Serum Total Protein Levels Research Articles

Dietary soybean lecithin promoted growth performance and feeding in juvenile Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi) could be by optimizing glucolipid metabolism.

To explore the potential benefits of dietary phospholipids (PLs) in fish glucose metabolism and to promote feed culture of Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi), we set up six diets to feed Chinese perch (initial mean body weight 37.01 ± 0.20 g) for 86 days, including: Control diet (CT), 1% (SL1), 2% (SL2), 3% (SL3), 4% (SL4) soybean lecithin (SL) and 2% (KO2) krill oil (KO) supplemental diets (in triplicate, 20 fish each). Our study found that the SL2 significantly improved the weight gain rate and special growth rate, but the KO2 did not. In addition, the SL2 diet significantly improved feed intake, which is consistent with the mRNA levels of appetite-related genes (npy, agrp, leptin A). Additionally, in the CT and SL-added groups, leptin A expression levels were nearly synchronized with serum glucose levels. Besides, the SL2 significantly upregulated expression levels of glut2, gk, cs, fas and downregulated g6pase in the liver, suggesting that it may enhance glucose uptake, aerobic oxidation, and conversion to fatty acids. The SL2 also maintained the hepatic crude lipid content unchanged compared to the CT, possibly by significantly down-regulating the mRNA level of hepatic lipase gene (hl), and by elevating serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level and intraperitoneal fat ratio in significance. Moreover, the serum high-density lipoprotein levels were significantly increased by PL supplementation, and the SL2 further significantly increased serum total cholesterol and LDL levels, suggesting that dietary PLs promote lipid absorption and transport. Furthermore, dietary SL at 1% level could enhance non-specific immune capacity, with serum total protein level being markedly higher than that in the CT group. In conclusion, it is speculated that the promotion of glucose utilization and appetite by 2% dietary SL could be linked. We suggest a 1.91% supplementation of SL in the diet for the best growth performance in juvenile Chinese perch.

The Effect of Some Animal and Plant Proteins on uric acid index in Rats with Acute Renal Failure

Kidney diseases are a public health problem all over the world. From recent studies it has been found that a low-protein diet as part of diet therapy has beneficial effects that slow the progression of chronic kidney disease. So, this study was carried out to investigate the uric acid index of some animal protein (Beef, eggs, kidney) and plant protein (mushroom, yellow lentils, lupine) in rats with induced-acute renal failure (ARF). Forty rats were divided into 8 groups (n=5) in each group. The first group of rats was fed on basal diet. The other rats were injected with one dose of 50% glycerol (10 ml/kg B.Wt.) in their hind limbs to induce ARF, these rats were divided into 7 subgroups, as follows: Subgroup (1): Rats with ARF were fed on basal diet supplemented with 150 gm/kg casein as positive control group (+Ve). From subgroups (2 : 7) rats were fed on the basal diet supplemented with 150 gm/kg from dried beef, eggs, kidney, mushroom, yellow lentils, lupine, respectively for 4 weeks. The treated groups with either animal or plant proteins had a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the level of kidney functions as well as lowering the mean values of phosphorous, sodium and potassium. The level of serum albumin and total protein were significantly (P<0.05) increased as compared to the +ve control group. It could be concluded that a diet containing animal protein (beef, eggs, kidney) or plant protein (mushroom, yellow lentils, lupine) may be used as a part of diet therapy to slow the progression of kidney disease and improve the kidney functions.

Clinical Impact of Risk Pre-warning Nursing Model Combined with Early Nasojejunal Enteral Nutrition on Nutritional Status, Neurological Function and Negative Emotions in Patients with Severe Stroke

The present study aimed to clarify the practical implications of implementing a risk pre-warning nursing model combined with early nasojejunal enteral nutrition in patients with severe stroke. One hundred patients with severe stroke treated at the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong City, China between January 2022 and June 2023 were recruited. The control group received early enteral nutrition support and conventional nursing, whereas the experimental group was subjected to a risk pre-warning nursing model. After the intervention, the serum albumin, prealbumin, and total protein levels were higher in the experimental group than in the control group. However, the experimental group demonstrated shorter bowel sound recovery, anal exhaust, and anal defecation times. The incidence of complications was lower in the experimental group (4.0%) than in the control group (18.0%). The experimental group exhibited a reduction in intensive care unit hospitalization time, total hospitalization time, and expenses than the control group. The National Institute of Health stroke scale, self-rating depression scale, and self-rating anxiety scale scores were lower in the experimental group than in the control group. In conclusion, early nasojejunal nutrition with risk pre-warning nursing model can improve nutritional status and gastrointestinal function, regulate neurological function, alleviate negative emotions, reduce complications, and shorten the hospital stay of patients with severe stroke.

