneously exploit coal in the protectionpillar and maintain the transport roadway as a ventilation roadway for the longwall in below level, thepost-mining coal pillar will be replaced by artificial pillars formed from the stone backfill cribs, columns,metal cribs, chemical materials or low-grade concrete mortar mixes formed from fly ash, bottom ash ofthermal power plants, combined crushed waste rock and a cement additive,... This paper will evaluate thepossibility and propose a number of mining technological scheme as well as the type of constructionmaterials suitable for artificial columns.

Impact of External Debt on Economic Growth Rate: An Empirical Evidence from Pakistan

The major objective of this study is to check the effect of external debt on the GDP growth of Pakistan. For this purpose annual time series data were used for the period 1980 to 2020. Augmented Dickey-Fuller test was applied to check the stationary status of the data and the least square method was applied for the estimation of the results. For the analysis GDP growth rate was taken as a dependent variable and other variables, such as economic growth (Annual %), inflation rate (CPI %), Foreign Direct Investment net inflow (% of GDP), multi-lateral debt services (% of public and publically generated debt service), Total debt service (% of GNI), Short term debt (% of total reserves) were taken as explanatory variables. Findings revealed that the total debt and multilateral debt negatively affect the GDP growth rate, whereas, FDI and short term debt are positively associated with growth rate. It is suggested that to improve the economic growth Pakistan should focus on investment projects and there is a need to implementation better policies for foreign debt utilization

ОЦЕНКА ЗАПАСОВ ОРГАНИЧЕСКОГО УГЛЕРОДА В ПОЧВЕННОМ ПОКРОВЕ ОСТРОВНЫХ ЭКОСИСТЕМ КУЙБЫШЕВСКОГО ВОДОХРАНИЛИЩА

Assessment of organic carbon stocks in soils and other components of ecosystems are becoming increasingly important as a necessary reference point for a reliable determination of the amount of greenhouse gas removals at country scale. The gradual tightening of carbon balance requirements dictates the urgency of the problem under consideration. The aim of the work was to assess the stocks of organic carbon in the soils of the islands of the Kazan region of the variable backwater of the Kuibyshev reservoir in the 0–20 cm layer, and also to determine which type of soils makes the greatest contribution to the sequestration of carbon. The reserves of organic carbon in the soils of the islands of the Kuibyshev water reservoir were determined in the area from the Zelenodolsk – Nizhnie Vyazovye bridge (55°49’27.1 «N; 48°31’05.6″E) to the islands in front of the Teteyevo village (55°24’11.8 «N; 49°07’59.6» E). Surveys of the islands’ soil cover and selection of the soil samples were carried out in 2018-2019. The calculation of the organic carbon content was carried out for the 0–20 cm layer. The calculations took into account the total carbon content in the organogenic, organic-mineral and mineral horizons. It was found that the highest carbon content in the upper soil layer was observed in the profile of marsh-podzolic soils – 51.7 t / ha. The lowest organic carbon content was noted in sod-alluvial soils (12.0 t / ha) and artificial sandy deposits (3.8 t / ha). Carbon stocks in soil profiles and proportion of carbon in organogenic horizons increased with increasing of hydromorphic properties in the following row: 1) sod-podzolic soil < marsh-podzolic soil; 2) light gray forest soil < gray forest gley soil; 3) sod-alluvial soil < alluvial meadow-marsh soil < marsh-alluvial soil. The total reserves of organic carbon in the islands’ soils were calculated taking into account the areas occupied by individual soil contours. The total stock of organic carbon in the 0–20 cm layer of the studied area of the water reservoir was 49,190.9 tons. About 83 % of the total stock of organic carbon stored in the form of humus of accumulative mineral horizons and only 17 % in the organogenic and organic-mineral horizons. It was shown that alluvial meadow-marsh (23,125.9 t) and sod-podzolic soils (8,957.5 t), occupying the largest areas on the territory of the islands, make the largest contribution to the organic carbon reserves. An interesting point is that on the islands of floodplain origin, a greater contribution to the total humus reserves was made by soils with pronounced hydromorphic properties – alluvial meadow-marsh soils and alluvial meadow soils. On the islands of terrace origin, the bulk of carbon was concentrated in automorphic soils. A possible reason is the features of the islands’ relief of different origins. Reasonable data on the rate of organic carbon accumulation were obtained only for alluvial marsh soils, the organogenic horizon of which was formed after the creation of the reservoir – 390 kg / ha annually. Flooded soils are the most promising reservoirs for organic carbon deposition from greenhouse gases. Thanks to the research carried out using accurate GPS referencing of soil profiles, the islands’ soils are becoming a very valuable object for monitoring the rate of organic carbon accumulation, the volume of absorption of greenhouse gases and the increase in total organic carbon stocks.

