Total Pp Research Articles

Trends in Soft Palate Surgery and Reimbursements for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Among the Medicare Population.

This study aims to analyze trends in utilization and reimbursement of soft palate surgery for OSA using the Medicare national database. A retrospective analysis of the 2000 to 2021 Part B National Summery datafiles using current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes 42145 (uvulopalatopharyngoplasty [UPPP]), 42950 (pharyngoplasty [PP]), and 42140 (uvulectomy [UVU]) was performed. Between 2000 and 2021, the number of OSA surgeries fell 65.7% from 4208 to 1443. UPPP fell 87.6% from 3455 in 2000 to 428 in 2021 (P < .001). UVU also fell in popularity, from 568 to 376 (33.8%; P < .001). In contrast, the performance of PP rose 245.4% over time, from 185 to 639 (P < .001). When comparing 2000 to 2009, both PP and UVU rose in relative use (from 4.4% to 12.3% and from 13.5% to 20.4% of all soft palate OSA surgeries, respectively), while UPPP fell (82.1% to 67.3%; P < .001). Total Medicare payments for all 3 procedures fell 57.2% from $1 658 844 to $633 091 (P < .001). Adjusted total UPPP payments fell 88.7% (P < .001). Adjusted total PP payment rose 137.5% to $262 538 in 2021 (P < .001). Soft palate surgery for OSA has declined amongst the Medicare population over 21 years (2000-2021). The more individualized and tissue sparing PP has risen in popularity but did not overcome the large decline of the traditional UPPP. Accordingly, there was a 75.7% fall in inflation-adjusted reimbursements. Overall, our data indicates a decline in soft palate surgery in the management of geriatric OSA, with modest relative increase in pharyngoplasty procedures.

Satisfaction assessment study in patients (and their partners) with/without Peyronie’s disease and penile prosthesis implantation

Introduction and objectiveAmong the many treatments for erectile dysfunction, implantation of a penile prosthesis has been associated with high patient satisfaction rates. However, patients with coexistent Peyronie’s disease (PD) and refractory erectile dysfunction and/or severe deformities may show different results. The aim of our study was to assess and to compare the level of satisfaction, with an inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP), in men with/without coexistent PD. Material and methodsA survey study based on a five-item satisfaction questionnaire was submitted to all those live patients implanted in the period 1992–2022 at our center (n=570) and their partners. Ninety-two percent of implants were inflatable devices. Surgeries were mainly performed by two surgeons. The main outcome measure used was the level of patient and partner satisfaction with sexual intercourse after IPP. ResultsOf the 570 eligible patients, 479 (84%) completed the survey (393 Non-PD: GROUP 1; 70 non-complex PD-Group 2; 16 complex PD). Eighty-six per cent of patients in Group 1 reported satisfactory sexual intercourse (very or moderately satisfied). Non-complex PD implanted patients (Group 2) reported a global 81% satisfactory sexual intercourse (very or moderately satisfied) (p>0.05). However, when we evaluated the PD subgroup of patients with severe PD who require incision/excision/grafting at the time of implant (Group 3: n=20), only 61% reported satisfactory sexual intercourse (p<0.01) with predominance of moderately satisfied patients over very satisfied: 78% vs. 22%). Additionally, 84% (Group 1), 80% (Group 2) and 54% (Group 3) of partners reported satisfactory intercourses, respectively (p<0.01). Overall, 84% of Group 1 implants and 79% of Group 2 reported that they would undergo the procedure again if the IPP failed (p>0.05; ns). Only 50% of Group 3 patients would do it again. With regard to cosmetic aspects, 48% of the Group 3 implant reported penile shortness or soft glans as the main causes of their dissatisfaction. Only 2.4% of total PP patients expressed difficulty in manipulating the device. ConclusionThe presence of PD alone may not impact PP patient and partner satisfaction, but patients with more severe baseline deformity who require incision/grafting may be less satisfied with outcomes including penile length and glans sensation.

A reconnaissance survey of channel bank particulate phosphorus concentrations, controls and estimated contributions to riverine loads across England.