Alterations of Thyroid Function and Nutritional Status in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Complicated by Metabolic Syndrome Treated with Insulin Combined with Either Liraglutide or Dapagliflozin

The present study compared the effectiveness of insulin plus liraglutide or dapagliflozin in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with metabolic syndrome and observed the nutritional status of patients before and after treatment. The results revealed no significant difference in the overall clinical efficacy and blood glucose levels between the liraglutide group treated with liraglutide and the dapagliflozin group treated with dapagliflozin (P > 0.05). In contrast, the adverse reactions in the liraglutide group were even lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, the liraglutide group demonstrated better improvements in insulin metabolism and blood lipid levels than the dapagliflozin group after treatment. However, their ability to repair thyroid function and alleviate oxidative stress was comparatively weak (P < 0.05). Serum albumin, total protein, and transferrin levels were elevated in both groups after treatment, but the increase in the dapagliflozin group was higher than that in the liraglutide group (P < 0.05). The number of malnutrition cases was significantly reduced in both groups after treatment compared to before treatment (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the combination of insulin with liraglutide or dapagliflozin is highly effective in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated by metabolic syndrome and can effectively improve the nutritional status of patients.

The effect of albumın and total proteın values as nutrıtıonal markers after Fontan surgery on prognosıs.

Children with CHD develop heart failure due to increased pulmonary blood flow, cyanosis, and pulmonary hypertension. The metabolic needs of these children differ from those of healthy children, and malnutrition is common. Protein-losing enteropathy has been reported in 5 to 13% of patients after the Fontan procedure. Serum albumin and total protein levels, which are indicators of the quality of post-operative care, can be useful tools for monitoring and examining the intensive care treatment strategies of these patients. In our retrospective study, the effects of albumin and total protein values, which are two of the markers that give us an idea about diet, nutritional status, and inflammation, on the prognosis of children who underwent the Fontan procedure were investigated. In our study, 127 patients who underwent Fontan procedure in our clinic between 2012 and 2021 were analysed retrospectively. Of the patients, 52.7% (n = 67) were male and 47.3% (n = 60) were female. The mean age is 5.83 ± 4.63 years. Patients who underwent albumin replacement were not included in the study. Although the relationship between pre-operative albumin and total protein values and post-operative mortality was not statistically significant, the inverse correlation of post-operative albumin 1st, 2nd, and 3rd-day values and post-operative total protein 1st, 2nd, and 3rd-day values with mortality was found to be statistically significant. In addition, we found that mortality was statistically high in patients whose total protein amount was below 6.65 mg/dl in the early post-operative period. Albumin and total protein, whose blood levels can vary with diet, can be used as predictors in the early post-operative prognosis of Fontan patients. In addition, when we examined the exitus patients, it was observed that the total protein amount was below 6.65 mg/dl on the post-operative 1st day. Based on this, we think that a diet with high protein content before surgery will help reduce post-operative early mortality.

Dietary supplementation of low levels of unprocessed Mucuna pruriens utilis seed meal induces mild antinutritional entero-physio-metabolic perturbations without compromising performance and meat quality in finisher broilers

The rapidly growing world human population accentuates the need for improved production especially of protein-rich food. Broiler meat production offers opportunity to ensure security of this food. However, the production of modern broilers is not only limited by high feed costs due to dietary use of expensive energy and protein sources but also their meat possesses undesirable quality attributes. This study thus examined the effect of dietary Mucuna pruriens utilis seed meal (MSM) on growth performance, blood profile, carcass traits, and meat quality in finisher broiler chickens. In a completely randomised design (CRD), 320 21-day-old chicks were randomly allocated to 32 pens in which they were allotted 4 dietary treatments with 0, 2.5, 5, and 10% MSM, each with 8 replicate pens of 10 birds, for 28 days. Growth performance, carcass characteristics, internal organs, haemato-biochemistry, and meat quality were measured. Results showed that dietary MSM did not affect (P > 0.05) broiler performance, weights, and lengths of carcass cuts and internal organs, haematology, and meat quality. The only exception was MSM-induced increase in duodenal weight (linear, P < 0.05) and serum phosphorus (quadratic, P = 0.05) in contrast to a decrease in procalcitonin (quadratic, P < 0.01) and serum levels of total protein (linear, P < 0.05; and quadratic, P < 0.01), albumin (quadratic, P < 0.05), and bilirubin (quadratic, P = 0.001). Therefore, MSM could be supplemented up to 10% without compromising performance, carcass traits, internal organs, haemato-biochemistry, and meat quality in finisher broiler diets.