Influence of Corporate Income Tax to Loan Loss Provision: Evidence from Uzbekistan

This article is devoted to the analysis of the impact of corporate income tax on compulsory reserves created by commercial banks for possible loan loss provision. In the majority of countries banks are required to create compulsory reserves for potential loan loss provisions, and the corporate tax regime applies tax deductions to these compulsory reserves. The corporate tax system facilitates timely coverage of potential loan loss provision. In addition, corporate taxation is an essential factor in the transparency of banks’ financial statements. The research has revealed that reserves for potential loan loss provision are used primarily for profit regulator purposes, not to regulate capital. This implies that when deducting the amount of total reserves for tax purposes of banks the loan loss provision is positively related to the corporate income tax rate. The analysis of the selected commercial banks has confirmed that the impact of corporate income tax is more significant for the timely admitting potential loan loss provision when deducting general reserves from the tax base, mainly for the purpose of taxing banks’ profits. According to the results, an increase in the tax rate by an average of 1% could lead to an increase in the amount of required loan loss provision by 3.9%. This means that when total reserves are deducted for tax purposes, the underlying hypotheses that compulsory reserves for loan loss provisions are positively correlated with the corporate income tax rate and that the amount of loss reserves is increased at the income tax rate have been confirmed. In general, the following aspects are crucially important in the taxation of profits of commercial banks: which method is more convenient for loan loss provision (write-offs or formation of reserves); entire or partial compliance between the taxation and regulation of reserves for loan loss provision; imposing restrictions on the application of tax deductions to reserves for possible loan loss provisions.

Divergent allocations of nonstructural carbohydrates shape growth response to rainfall reduction in two subtropical plantations

Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) are indicators of tree carbon balance and play an important role in regulating plant growth and survival. However, our understanding of the mechanism underlying drought-induced response of NSC reserves remains limited. Here, we conducted a long-term throughfall exclusion (TFE) experiment to investigate the seasonal responses of NSC reserves to manipulative drought in two contrasting tree species (a broadleaved tree Castanopsis hystrix Miq. and a coniferous tree Pinus massoniana Lamb.) of the subtropical China. We found that in the dry season, the two tree species differed in their responses of NSC reserves to TFE at either the whole-tree level or by organs, with significantly depleted total NSC reserves in roots in both species. Under the TFE treatment, there were significant increases in the NSC pools of leaves and branches in C. hystrix, which were accompanied by significant decreases in fine root biomass and radial growth without significant changes in canopy photosynthesis; while P. massoniana exhibited significant increase in fine root biomass without significant changes in radial growth. Our results suggested that under prolonged water limitation, NSC usage for growth in C . hystrix is somewhat impaired, such that the TFE treatment resulted in NSC accumulation in aboveground organs (leaf and branch); whereas P . massoniana is capable of efficiently utilizing NSC reserves to maintain its growth under drought conditions. Our findings revealed divergent NSC allocations under experimental drought between the two contrasting tree species, which are important for better understanding the differential impacts of climate change on varying forest trees and plantation types in subtropical China.