Channel banks can contribute a significant proportion of fine-grained (<63 μm) sediment to rivers, thereby also contributing to riverine total particulate phosphorus loads. Improving water quality through better agricultural practices alone can be difficult since the contributions from non-agricultural sources, including channel banks, can generate a 'spatial mismatch' between the efficacy of best management applied on farms and the likelihood of meeting environmental objectives. Our study undertook a reconnaissance survey (n=76 sites each with 3 profiles sampled) to determine the total phosphorus (TP) concentrations of channel banks across England and to determine if TP content can be predicted using readily accessible secondary data. TP concentrations in adjacent field topsoils, local soil soil type/texture and geological parent material were examined as potential predictors of bank TP. Carbon and nitrogen content were also analysed to explore the impacts of organic matter content on measured TP concentrations. The results suggest that channel bank TP concentrations are primarily controlled by parent material rather than P additions to adjacent topsoils through fertilizer and organic matter inputs, but significant local variability in concentrations prevents the prediction of bank TP content using mapped soil type or geology. A median TP concentration of 873 mg kg-1 was calculated for the middle section of the sampled channel bank profiles, with a 25th percentile of 675 mg kg-1, and 75th percentile of 1159 mg kg-1. Using these concentrations and, in comparison with previously published estimates, the estimated number of inland WFD waterbodies in England for which channel bank erosion contributes >20% of the riverine total PP load increased from 15 to 25 (corresponding range of 17-35 using the 25th and 75th percentiles of measured TP concentrations). Collectively, these 25 waterbodies account for 0.2% of the total inland WFD waterbody area comprising England.

Association between pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain on pregnancy outcomes: a cohort study in Indonesian pregnant women

BackgroundPre-pregnancy BMI (PP BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) are prominent anthropometric indicators for maternal nutritional status and are related to an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study aimed to determine the factors affecting total GWG, PP BMI and pregnancy outcomes among pregnant women in West Sumatra, Indonesia.MethodsThis observational analysis was conducted among healthy women in the Vitamin D Pregnant Mother (VDPM) cohort study. A total of 195 pregnant women and their newborn babies were enrolled, and information regarding their socio-demographic characteristics, obstetric history, dietary intake and anthropometric data were assessed through direct interviews. Furthermore, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) 2009 guidelines were used to obtain the total GWG.ResultsPP BMI was used to categorise the 195 pregnant women as overweight/obese (43.1%), normal (46.7%) and underweight (10.2%). There were 53.3%, 34.4% and 12.3% of women who had inadequate, adequate and excessive GWG, respectively. The multinomial logistic regression model indicated that overweight or obese women at the pre-pregnancy stage were 4.09 times more likely to have an excessive rate of GWG (AOR = 4.09, 95% CI: 1.38–12.12, p = 0.011) than those whose weight was normal. Furthermore, women with excessive GWG were 27.11 times more likely to have a baby with macrosomia (AOR = 27.11, 95% CI: 2.99–245.14) (p = 0.001) and those with inadequate GWG were 9.6 times more likely to give birth to a baby with low birth weight (LBW) (AOR = 9.60, 95% CI; 0.88–105.2) (p = 0.002).ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that the malnutrition status prior to pregnancy and inadequate or excessive GWG status during pregnancy as significant risk factors for developing adverse pregnancy outcomes. These findings highlight the importance of providing information, preconception counselling and health education on weight management for healthy pregnancies.

Bleeding-related outcomes of low-risk total placenta previa are equivalent to those of partial/marginal placenta previa

ObjectiveTo clarify whether “low-risk total PP” patients bleed more than partial/marginal PP patients. Materials and methodsThe retrospective cohort study was performed involving patients with PP between April 2006 and December 2018. The placental position was determined by ultrasound. From medical charts, the backgrounds as well as obstetric and neonatal outcomes of PP patients were retrieved. ResultsThis study included 349 patients with PP, which was classified into three types according to the distance between the placenta and internal ostium: total (n = 174), partial (n = 52), and marginal (n = 123) PP. In total PP patients, three factors (prior CS, anterior placenta, and placental lacunae on ultrasound) significantly increased blood loss at CS, the need for hysterectomy, homologous transfusion (≥10 U), and ICU admission. No significant difference was observed in bleeding-related poor outcomes (rate of blood loss ≥2000 mL, amount of homologous transfusion, need for hysterectomy, and ICU admission) between total PP patients without all three factors: “low-risk total PP patients” and partial/marginal PP patients (19.8 vs. 17.1%; p = 0.604, 3.7 vs. 1.1%; p = 0.330, 1.2 vs. 1.1%; p = 1.000, and 1.2 vs. 1.1%; p = 1.000, respectively). ConclusionPrior CS, anterior placenta, and placental lacunae on ultrasound were risk factors for a bleeding-related poor outcome in total PP patients. Total PP patients without these three factors showed the same bleeding-related poor outcome as partial/marginal PP patients.