A study of plasma proteins (serum total protein, serum albumin), and thyroid function in children with protein-energy malnutrition

Background: The study's objective was to evaluate and compare total serum protein, serum albumin, and thyroid hormones in children with PEM (protein-energy malnutrition) and healthy controls. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 100 children with PEM served as cases, while an equal number of age and gender-matched healthy children served as controls. 4 ml of venous blood were taken (3 ml in a plain vial and 1 ml in an EDTA vial) and immediately submitted for further investigation. SPSS software (version 25) was used to analyze the data. A p value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: PEM children have lower serum total protein, albumin level, total T3 (TT3), and total T4 (TT4) levels compared to healthy controls (p&lt;0.0001). Mean TSH levels in cases and controls were nearly similar. There was no significant difference between serum TSH concentrations in PEM children and the controls. Grade I PEM had the highest mean total protein, serum albumin, T3, and T4 levels, followed by grades II, III, and IV. When mean total protein, serum albumin, T3, and T4 levels of each grade of PEM were compared to controls, mean total protein, serum albumin, T3, and T4 levels were substantially lower in each grade of PEM (p&lt;0.0001). Conclusions: PEM children have low serum total protein and albumin levels. This is probably due to decreased oral intake of proteins and reduced biosynthesis. Serum TT3 and TT4 levels are lower in children with PEM than in healthy controls, which is most likely due to reduction in circulating plasma proteins.

Silymarin enhances the response to oxytetracycline treatment in Oreochromis niloticus experimentally infected with Aeromonas hydrophila

Many governments have approved the use of oxytetracycline as an antibiotic additive to food fish, with oxytetracycline now routinely used in many nations. However, oxytetracycline is known to have immunosuppression impacts. We, therefore, evaluated the immunological, antioxidative, and histopathological status of Nile tilapia fed a diet containing silymarin (100 mg/kg fish feed) for 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. The protective effects of silymarin against Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) infection and oxytetracycline treatment were evaluated. Blood parameters (erythrocyte count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, and packed cell volume) improved over time in fish fed on dietary silymarin. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were lower in fish fed on dietary silymarin, whereas serum levels of aspartate transferase (AST)and alkaline phosphatase (ALK) were unchanged. Dietary silymarin affected serum lipid profiles as decreases in serum triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and a trend toward lower cholesterol levels, whereas serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were increased compared to fish fed on the control diet. Dietary silymarin resulted in an increase of serum total protein levels and globulin fractions. Significant and progressive increases in catalase and glutathione peroxidase levels were observed after six weeks of feeding on a dietary silymarin before decreasing to control levels at the end of the experimental period. Fish fed on dietary silymarin, interleukin-1 and fish tumor necrosis factor-alpha were upregulated in hepatic tissues; however, interleukin-10 levels decreased to comparable levels to controls after eight weeks. Fish infected with A. hydrophila displayed septicemia (opaque eye, hemorrhagic ulcers, dentated fins, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly). Reduced mortality was observed in Nile tilapia infected with A. hydrophila and fed a diet containing silymarin, indicating that silymarin improves fish responses to oxytetracycline with a 37% reduction in mortality.

Clinical characteristics and outcome of autoimmune pancreatitis based on serum immunoglobulin G4 level: A single-center, retrospective cohort study.

Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) has been linked with elevated immunoglobulin (Ig) G4 levels. The characteristics and outcomes of AIP based on serum markers have not been fully evaluated. To compare clinical features, treatment efficacy, and outcome of AIP based on serum IgG4 levels and analyze predictors of relapse. A total of 213 patients with AIP were consecutively reviewed in our hospital from 2006 to 2021. According to the serum IgG4 level, all patients were divided into two groups, the abnormal group (n = 148) with a high level of IgG4 [> 2 × upper limit of normal (ULN)] and the normal group (n = 65). The t-test or Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare continuous variables. Categorical parameters were compared by the χ2 test or Fisher's exact test. Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests were established to assess the cumulative relapse rates. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to investigate potential risk factors of AIP relapse. Compared with the normal group, the abnormal group had a higher average male age (60.3 ± 10.4 vs 56.5 ± 12.9 years, P = 0.047); higher level of serum total protein (72.5 ± 7.9 g/L vs 67.2 ± 7.5 g/L, P < 0.001), IgG4 (1420.5 ± 1110.9 mg/dL vs 252.7 ± 106.6 mg/dL, P < 0.001), and IgE (635.6 ± 958.1 IU/mL vs 231.7 ± 352.5 IU/mL, P = 0.002); and a lower level of serum complement C3 (100.6 ± 36.2 mg/dL vs 119.0 ± 45.7 mg/dL, P = 0.050). In addition, a lower number of cases with abnormal pancreatic duct and pancreatic atrophy (23.6% vs 37.9%, P = 0.045; 1.6% vs 8.6%, P = 0.020, respectively) and a higher rate of relapse (17.6% vs 6.2%, P = 0.030) were seen in the abnormal group. Multivariate analyses revealed that serum IgG4 [(> 2 × ULN), hazard ratio (HR): 3.583; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.218-10.545; P = 0.020] and IgA (> 1 × ULN; HR: 5.908; 95%CI: 1.199-29.120; P = 0.029) and age > 55 years (HR: 2.383; 95%CI: 1.056-5.378; P = 0.036) were independent risk factors of relapse. AIP patients with high IgG4 levels have clinical features including a more active immune system and higher relapse rate. Several factors, such as IgG4 and IgA, are associated with relapse.