Testing the global extent of the endogenous-money hypothesis: a panel vector autoregression approach*

This paper examines the endogenous-money hypothesis using a panel-data set of 144 countries over the period 2001–2017. Its empirical analysis is conducted in a panel vector autoregressive framework, a hybrid econometric methodology that offers the advantage of jointly accounting for endogeneity issues (as in traditional vector autoregressive modeling) and individual/country-level heterogeneity associated with a panel-data structure. A panel version of the Granger non-causality test and an examination of orthogonalized impulse-response functions and forecast error variance decompositions are applied to test the causal ordering among loans, the money base, broad money, output, and prices. The empirical findings support causation running from loans to broad money and from broad money to the monetary base. A causal link running from loans, output, and broad money to total reserves is strongly supported and, in all cases, the causality is unidirectional from these variables to the money base. Beyond that, a complex interaction among prices, production, credit, and money is found, suggesting that the best approach to understanding the endogeneity/exogeneity issue is to rely on the hypothesis of endogenous money as reflected in the ‘liquidity preference’ interpretation.

Формирование условий для освоения трудноизвлекаемых запасов нефти: необходимость учета региональных аспектов

Russia has great potential in terms of developing hard-to-recover oil reserves (HRR), which account for more than two thirds of the total reserves. However, relevant scientific studies mostly focus on geological and technical problems, while the issues of creating conditions for the effective development of HRR are often limited to recommendations for tax incentives. At the same time, little attention is paid to the problems of creating institutional conditions aimed at transforming the resource potential into real socio-economic effects. The interests of resource regions are also not taken into consideration. In this regard, the present study assesses potential socio-economic effects of the development of HRR at the regional level (on the case of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug — Yugra, KhMAO) and provides recommendations to create institutional conditions for the development of such resources. In order to establish an approach for analysing potential socio-economic effects from the implementation of HRR development projects, methods for evaluating investment projects and examining inter-industry relations were utilised. Dynamics of socio-economic development indicators of KhMAO, production projections of hard-to-recover oil reserves, as well as available technical and economic parameters of HRR development projects in Russia and abroad were considered. The calculations show that the development of hard-to-recover oil reserves will help stabilise production volumes in KhMAO and generate significant direct and indirect effects associated with tax revenues increase, maintenance of related industries and employment. The study results can be used to develop strategic documents for oil and gas regions. Future research will analyse interregional relationships aimed at ensuring the extraction of hard-to-recover oil using innovative equipment, and providing high-tech services.

Систематический обзор методов оценки влияния массового туризма на природно-территориальные комплексы Субарктики и Арктики

For the first time, the article presents a systematic review of foreign practical-oriented scientific works describing methods of studying the impact of tourism activities on the natural-territorial complexes of the Subarctic and the Arctic with a general analysis of their effectiveness for planning tourist and recreational space. The results of most applied studies indicate that Subarctic and Arctic natural complexes are less tolerant and most susceptible to negative effects from mass tourism. For example, the most resistant ones to tourism and recreation factor are pink-moss and grass-moss tundra, and lichen, fluff-sedge tundra are the most vulnerable. The degree of stability of natural complexes to tourist and recreational effects is determined not by the value of the total reserve of above-ground biomass, but by its structure. At the initial stage of the design of tourist and recreational space, in the natural environment of the Arctic and the Subarctic, first of all, it is necessary to conduct studies to assess the linear and area recreational load in order to avoid the negative consequences of mass tourism.