Ryan , W. F. Taube , Moshe The ‘Secret of Secrets’: The East Slavic Version. Introduction, Text, Annotated Translation, and Slavic Index (review)

REVIEWS 547 Ryan, W. F. and Taube, Moshe. The ‘Secret of Secrets’: The East Slavic Version. Introduction, Text, Annotated Translation, and Slavic Index. Warburg Institute Studies and Texts, 7. The Warburg Institute. London, 2019. xiii + 528 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Glossary. Indexes. £52.65 (paperback). The collaboration of W. F. Ryan, our leading expert for medieval and early modern East Slavic para-science and magic (viz. his magnum opus The Bathhouse at Midnight, Stroud, 1999), and Moshe Taube, current premier scholar of the late medieval East Slavic translations from Hebrew, has produced this splendid work, which will be of great use for the study of regional modern cultural history. The likely ninth- or tenth-century, originally Arabic Secret of Secrets (Kitāb Sir al-Asrār), a purported letter from the superprestigious Aristotle to Alexander the Great on kingship — that is: statecraft, character strengthening and throne preservation — supplemented by medical, astrological, physiognomic and other pseudo-scientific data, circulated widely in late medieval and early modern Europe. It was translated from the short and long versions into Latin more than once, and thence into numerous major and minor European vernaculars. Not so for the East Slavic, for which a Hebrew translation from the shorter Arabic, supplemented by the longer and by the Latin, and with additional extensive interpolations from Rhazes (physiognomy) and Maimonides (medicine), and also brief inserts from other works, served as the base. In light of the complexities of the still not fully explained textual history of the Hebrew convoy, a critical publication cum modern translation of the East Slavic presents a major challenge. And this one succeeds with flying colours, just as did Taube’s The Logika of the Judaizers (Jerusalem, 2016), with Hebrew originals, Slavic texts, English translations and targeted Hebrew and Slavic glossaries. Now the most important of such translated works are at our fingertips. The meticulously organized, detailed introduction squeezes into eighty-two pages an immense amount of information concerning content, recensions, translations, interpolations, affinities of the Slavic to related contemporary writings, later history, historiography and the manuscripts consulted — Arabic, Hebrew and Slavic. The actual work — a critical edition of the Slavic Tainaia Tainykh on the left of facing pages, with the English translation on the right — constitutes the main body, if only 53 per cent (286 of 542 total pp.). It utilizes italics for changes and additions, thus allowing the reader to identify what is original to the Slavic version. The copious footnotes to the Slavic render the variant forms found in six manuscripts from the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The likewise numerous notes to the translation provide explanations of the relationship to the Hebrew and even Arabic, as well as identifications of names and discussion of scholarly interpretations. The ‘Slavic SEER, 99, 3, JULY 2021 548 Index’, a thorough glossary of the 2,000-odd words found in the Slavic text, with the Hebrew originals supplied for most, occupies another 24 per cent of the book and should be of immense utility for other researchers. The earliest extant manuscript (Belarus National Library No. 096/276K), penned on paper from the 1540s and 1560s, contains linguistic similarities and other textual affinities indicating that the translator was the same Zechariah ben Aharon ha-Kohen of Kiev (the ‘Judaizer’ ur-heresiarch Skharii according to Iosif Volotskii’s invective narrative), who translated the Logika and related philosophical pieces in the 1470s–80s. One might add supporting evidence here that the accompanying Planetnik in this codex, where the relevant political geography of Saturn’s astrological domain is nad Rusiiu, nad Novym gorodom, nad Moskvoiu, i nad Litvoiu (fol. 61v), was likely if not assuredly composed before Moscow swallowed Novgorod in 1478. Readers already familiar with Taube’s and other Hebraio-Slavicists’ work will recognize the speculation that at least some of the corpus of Hebrew literature translated into Slavic was connected with contemporary, regional Jewish messianism. Some mystery surrounds the initial legitimacy of the Slavic Secret of Secrets in Russia, since the Stoglav synod of 1551 condemned Aristotelian Gates (Aristotelevy vrata), an alternative name, which our authors surmise the synod applied only to a predictive extract from the translation. At any rate, the general consensus is that readers...