Peppermint extract improves egg production and quality, increases antioxidant capacity, and alters cecal microbiota in late-phase laying hens.

Peppermint contains substantial bioactive ingredients belonging to the phytoestrogens, and its effects on the production of late-laying hens deserve more attention. This study evaluated the effects of dietary peppermint extract (PE) supplementation on egg production and quality, yolk fatty acid composition, antioxidant capacity, and cecal microbiota in late-phase laying hens. PE powder was identified by UPLC-MS/MS analysis. Two hundred and sixteen laying hens (60 weeks old) were randomly assigned to four treatments, each for 28 days: (i) basal diet (control group, CON); (ii) basal diet + 0.1% PE; (iii) basal diet + 0.2% PE; and (iv) basal diet + 0.4% PE. Egg, serum, and cecal samples were collected for analysis. Dietary PE supplementation increased the laying rate, serum triglyceride, immunoglobulin G, and total antioxidant capacity, while 0.2 and 0.4% PE supplementation increased eggshell thickness, serum total protein level, and superoxide dismutase activity of laying hens compared with the CON group (P < 0.05). PE addition in diets increased the C14:0, C18:3n3, C18:3n6, C23:0, C24:0, and C24:1n9 contents in the yolk. In addition, the egg yolk saturated fatty acid content was higher (P < 0.05) in the 0.2 and 0.4% PE groups compared with the CON and 0.1% PE groups. The microbiota analysis revealed that the cecal phylum Proteobacteria was decreased (P < 0.05) in the PE-supplemented groups. A total of 0.4% PE supplementation increased the cecal richness of gram-positive bacteria and decreased the richness of gram-negative and potentially pathogenic bacteria compared with the 0.1% PE group (P < 0.05). Microbial function prediction analysis showed that the cecal microbiota of the PE group was mainly enriched by fatty acid degradation, fatty acid metabolism, amino sugar metabolism, nucleotide sugar metabolism, and other pathways. Regression analysis suggested that 0.28-0.36% PE supplementation was the optimal level for improving egg production and quality, antioxidant capacity, and yolk fatty acid in late-phase laying hens. Dietary PE supplementation improved egg production and quality (including yolk fatty acid composition) by increasing serum IgG and antioxidant capacity and modulating the intestinal microbiota in late-phase laying hens.

MATERNAL BISPHENOL-A'NIN SIÇAN BÖBREK GELİŞİMİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Aim: Bisphenol-A (BPA) is an estrogenic chemical used today in the production of epoxy resin and as an additive in other non-polymer plastics. Due to the widespread use of BPA today, human exposure is inevitable. This exposure causes harmful effects on various body systems. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects on the development of the kidneys of the offspring of mother rats exposed to BPA during pregnancy and lactation, as a result of the offspring being exposed to BPA through the placenta and milk. &#x0D; Material and Methods: In this study, 13 adult Wistar albino female rats were divided into 3 groups. In Group 1 (Control group), rats were only administered 1 ml/kg/day corn oil intraperitoneally. Group 2 (25 mg BPA group) rats were administered 25 mg/kg/day BPA; Group 3 (50 mg group) rats were administered 50 mg/kg/day BPA intraperitoneally for 5 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the intracardiac blood and kidney tissues of the offspring rats were taken and examined for urea, total protein, creatinine, TAS, TOS, MDA values. &#x0D; Results: At the end of the study, it was determined that BPA increased serum urea, creatinine and total protein levels, induced the formation of reactive oxygen species causing oxidative damage in kidney tissue, and caused serious structural damages &#x0D; Conclusion: Only mother rats exposed to BPA. BPA transferred to pups via placenta and milk, causing structural damage: narrowing in Bowman's space of renal corpuscle, dilatation in proximal/distal tubules and collecting ducts, occasional cell loss, vacuolization in tubule epithelia.