An investigation of methods for calculating the volume of methane dissolved in reservoir water

Existing gas production technologies limit gas recovery at the level of 85 %. Therefore, it is important to introduce technologies that make it possible to maximize the volume of production and intensify the inflow; for their selection it is important to have a reliable estimate of the residual gas reserves, since with a significant volume of the aquifer of gas fields, the volume of dissolved gas can be up to 10 % of the total reserves of the reservoir, which should be taken into account when designing the application of technologies to increase gas recovery.The main hydrocarbon dissolving in reservoir water is methane. In this regard, it is of interest to study methods that make it possible to determine the volume of hydrocarbon gases dissolved in saline water, which will make it possible to determine the total reserves of such gas. We investigated the existing methods for calculating the amount of methane dissolved in reservoir water, and gave a quantitative assessment of the volume of gas dissolved in water.

Response to the Variation of Clay Minerals During ASP Flooding in the Saertu Oilfield in the Songliao Basin

In this paper, the variation of clay minerals and their influence on reservoir physical properties and residual oil before and after ASP flooding are analyzed. The results show that the total amount of clay minerals in reservoirs decreases after ASP flooding in the ultra-high-water-cut-stage reservoirs of the Naner Zone in the Saertu Oilfield, Songliao Basin. Therein, the illite content reduces, while the content of illite smectite mixed-layer and chlorite increases. The content of kaolinite varies greatly. The content of kaolinite decreases in some samples, while it increases in other samples. The clay minerals block the pore throat after ASP flooding. As a result, the pore structure coefficient and the seepage tortuosity increase, the primary intergranular pore throat shrinks, and the pore–throat coordination number decreases. Nevertheless, the dissolution of clay minerals reduces the pore–throat ratio and increases porosity and permeability. The variation of clay minerals after ASP flooding not only intensifies the reservoir heterogeneity but also affects the formation and distribution of residual oil. The residual oil of the oil–clay mixed adsorption state is a newly formed residual oil type related to clay, which accounts for 44.2% of the total residual oil reserves, so it is the main occurrence form of the oil in reservoirs after ASP flooding. Therefore, the exploitation of this type of residual oil has great significance to enhance the oil recovery in ultra-high-water-cut-stage reservoirs.

Hyperspectral fluorescence imaging: Robust detection of petroleum in porous sedimentary rock formations

Examining hand samples can be a necessary step for geologic studies, and effective mapping of such samples can be achieved through the high spectral and spatial resolutions of ground-based hyperspectral imaging (HSI) at the millimeter to centimeter scale. We have developed a simple approach to crude oil identification and characterization — feasible in 16 h — based on hyperspectral data collected under ultraviolet (UV) lighting and normalized with respect to the fluorescence patterns of the Spectralon diffuse reflectance material. The samples under consideration were extracted from a core acquired from an Early Cretaceous bituminous sandstone formation in the Athabasca Basin located near Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada. This basin contains the largest natural bitumen deposit in the world, where surface mining operations currently are viable only for approximately 20% of the estimated 164 billion barrels of total recoverable oil reserves. This deposit is unique in that its tar sands are water-wet, which facilitates the separation of bitumen from the sandstone via water-based gravity separation. However, large amounts of water are still required for oil recovery; therefore, a fast and reliable way to mark portions of the deposit where ample petroleum has accumulated and assess its extractability based on its physical characteristics prior to mining can be helpful for optimizing resource usage. For this reason, we test and visually develop the ability of three classification methods — the spectral angle mapper, support vector machine, and supervised neural network — to distinguish among bitumen, Spectralon, and a nonfluorescent slate background based on the emission of visible light in response to absorbing UV light of different wavelengths. We also adopt spectral indices useful for indicating concentrated bitumen in tar sands. Errors inherent to the methodology are discussed along with ways to mitigate them. After accounting for these, HSI can be a valuable asset alongside other techniques used for production economics evaluation.