Particulate N and P exports from sugarcane growing watershed are more influenced by surface runoff than fertilization

Excessive fertilization and accelerated erosion, due to intensive agriculture, have resulted in a large nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) exports from farmlands to rivers and lakes, contributing substantially to eutrophication in many regions. But many studies mainly emphasized the influence of fertilizer overuse, neglecting the contribution of accelerated erosion to diffuse N and P pollution. Thus, the objectives of this study were to determine the seasonal changes of sediment and particulate N (PN) and P (PP) entering the river by surface runoff from core sugarcane growing watershed, and clarify their influencing factors. Surface runoff, sediment and associated nutrients were measured in summer and autumn at the outlets of three sub-watersheds under rainfall events, in Nala watershed, southern subtropics of China. The total sediment, PN and PP loads in the entire seasons were 30.9 t ha−1, 41.1 kg ha−1 and 14.7 kg ha−1, respectively. The seasonal exports from the entire watershed in early summer, late summer, early autumn and late autumn were respectively, 8.5, 10.5, 11.6 and 0.3 t ha−1 for sediment, 15.3, 12.4, 12.9, and 0.4 kg ha−1 for PN, and 3.4, 5.3, 5.9, and 0.1 kg ha−1 for PP. The largest sediment and PP exports in late autumn coincided with the rainfall peak (208.8 mm), but the highest PN export in early summer was due to sugarcane establishment and basal fertilizer application in the watershed. Particulate N and P exports across the seasons were equivalent to 14 % and 64 % of applied N (296.4 kg ha−1 yr−1) and P (22.8 kg ha−1 yr−1) fertilizers, respectively, but PP exports were highest when no fertilizer and 31 % of P fertilizer were applied. Surface runoff had significant positive relationships with exported sediment and particulate nutrient loads, explaining 41–72 % of the seasonal variations in sediment, PN and PP. Ground covered by sugarcane plants was inversely correlated with sediment, PN and PP exports, and explained 15–40 % of the seasonal variations. Applied N fertilizer only had a positive relationship with PN, whereas no significant relationship (P > 0.05) exists between P fertilizer and PP. The contribution of the sub-watersheds to the export of sediment and particulate nutrients only varied spatially with slope gradient. Thus, our results imply that surface runoff played a dominant role in particulate N and P exports from the sugarcane watershed, but the seasonal variations of particulate N and P exports were dependent on a combined effect of surface runoff and fertilization.

Precision RENORM / MBR Diffraction Predictions Tested by Recent LHC Results

Diffractive, elastic, and precision total pp cross-section predictions, based on the pre-LHC RENORM/MBR model, are compared to recent experimental results. Discrepancies among results by different experiments present a challenge to testing the model. Suggestions for analyses/measurements to understand and resolve the experimental discrepancies are discussed.

Low Density Polypropylene/Waste Cellulose Fiber Composites by High-Shear Thermo-Kinetic Mixer