Impact of dietary piperine on growth performance, immune response, antioxidant status, and immune-related gene expression in pathogen-aggravated Cyprinus carpio

This study investigated the effects of dietary piperine (PIP) on growth performance, digestive enzymes, serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant and immune responses, and gene expression in Cyprinus carpio challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. Six diets were prepared with PIP doses of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 g/kg, corresponding with the control, PR50, PR100, PR200, PR300, and PR400, respectively. Fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila after 8 weeks of feeding with the respective diets. Weight gain (PWG) and specific growth rate (SGR) were significantly enhanced, whereas feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lowered in PR200. The cumulative post-challenge survival was improved to 68.43% in the PR200 group compared with 28.08% in the control. Serum total protein and albumin levels were significantly enhanced in the PR200 group compared to the control. However, dietary PIP up to 3 g/kg had no significant effect on serum glucose, cortisol, aspartate aminotransferase, or alkaline phosphatase activities; however, the alanine aminotransferase level was lower (P < 0.05) in the PR200 group than in the control. Intestinal amylase, lipase, and protease activities increased in PR300, and intestinal amylase and lipase increased in the PR100 group (P < 0.05). The serum immunological indices (lysozyme, alternative complement pathway, phagocytic activity, and respiratory burst activity) were higher (P < 0.05) in the PR200 group than in the control group. Serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) activities were significantly intensified in PR200–PR300 than in the control group, with the highest activity observed in the PR200 group. Malondialdehyde was significantly lower in the PR200 group than in the control group. Furthermore, SOD, CAT, and Nrf2 expression was strongly upregulated in the liver tissue of the PR200 and PR300 groups compared to that in the control. The transcript levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines viz. IL-1β and TNF-α were significantly upregulated in the kidneys of the PR100 and PR200 post-challenged. In contrast, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was significantly downregulated in the kidneys of PR200. The expression of HSP70 was upregulated only in the PR400. Quadratic regression analysis showed that the optimal dietary PIP level was estimated as 2.07−2.13 g/kg to maximize growth performance. Overall, these results indicate that dietary PIP at an appropriate level can improve immunity, cytokine gene expression, and disease resistance in C. carpio.

Dietary fulvic acid increased growth, stress tolerance and disease resistance against Vibrio harveyi in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) juvenile

An 8-week husbandry trial was carried out toexamine the impacts of graded levels of dietary fulvic acid (FA) on growth, stress, and disease resistance of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer, 38.2 g) juveniles. Five levels of FA were included in a basal diet (470 g kg-1 crude protein, 150 g kg-1 crude lipid) to prepare experimental diets, including: 0 (control), 2.5, 5.0, 10, and 15 g kg-1 diet. Two hundred and twenty-five fish (38.2 ± 0.1 g) were stocked randomly into 15 1000-L circular polyethylene tanks (15 fish tank-1) filled with 800 L disinfected seawater and fed with the experimental feeds three times daily. Each dietary treatment had three replicates. Tanks were supplied with seawater (32.2 °C, 45.0 ppt) in a flow-throw system. At the end of the husbandry trial, fish were challenged with Vibrio harveyi and air exposure stress for one min. Fish fed FA-supplemented diets showed a positive quadratic growth response, and those fed with a 5 g FA kg-1 diet had higher final weight and weight gain percentage than the control. Feed intake in fish fed FA-supplemented diets were higher than in control, showing significant linear and quadratic trends (P < 0.05). The highest and lowest skin mucus lysozyme (LYZ) and serum alternative complement pathway (ACH50) activities were in fish fed 10 and 15 g FA kg-1 diets, respectively, exhibiting a quadratic response to dietary FA. Serum total protein level (TP) in fish fed FA-supplemented diets was higher than in the control group. Medium or high levels (10–15 g kg-1) of FA significantly enhanced the survival rate against Vibrio harveyi, which was associated with increased activities of serum lysozyme and ACH50 as well as liver glutathione peroxidase activity in these groups. Air exposure induced oxidative stress in all treatments and gradually reduced antioxidant enzyme activities associated with increased malondialdehyde content in the liver. Furthermore, air exposure suppressed some immune responses, including serum total immunoglobulin and TP levels. Still, LYZ activity was restored after 24 h, with the highest level found in fish fed 5 g FA kg-1 diet. Based on the broken-line regression analysis, the adequate level of FA in the diet for Asian seabass is 4.4 g kg-1.