Garnet and titanite U–Pb dating of the Kaladawan Fe–Mo orefield in the Altyn Mountains, NW China: Constrains for ore genesis

The Kaladawan Fe–Mo orefield is located in the east of the Altyn Mountains, NW China. It contains six Fe(–Mo) deposits, with total reserves of 60 Mt Fe and 10 kt Mo by-product. Mineralization is hosted in the contact zone between Early Paleozoic volcanic–sedimentary rocks and Ordovician granite, with intense and pervasive skarn alteration. Skarns exhibit some stratabound features. These deposits were variably classified as sedimentary-type with hydrothermal overprints, submarine volcanogenic iron-oxide- (SVIO-) type or skarn-type, centered on whether they are syngenetic or epigenetic. Titanite and garnet from skarn in the ore field are newly U–Pb dated to be ca. 482.6–481.0 Ma, consistent with the intrusive age of the granite but later than the formation age of the host rocks. These age data also further support that mineralization in the Kaladawan orefield is skarn-type.

Oil exploration and discovery in the basement rocks of Bach Ho field: Documentation, facts and lessons

During the 40 years of operation and development (1981 - 2021), the Vietnam - Russia Joint Venture "Vietsovpetro" has witnessed many historical milestones, but the discovery of industrial oil for the first time from the fractured and weathered granite basement at exploration well BH-6 on 11 May 1987 is the most important one.
 From the first oil in the basement rock of Bach Ho field, Vietsovpetro consecutively discovered industrial oil in other fields in its area of operation, such as Dong Bac Rong (1991), Dong Nam Rong (1995), Nam Rong (2005), Nam Trung Tam Rong (2006), etc. At the beginning of 2018, the 2P (P1+P2) oil reserve from the basement rock accounted for 74% of Vietsovpetro's total balanced reserves at that time. As of 1 October 2021, the total oil produced from the basement reached 235 million m3 (195 million tons), accounting for 86% of Vietsovpetro's total oil output.
 Being encouraged by the success and experience of Vietsovpetro, other domestic and foreign oil and gas companies (PVEP, JVPC, Talisman, and Petronas, etc.) have explored and discovered oil and gas from the granite basement and put the fields of Rang Dong, Su Tu Den, Hong Ngoc, and Hai Su Den, etc. into operation. This fact has, at the same time, created a strong attraction for domestic and foreign investors, making important contributions to the rapid development of Vietnam's oil and gas industry which was still very young at the time.
 The above-mentioned shows that it is time to study data and documents, draw lessons from success and failure gained during the 40 years of basement exploration. The outcomes should be used as a basis to formulate an appropriate exploration strategy for Vietsovpetro in the coming decades with strong fluctuations in the oil and gas market expected, and the inevitable depletion of non-renewable resources worldwide.

Valorization of kaolin mining waste from the Amazon region (Brazil) for the low-carbon cement production

The Amazon rainforest has 90% of Brazil's total kaolin reserves, and its mining is of great economic interest. However, the intense kaolin activity produces large quantities of deposited waste in tailing dams, generating a tremendous environmental and local economic liability. Such wastes have no economic value, but their high kaolinite composition can be interesting for the cement industry. Thus, this study aimed to valorize such material as a potential Supplementary Cementitious Material (SCM) in low-carbon cements. The calcined kaolin waste (KAW) was used with limestone and gypsum as clinker substitutes. Its performance was compared with calcined pure kaolin (KA) and an inert material (quartz powder, QP). The cements were evaluated regarding their setting times, water demand, rheological behavior, hydration and compressive strength at different ages. The most important results of the KAW are related to its better rheological behavior compared to KA and closer to QP when used in cement formulations. The kaolinite clay content played a significant role in the fresh properties assessed as well. The microstructural and mechanical performance of KAW cement is similar to KA, which highlights comparable reactivity. This study brings a new insight into the potential use of kaolinite-rich waste from the mining sector as SCM to be used in the local infrastructure of the Amazon region.