Abstract Achieving an appreciable weight reduction in PP based composite materials, particularly the ones reinforced by glass fibers, is quite challenging while enhancing their mechanical properties and fullfilling other enviromental concerns. To address this issue, low density composites of Poly(propylene) (PP) and waste cellulose fibers (WCF) were produced by high-shear thermo-kinetic mixer. This technique facilitates the ease of processing for the mass production of such composite materials due to the availability of high shear rates and relatively short processing times during manufacturing. The structure-property behavior of the molded samples was investigated as a function of WCF content. Briefly, one-fold increase in elastic modulus, 18 % increase in tensile strength, 87 % increase in flexural modulus and 27 % increase in flexural strength of PP were achieved by the addition of 30 wt.% WCF. The significant enhancements in mechanical properties were mainly attributed to the homogeneous dispersion of intrinsically stiff WCF filler in the PP matrix as a direct result of the high-shear mixing. These results mainly suggest that waste cellulose fibers can be used as an effective reinforcing agent in PP matrix instead of highly dense, non-renewable and non-biodegradable fibers, such as glass fibers, that prevents further stresses on the environment. Along with this, the reuse of waste cellulose fiber in PP matrix, particularly at high concentrations like 30 wt.%, evenly corresponds to the reduction of total PP consumption for PP based composite production. The main conclusion of the study is that the extensive blending technology gives us the ability to produce high performance thermoplastic based composite materials as well as addressing the world-wide waste disposal problem by reusing of natural wastes, which is a great opportunity to ensure sustainability and reduce enviromental and economical costs for many industries.

The Role of Gut Hormones in Diet-Induced Weight Change: A Systematic Review.

Gut hormones are known to play an important role in long-term weight loss maintenance after bariatric surgery. However, the interplay between gut hormones and diet-induced weight changes remains unclear. Our aims were to evaluate the alterations of gut hormones in diet-induced weight loss, weight maintenance, and weight regain periods. Available studies were searched on MEDLINE, EMASE, ClinicalTrials.gov, the Cochrane Library, and Web of science from inception to October 2016. After selection, 16 studies with 656 participants were included. Based on current evidence, we found significant alterations of gut hormones induced by different diets. In weight-loss diets, decreased fasting total PYY, GLP-1, CCK, GIP, PP, and amylin along with increased ghrelin levels were observed in most studies. After weight loss, the persistent decreases of fasting total PYY and GLP-1 levels as well as increased appetite were reported, suggesting the profound impact of altered gut hormones on later weight regain after dietary intervention. The differences between diet-induced changes in gut hormones and other treatments such as bariatric surgery and exercise are also discussed in this review. Although significant alterations of gut hormones were found during weight changes, huge heterogeneity exists in methods and populations. More large-scale studies with elaborate design addressing the gut hormone alterations in dietary weight regulation are required in the future.

Studies of Z\u03b3 production in association with a high-mass dijet system in pp collisions at sqrt{s}=8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The production of a Z boson and a photon in association with a high-mass dijet system is studied using 20.2 fb−1 of proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of sqrt{s}=8 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector in 2012 at the Large Hadron Collider. Final states with a photon and a Z boson decaying into a pair of either electrons, muons, or neutrinos are analysed. Electroweak and total pp → Zγjj cross-sections are extracted in two fiducial regions with different sensitivities to electroweak production processes. Quartic couplings of vector bosons are studied in regions of phase space with an enhanced contribution from pure electroweak production, sensitive to vector-boson scattering processes VV → Zγ. No deviations from Standard Model predictions are observed and constraints are placed on anomalous couplings parameterized by higher-dimensional operators using effective field theory.

Measurement of the total cross section from elastic scattering in pp collisions at [formula omitted] with the ATLAS detector

In this contribution a measurement of the total pp cross section with the ATLAS detector at the LHC at s=7 TeV is presented. In a special run with high-β⋆ beam optics, the differential elastic cross section is measured as a function of the Mandelstam momentum transfer variable t. The measurement is performed with the ALFA sub-detector of ATLAS. Using a fit to the differential elastic cross section in the |t| range from 0.01 GeV2 to 0.1 GeV2 to extrapolate to |t|→0, the total cross section, σtot(pp→X), is measured via the optical theorem to be:σtot(pp→X)=95.35±0.38(stat.)±1.25(exp.)±0.37(extr.) mb, where the first error is statistical, the second accounts for all experimental systematic uncertainties and the last is related to uncertainties in the extrapolation to |t|→0. In addition, the slope of the elastic cross section at small |t| is determined to be B = 19.73 ± 0.14 (stat.) ± 0.26 (syst.) GeV-2.