Estimation of Serum Minerals, Total Protein and Liver Enzymes in HIV Patients Receiving Haart in Federal Medical Centre, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Aims: This study was aimed to estimate serum minerals level (calcium, zinc, phosphorus), total protein and liver enzymes (ALT and AST) in patients taking HAART at Federal Medical Centre Keffi, Nasarawa state. Nigeria.&#x0D; Study design: This study engaged a cross-sectional study design to investigate the liver enzyme alterations and the level of serum minerals in patients taking HAART when compare with treatment naïve (Pre-HAART) controls.&#x0D; Place and duration of the study: The study was conducted in Federal Medical Center Keffi, Nasarawa State-Nigeria. Data collection spanned a specific duration from December, 2022 to March, 2023.&#x0D; Method: A total of 143 subjects were involved in the study of which were 59 HIV positive patients on HAART, 34 Pre-HAART patients and 50 healthy subjects served as controls. 5ml venous blood sample was collected after taking aseptic precaution from the study subjects into plain vacuum tubes; sample was left for 30 minutes at room temperature and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 4 minutes. Sero-negativity of the control (healthy patients) was confirmed by HIV TRI-DOT test. Serum total calcium, serum phosphorus, serum zinc. Total proteins were estimated using spectrophotometer while AST and ALT were estimated by colorimetric method.&#x0D; Result: The study indicated that both pre-HAART and HAART patients showed significantly higher (P&lt;.05) AST and ALT activities compared to sero-negative patients. Pre-HAART patients had lower Zinc (11.22±4.86) and TP (43.18±22.52) levels than sero-negative patients, with Zinc (16.58±4.20) and TP (65.47±12.79). In contrast, HAART patients experienced a significant increase (P&lt;.005) in Zinc (14.29±3.41) and TP (61.56±18.87) levels compared to pre-HAART patients (11.22±4.86) and (43.18±2.52). No significant difference in serum calcium level in all groups. Patients on HAART and sero-negative patients displayed normal Phosphorus level which is significantly higher in pre-HAART patients.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study concluded that the serum level of ALT and AST were increased in HIV positive patients on HAART and pre-HAART patients. HAART improved level of serum zinc and total protein.

Immuno-physiological effects of dietary reishi mushroom powder as a source of beta-glucan on Rohu, Labeo rohita challenged with Aeromonas veronii

Beta-glucans have immense potential to stimulate immune modulation in fish by being injected intramuscularly, supplemented with feed or immersion routes of administration. We studied how supplementing Labeo rohita’s diet with reishi mushroom powder containing beta-glucan influenced immunological function. A supplemented diet containing 10% reishi mushroom powder was administered for 120 days. Afterwards, analyses were conducted on different immunological parameters such as antioxidants, respiratory burst, reactive oxygen species (ROS), alternative complement activity, and serum immunoglobulin, which resulted significant increases (p < 0.05; p < 0.01) for the reishi mushroom-fed immune primed L. rohita. Additionally, analyzing various hematological parameters such as erythrocytes and leukocytes count were assessed to elucidate the immunomodulatory effects, indicating positive effects of dietary reishi mushroom powder on overall fish health. Furthermore, the bacterial challenge-test with 1.92 × 104 CFU/ml intramuscular dose of Aeromonas veronii showed enhanced disease-defending system as total serum protein and lysozyme activity levels accelerated significantly (p < 0.01). Nevertheless, reishi mushroom powder contained with beta-glucan ameliorated the stress indicating parameters like acetylcholinesterase (AChE), serum-glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and serum-glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) enzyme activities results suggested the fish’s physiology was unaffected. Therefore, the results indicated that adding dietary reishi mushroom as a source of beta-glucan could significantly boost the immune responses in Rohu.

Detection and analysis of moving reaction boundary-based electrophoresis distance using smartphone images