Analysis of the Influence Characteristics of the Support Stability of a Fully Mechanized Coal Mining Face under the Hard Roof Mining Pressure

The conditions of the hard roof in my country vary greatly, ranging from a few meters to tens of meters or even hundreds of meters in thickness. The coal reserves under the hard roof account for about one-third of the total reserves. At present, nearly 40% of fully mechanized mining faces that belong to the hard roof working face has the problem of mining in the hard roof working face. This has a serious impact on the load-bearing stability of the fully mechanized support, and it is urgent to solve the problem of strong underground pressure dynamic disaster under the condition of the hard roof. Based on the research background of 11129 working face in Zhangji Coal Mine in Huainan, this paper constructs a mechanical model of the interaction between the cantilever beam of the hard roof of the stope and the support and then the force distribution equation of the bearing capacity of the supports at different positions of the roof during the periodical rotation of the working face is obtained, which is combined with numerical simulation and engineering site to verify. The research results show that the bearing stability of the support is significantly affected by factors such as the buried depth H, the roof elastic modulus E, the roof thickness h, and the roof cantilever length l0, but most of the influencing factors belong to the geological occurrence conditions of the coal seam itself. Presplit blasting of the roof in advance can effectively destroy the integrity of the roof itself and reduce the periodic breaking distance, thereby improving the apparent environment of roof rock pressure and reducing the force on the working face support. According to the specific geological environment of the 11129 working face, the cutting plan of the cut hole is given out, along the groove 0∼200 and 200∼700 m of the concrete presplitting blasting. The stent force of the top-cutting section fluctuates in the range of 3360.8–4347.9 kN in the range of control top distance (5275∼6175 mm). The load-bearing pressure of the stent before top-cutting is about 1.8 times of that after top-cutting. The pressure distribution of the hydraulic support in the numerical simulation stope is approximately “Λ” in the middle and the low on the two sides. The simulated value is slightly smaller than the theoretical calculation value. The reason is that the goaf is backfilled during the simulation process, and the roof has a certain ability to bear the load. Real-time understanding of the “roof-support” mechanical relationship can effectively ensure the safe and efficient mining of the 11129 working face and also provide experience for the subsequent mining of group B coal in the later period.

Influence of different fertilization and chemical recruitment systems on the phosphorus regime of gray forest soil

Phosphorus is extremely important in agriculture. This is due to the fact that without its participation in the plant body does not undergo any biochemical reaction, because it is part of the ATP molecule, which provides energy. It is an essential element of nucleic acids, phospholipids and the others is actively involved in the regulation of enzymatic reactions. It is part of human, animal, plant and bacterial cells. The research was conducted on the basis of a stationary experiment conducted in 1992 on gray forest coarsegrained light loam soil, studied the effect of long-term chemical reclamation and various fertilization systems (mineral, organic, organic-mineral) on the transformation of Optimal phosphorus nutrition promotes the development of the root system, which improves the supply of plants with moisture and nutrients, increases the share of marketable products in the organic crop, increases the starch content in potatoes, sugar in roots, vegetables and fruits, oilseeds, oilseeds the output of a long fiber, its strength increases. That is why the management of phosphorus nutrition of plants is one of the key issues. Changes in various forms of phosphorus (gross, mobile, water-soluble) under the influence of the above factors are analyzed. For a more objective assessment of these factors on the phosphate regime of the soil on the variant results of the analysis were compared not only with absolute control, but also tied to baseline (age of fallow 28 years), located next to the experimental field. It was found that the content of gross phosphorus, which characterizes the genetic characteristics of the soil, depends almost entirely on the total humus reserves and clearly repeats the parameters of the profile accumulation of carbon, taking into account the depth and thickness of humus horizons. The particle size distribution is of great importance in the processes of gross phosphorus accumulation, as defects are quite easily adsorbed on the surface of soil structures. Evaluation of the results of the analysis shows a large gap in the gross forms of phosphorus and low concentration of its mobile forms, the content of which is 4.7% of the total. According to our data, water-soluble salts of phosphoric acid in gray forest soil are generally found in very small quantities (0.62 mg / kg in the horizon NOT with a gradual decline down the profile), which often becomes a limiting factor in phosphorus nutrition of crops. Lime, by reducing the activity of one and a half oxides, weakens the adsorption bonds of phosphorus and increases the relative amounts of calcium phosphates. The application of mineral fertilizers replenished the pool of gross phosphorus (by 0.08% of the control dock), but mobile forms of phosphorus (according to Kirsanov) increased by only 23 mg/kg, which was second only to liming. In general, the effect of liming significantly increases the use of soil phosphates and fertilizers.