Large Rapidity Gap Method to Select Soft Diffraction Dissociation at the LHC

In proton-proton (pp) collisions, any process involves exchanging the vacuum quantum numbers is known as diffractive process. A diffractive process with no largeQ2is called soft diffractive process. The diffractive processes are important for understanding nonperturbative QCD effects and they also constitute a significant fraction of the total pp cross section. The diffractive events are typically characterized by a region of the detector without particles, known as a rapidity gap. In order to observe diffractive events in this way, we consider the pseudorapidity acceptance in the forward region of the ATLAS and CMS detectors at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and discuss the methods to select soft diffractive dissociation for pp collisions ats=7 TeV. It is shown that, in the limited detector rapidity acceptance, it is possible to select diffractive dissociation events by requiring a rapidity gap in the event; however, without using forward detectors, it seems not possible to fully separate single and double diffractive dissociation events. The Zero Degree Calorimeters can be used to distinguish the type of the diffractive processes up to a certain extent.

Assessing introduction risk using species' rank-abundance distributions.

Mixed-species assemblages are often unintentionally introduced into new ecosystems. Analysing how assemblage structure varies during transport may provide insights into how introduction risk changes before propagules are released. Characterization of introduction risk is typically based on assessments of colonization pressure (CP, the number of species transported) and total propagule pressure (total PP, the total abundance of propagules released) associated with an invasion vector. Generally, invasion potential following introduction increases with greater CP or total PP. Here, we extend these assessments using rank-abundance distributions to examine how CP : total PP relationships change temporally in ballast water of ocean-going ships. Rank-abundance distributions and CP : total PP patterns varied widely between trans-Atlantic and trans-Pacific voyages, with the latter appearing to pose a much lower risk than the former. Responses also differed by taxonomic group, with invertebrates experiencing losses mainly in total PP, while diatoms and dinoflagellates sustained losses mainly in CP. In certain cases, open-ocean ballast water exchange appeared to increase introduction risk by uptake of new species or supplementation of existing ones. Our study demonstrates that rank-abundance distributions provide new insights into the utility of CP and PP in characterizing introduction risk.

Diffraction and Forward Physics in ATLAS: results and perspectives

1 I.N.F.N. Sezione di Bologna (ITALY) Abstract. The present and future potential of ATLAS for diffraction and forward physics is presented. As recent results the rapidity gap cross section and elastic and total pp cross sections are reported. The upgrade project AFP is presented and it is shown how it will complement the ALFA acceptance for diffractive physics in mea- surements taken with β ∗ =90 m LHC beam optics. Moreover, the AFP detector will guarantee good acceptance on diffractive events also during normal running conditions allowing to improve the ATLAS detector perfor- mances. If in addition, a high luminosity program will be feasible, AFP might be fundamental for potential discoveries with extra dimensions being one example.

Measurement of the total cross section from elastic scattering in pp collisions at [formula omitted] with the ATLAS detector

A measurement of the total pp cross section at the LHC at s=7 TeV is presented. In a special run with high-β⋆ beam optics, an integrated luminosity of 80 μb−1 was accumulated in order to measure the differential elastic cross section as a function of the Mandelstam momentum transfer variable t. The measurement is performed with the ALFA sub-detector of ATLAS. Using a fit to the differential elastic cross section in the |t| range from 0.01 GeV2 to 0.1 GeV2 to extrapolate to |t|→0, the total cross section, σtot(pp→X), is measured via the optical theorem to be:σtot(pp→X)=95.35±0.38(stat.)±1.25(exp.)±0.37(extr.)mb, where the first error is statistical, the second accounts for all experimental systematic uncertainties and the last is related to uncertainties in the extrapolation to |t|→0. In addition, the slope of the elastic cross section at small |t| is determined to be B=19.73±0.14(stat.)±0.26(syst.) GeV−2.

The Effects of Running Cadence Manipulation on Plantar Loading in Healthy Runners

Our purpose was to evaluate effects of cadence manipulation on plantar loading during running. Participants (n=38) ran on a treadmill at their preferred speed in 3 conditions: preferred, 5% increased, and 5% decreased while measured using in-shoe sensors. Data (contact time [CT], peak force [PF], force time integral [FTI], pressure time integral [PTI] and peak pressure [PP]) were recorded for 30 right footfalls. Multivariate analysis was performed to detect differences in loading between cadences in the total foot and 4 plantar regions. Differences in plantar loading occurred between cadence conditions. Total foot CT and PF were lower with a faster cadence, but no total foot PP differences were observed. Faster cadence reduced CT, pressure and force variables in both the heel and metatarsal regions. Increasing cadence did not elevate metatarsal loads; rather, total foot and all regions were reduced when healthy runners increased their cadence. If a 5% increase in cadence from preferred were maintained over each mile run the impulse at the heel would be reduced by an estimated 565 body weights*s (BW*s) and the metatarsals 140-170 BW*s per mile run despite the increased steps taken. Increasing cadence may benefit overuse injuries associated with elevated plantar loading.