Electrophoresis titration (ET) based on the moving reaction boundary (MRB) theory can detect the analyte contents in different samples by converting content signals into distance signals. However, this technique is only suitable for on-site qualitative testing, and accurate quantification relies on complex optical equipment and computers. Hence, applying this method to real-time point-of-care testing (POCT) is challenging. In this study, we developed a smartphone-based ET system based on a visual technique to achieve real-time quantitative detection. First, we developed a portable quantitative ET device that can connect to a smartphone; this device consisted of five components, namely, an ET chip, a power module, a microcontroller, a liquid crystal display screen, and a Bluetooth module. The device measured 10 cm×15 cm×2.5 cm, weighed 300 g, and was easy to hold. Thus, it is suitable for on-site testing with a run time of only 2-4 min. An assistant mobile software program was also developed to control the device and perform ET. The colored electrophoresis boundary can be captured using the smartphone camera, and quantitative detection results can be obtained in real time. Second, we proposed a quantitative algorithm based on ET channels. The software was used to recognize the boundary migration distance of three channels, a standard curve based on two given contents of the standards was established using the two-point method, and the content of the test sample was calculated. Human serum albumin (HSA) and uric acid (UA) were used as a model protein and biosample, respectively, to test the performance of the detection system. For HSA detection, different HSA solutions were mixed with a polyacrylamide gel (PAG) stock solution, phenolphthalein was added as an indicator, and sodium persulfate and tetramethyl ethylenediamine (TEMED) were used to promote polymerization to form a gel. For UA detection, agarose gel was filled into the ET channel, the UA sample, urate oxidase, and leucomalachite green were added into the anode cell and incubated for 20 min. ET was then performed. The fitting goodness (R2) values of HSA and UA were 0.9959 and 0.9935, respectively, with a linear range of 0.5-35.0 g/L and a log-linear range of 100-4000 μmol/L. The limits of detection for HSA and UA were 0.05 g/L and 50 μmol/L, respectively, and the corresponding relative standard deviations (RSDs) were not greater than 2.87% and 3.21%, respectively. These results demonstrate that the detection system has good accuracy and sensitivity. Clinical samples collected from healthy volunteers were used as target blood samples, and the developed system was used to measure serum total protein and UA levels. Serum samples from five volunteers were selected, standard curves of total serum protein and UA were established, and the test results were compared with hospital standard testing results. The relative errors for serum total protein and UA were less than 6.03% and 6.21%, respectively, and the corresponding RSDs were less than 3.72% and 5.84%, respectively. These findings verify the accuracy and reliability of the proposed detection system. The smartphone-based ET detection system introduced in this paper presents several advantages. First, it enables the portable real-time detection of total serum protein and UA. Second, compared with traditional ET strategies based on colored boundaries, it does not rely on optical detection equipment or computers to obtain quantitative detection results; as such, it can reduce the complexity of the operation and provide portability and real-time metrics. Third, the detection of two biomarkers, serum total protein and UA, is achieved on the same device, thereby improving the multitarget detection potential of the ET method. These advantages render the developed method a promising detection platform for clinical applications and real-time POCT.

Effect of Short PSG Peptides on Inflammatory Markers in Allogeneic Bone Marrow Cell Transplantation in Wistar Rats.

Short linear peptide fragments of placental trophoblastic β1-glycoprotein (PSG) (YECE, YQCE, YVCS, and YACS) were studied in the context of their immunomodulatory effects at the level of inflammatory markers. The original host-versus-graft model was used in male Wistar rats without prior conditioning of recipient bone marrow. A composition of PSG peptide fragments was injected to animals after allogeneic transplantation of bone marrow cells in a dynamic experiment, inflammatory markers α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP, orosomucoid), α2-macroglobulin (α2M) were assayed by ELISA, and biochemical parameters (total protein, glucose, creatinine, and urea) were measured. The levels of α2M and AGP increased in response to allotransplantation, whereas administration of PSG peptides normalized serum α2M levels by the end of the experiment. The decrease in α2M level coincided with the independent effect of PSG peptide administration. The levels of total protein, glucose, creatinine, and urea in rat serum after allotransplantation were reduced throughout the experiment. Administration of PSG peptides contributed to normalization of serum total protein, creatinine, and urea levels by the end of the experiment. Administration of PSG peptides after allogeneic transplantation of bone marrow suspension contributed to normalization of the levels of α2M, total protein, creatinine, and urea, which can be interpreted as an anti-inflammatory effect of these peptides.

Positive effects of dietary Clostridium butyricum supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immunity and viability against hypoxic stress in largemouth bass.