Impact of renewable energy consumption, financial development and natural resources on environmental degradation in OECD countries with dynamic panel data.

This research used panel data from 1995 to 2019 to examine the impact of financial development, natural resource, industrial production, renewable energy consumption, and total reserve on environmental degradation in (38) OECD countries by using dynamic panel data models, i.e., one-step difference GMM, one-step system GMM, and two-step system GMM model, respectively. The examined findings of one-step difference GMM, one-step system GMM, and two-step system GMM demonstrate that renewable energy consumption and natural resource help to reduce the environmental degradation while financial development, industrial production, and total reserve cause environmental degradation in OECD countries. Based on the examined results, significant policy implications are suggested to improve the environmental quality in OECD countries.

Detailed investigations of the influence of catalyst packing porosity on the performance of THAI-CAPRI process for in situ catalytic upgrading of heavy oil and bitumen

Heavy oils and bitumen are indispensable resources for a turbulent-free transition to a decarbonized global energy and economic system. This is because according to the analysis of the International Energy Agency’s 2020 estimates, the world requires up to 770 billion barrels of oil from now to year 2040. However, BP’s 2020 statistical review of world energy has shown that the global total reserves of the cheap-to-produce conventional oil are roughly only 520.2 billion barrels. This implies that the huge reserves of the practically unexploited difficult-and-costly-to-upgrade-and-produce heavy oils and bitumen must be immediately developed using advanced upgrading and extraction technologies which have greener credentials. Furthermore, in accordance with climate change mitigation strategies and to efficiently develop the heavy oils and bitumen resources, producers would like to maximize their upgrading within the reservoirs by using energy-efficient and environmentally friendly technologies such as the yet-to-be-fully-understood THAI-CAPRI process. The THAI-CAPRI process uses in situ combustion and in situ catalytic reactions to produce high-quality oil from heavy oils and bitumen reservoirs. However, prolonging catalyst life and effectiveness and maximizing catalytic reactions are a major challenge in the THAI-CAPRI process. Therefore, in this work, the first ever-detailed investigations of the effects of alumina-supported cobalt oxide–molybdenum oxide (CoMo/γ-Al2O3) catalyst packing porosity on the performance of the THAI-CAPRI process are performed through numerical simulations using CMG STARS. The key findings in this study include: the larger the catalyst packing porosity, the higher the accessible surface area for the mobilized oil to reach the inner coke-uncoated catalysts and thus the higher the API gravity and quality of the produced oil, which clearly indicated that sulphur and nitrogen heteroatoms were catalytically removed and replaced with hydrogen. Over the 290 min of combustion period, slightly more oil (i.e. an additional 0.43% oil originally in place (OOIP)) is recovered in the model which has the higher catalyst packing porosity. In other words, there is a cumulative oil production of 2330 cm3 when the catalyst packing porosity is 56% versus a cumulative oil production of 2300 cm3 in the model whose catalyst packing porosity is 45%. The larger the catalyst packing porosity, the lower the mass and thus cost of the catalyst required per m3 of annular space around the horizontal producer well. The peak temperature and the very small amount of produced oxygen are only marginally affected by the catalyst packing porosity, thereby implying that the extents of the combustion and thermal cracking reactions are respectively the same in both models. Thus, the higher upgrading achieved in the model whose catalyst packing porosity is 56% is purely due to the fact that the extent of the catalytic reactions in the model is larger than those in the model whose catalyst packing porosity is 45%.