Carbon fluxes through estuarine bacteria reflect coupling with phytoplankton

Microbial plankton carbon fluxes were comprehensively assessed at 4 contrasting sites in Waquoit Bay estuary (Massachusetts, USA) in 2008, focussing on the role of phytoplankton as dissolved organic matter suppliers for heterotrophic bacterioplankton. Strong seasonal patterns in environmental and microbial variables were observed, with concurrent summer maxima and minima in December for bacterial biomass (17.7�164.7 µg C l �1 ) and production (4.8�121.5 µg C l �1 d �1 ). Phytoplankton biomass (0.7�32.6 µg chlorophyll l �1 ) and primary production (PP, 164�3570 µg C l �1 d �1 ) varied similarly to bacterial variables, with dissolved PP (DPP), i.e. released extracel- lularly, ranging from 3 to 36% of the total PP. The flux of DPP represented between 0.4 and 20% of bulk dissolved organic carbon (DOC, 92�346 µmol C l �1 ) daily turnover. In addition to temper- ature, moderate bottom-up control of bacterial assemblages was suggested by biomassproduction regressions. Bacteria apparently depended more on phytoplankton-derived DOC than on its total concentration. The difference became larger when the total flux of carbon or bacterial carbon demand (BCD, 19�468 µg C l �1 d �1 ) was considered, with DPP explaining 53% of its variance compared with 37% from bulk DOC. On average, DPP could meet 50% of BCD, indicating a larger than expected trophic dependence of bacteria on phytoplankton in the whole estuarine eco system.

New Results from the CMS experiment

We'll present recent results from the CMS experiment on measureme nts, such as the total inelastic pp cross section, diffractive phenomena, leading particle spectra and energy flow in the forward region, measurements relevant for tuning o f Monte Carlo programs used for cosmic rays studies. We'll also give a brief overv iew of the searches for new physics and the recent results on the discovery of a higgs-like p article with a mass of 125 GeV.

Results from TOTEM

The TOTEM experiment at the CERN LHC is focussed on the measurement of the elastic proton-proton scattering, the total pp cross-section, and all kinds of di ffractive phenomena. Detectors housed in Roman Pots which can be moved close to the out- going proton beams allow to trigger on elastic and diffractive protons and to determine their parameters like the momentum loss and the transverse momentum transfer. In ad- dition, charged particle detectors in the forward regions detect almost all inelastic events. Together with the CMS detector, a large solid angle is covered enabling precise studies of Min. Bias as well as Single Diffractive and Double Pomeron Interactions. The results will considerably help the interpretation of the Cosmic Ray Showers at highest energies and will give insight into the proton structure and the QCD theory of strong interactions. TOTEM measured the elastic pp- scattering over a large range of t (the squared momen- tum transfer) from 10 −3 - 4 GeV 2 . None of the considered models could yield a satisfac- tory fit over the complete range. However, the exponential slope at low |t|-values and the position of the diffractive minimum are well within the extrapolation from lower energies. The total pp cross-section has been determined in different ways from the extrapolation of the elastic scattering to t=0 (optical point) and the inelastic rate: (i) From the elastic scattering using the optical theorem and the CMS, (ii) luminosity independently, using the inelastic rate, elastic scattering and the optical theorem, (iii) � independently, by using elastic scattering, inelastic rate and the CMS luminosity. The results for the total cross- section obtained from the different methods are in excellent agreement with each other. First studies of the data on diffractive phenomena have been performed by correlating the momentum loss of the forward protons with the topology of the particle flux. The data look very promising and further studies will follow. Since the conference, data have also been taken with specialized optics to reach even lower |t|-values. A determination of the � value is now in reach. The TOTEM results and the ways how they have been obtained are described in the publications (1-8) listed below.