The effects of dietary supplementation of Clostridium butyricum (CB) on growth performance, serum biochemistry, antioxidant activity, mRNA levels of immune-related genes and resistance to hypoxia stress were studied in largemouth bass. Feed with CB0 (control, 0 CFU/kg), CB1 (4.3×108 CFU/kg), CB2 (7.5×108 CFU/kg), CB3 (1.5×109 CFU/kg) and CB4 (3.2×109 CFU/kg) CB for 56 days, and then a 3h hypoxic stress experiment was performed. The results showed that dietary CB significantly increased the WGR (weight gain rate), SGR (specific growth rate), PDR (protein deposition rate) and ISI (Intestosomatic index) of largemouth bass (P<0.05). Hepatic GH (growth hormone)/IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1) gene expression was significantly upregulated in the CB3 and CB4 groups compared with the CB0 group (P<0.05), while the FC (feed conversion) was significantly decreased (P<0.05). Serum TP (total protein) and GLU (glucose) levels were significantly higher in the CB4 group than in the CB0 group (P<0.05), while the contents of serum AST (aspartate transaminase), ALT (alanine transaminase), AKP (alkline phosphatase) and UN (urea nitrogen) in CB4 were significantly lower than those in CB0 (P<0.05). T-AOC (total antioxidant capacity), SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase), POD (peroxidase) and GSH-Px (glutathione peroxidase) activities were significantly higher in CB3 and CB4 groups than in CB0 group (P<0. 05). The liver MDA (malondialdehyde) content of CB1, CB2, CB3 and CB4 groups was significantly higher than that of CB0 group (P<0. 05). The relative expressions of IL-1β (interleukin 1β), TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor α) and TLR22 (toll-like receptor-22) genes in CB2, CB3 and CB4 groups were significantly lower than those in CB0 group (P<0.05). The relative expression of IL-8 (malondialdehyde) and MyD88 (Myeloid differentiation factor 88) genes in the CB4 group was significantly lower than that in the CB0 group (P<0.05). The liver LZM (lysozyme) content of CB2, CB3 and CB4 groups was significantly higher than that of CB0 group (P<0. 05). The relative expression of IL-10 (interleukin 10) and TGF-β (transforming growth factor β) genes in the CB4 group was significantly higher than that in the CB0 group (P<0.05). Under hypoxic stress for 3h, the CMR of CB0 group was significantly higher than that of CB1, CB2, CB3 and CB4 groups (P<0.05). Dietary CB can improve the growth performance and resistance to hypoxic stress of largemouth bass by regulating the expression of GH/IGF-1 gene and inflammatory factors and inhibiting TLR22/MyD88 signaling pathway.

NOVEL SELF-MICROEMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR ENHANCED DIABETES MANAGEMENT: EVALUATING THE COMBINED EFFECTS OF GLIMEPIRIDE AND BOSWELLIA SERRATA EXTRACT

This study aimed to create and assess a novel self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) for treating diabetes mellitus that contains glimepiride and Boswellia serrata extract. In the creation of SMEDDS formulations, Transcutol-P was employed as the base oil, while the surfactants Tween 80 and propylene glycol/polyethylene glycol 400 served as the co-surfactants. To improve the formulation, pseudoternary phase diagrams were created. While the SMEDDS of B. serrata extract showed a mean droplet size of 27.63 nm, 98.3% transmittance, a zeta potential of -0.11 mV, and a polydispersity index of 0.287, the glimepiride-optimized SMEDDS showed a mean droplet size of 14.8 nm, 98.5% transmittance, a zeta potential of -0.10 mV. In-vivo evaluation on diabetes-induced rats demonstrated significant reductions in SGOT and SGPT levels with the glimepiride and B. serrata extract SMEDDS compared to diabetic control rats and the marketed glimepiride formulation. The formulation showed promising results in controlling serum total protein, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels. The glimepiride and B. serrata extract SMEDDS also exhibited antioxidant activity, reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) absorbance. Histopathological assessment of kidney and pancreas tissues revealed the protective effects of the concomitant administration of glimepiride and B. serrata extract SMEDDS formulation against diabetes-induced damage. Overall, the developed SMEDDS formulation kit showed superior in-vitro and in-vivo performance, suggesting its potential as an effective therapeutic option for managing diabetes mellitus.

Yishen Juanbi Decoction Combined with Predictive Nursing Intervention Improves the Prognosis, Pain, and Nutritional Status of Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis

We have examined the effect of Yishen Juanbi decoction combined with predictive nursing intervention on the prognosis, pain, and nutritional status of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ankylosing spondylitis patients received oral Yishen Juanbi decoction, followed by routine nursing intervention or predictive nursing intervention. The visual analog scale score and bath ankylosing spondylitis functional index score in the predictive nursing intervention were lower relative to the routine nursing intervention (P &lt; 0.05). The predictive nursing intervention also had better quality of life than the routine nursing intervention group (P &lt; 0.05). Serum total protein and albumin levels were higher in the predictive nursing intervention group than the routine nursing intervention group (P &lt; 0.05), while serum IgA, IgM, and IgG levels were lower (P &lt; 0.05). The nursing satisfaction of patients in the predictive nursing intervention group was higher compared to the routine nursing intervention group (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, Yishen Juanbi decoction combined with predictive nursing can reduce pain, improve the nutritional status, and promote the motor function and quality of life of ankylosing spondylitis patients.