Total Post-test Score Research Articles

Investigation of nursing students' knowledge levels and attitudes in incontinence-associated dermatitis management through game-based learning: a mixed methods study.

This study aimed to assess nursing students' knowledge levels and attitudes towards the etiology, risk factors, and preventive measures of incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) using an escape room game. A mixed-method study. The sample size of the study was 32 students. Quantitative data obtained with the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Nurses in Managing Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis Questionnaire (KAP-IAD-Q) and qualitative data obtained through FGDs following the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) checklist were analyzed using a thematic approach. The average age of the participants was 22.63 ± 0.90, 87.5% of them were female (n=28), and 50% were third (n=16) and fourth-year students (n=16). KAP-IAD-Q total posttest score (88.06+7.00) was found to be high. Data obtained from the FGDs were categorized under 3 main themes: main focus areas during participation in the IAD-themed escape room game; advantages and disadvantages of teamwork in IAD management; and the game's contribution to a better understanding and classification of IAD. The use of the escape room game facilitated high, fast, and efficient learning of IAD knowledge and attitudes. It revealed challenges in collaborative decision-making, accurate diagnosis, distinguishing from other wounds, and attitude development in the management of IAD.

Student Evaluation of a Learning Enhancement in Anatomy Program (LEAP) during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Study.

The pandemic acted as an accelerator for the development of online teaching formats in anatomy and histology worldwide. The authors introduce a bridging program that reinforces the knowledge and understanding of gross and correlative anatomy and histology acquired in a virtual environment in preparation for its future clinical application. The study aims to evaluate the Learning Enhancement in Anatomy Program (LEAP) conducted among first-year medical students at the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila. This descriptive cross-sectional study aims to determine the initial experience of implementing a learning enhancement program and assess areas for its improvement. An internally validated questionnaire was given to students after the program to gauge students' reactions (Kirkpatrick Level 1 evaluation). Pre- and post-tests were administered to evaluate knowledge acquisition (Kirkpatrick Level 2 evaluation). Short-term behavioral peer evaluation (Kirkpatrick Level 3 evaluation) was also instituted. One hundred fifty-two (152) students participated in the study. General reactions from students to the LEAP were consistently positive, with a steady majority of the students rating '5' or a 'Strongly Agree' to positive statements regarding the program. Higher ratings for more traditional teaching methods, such as cadavers, formalinized specimens, and bones, compared to virtual systems were apparent. However, inter-student variation in preference for teaching modalities was observed. All stations of the LEAP were evaluated satisfactorily, with most gross anatomy stations rated higher than histology stations. A significant increase was noted in the total post-test scores compared to pre-test scores. This improvement in test scores was observed in the anatomy and histology subcategories and in six of the seven organ system modules. Perceived behavioral outcomes were also generally positive. The LEAP is a worthwhile endeavor, garnering overwhelmingly positive reactions and a significant improvement in test scores. Future studies are necessary to fine-tune teaching and training in a blended learning environment.

Developing of Drama Teaching Materials with Benime Assisted for High School Students

This research and development is to find out the product development process and feasibility, as well as to find out the effectiveness of the drama material development product using the Benime application for class XI students at SMA Negeri 1 Hamparan Perak. The process of developing drama material uses the Benime application in the form of audiovisual teaching materials using the stages of the R&D method by Borg and Gall with 8 research stages covering 1) potential and problems, 2) data collection, 3) product design, 4) design validation, 5) design revision, 6) small-scale trials, 7) product revisions, and 8) mass production. From the validation results obtained a score calculation from material experts of 82% very good "and media experts of 97% "very good". The results of the validation assessment of product feasibility have very good quality to use. one group pretest-posttest design 20 multiple-choice test questions. Data analysis used the Normalized Gain Test. The results showed that the total pretest score of all students was 1760 and the total posttest score of all students was 2485. The results were processed using the formula N-Gain and achieved a value of 0.58 with the interpretation of "Medium" this result there is a significant increase in student achievement by using Benime-based teaching materials in class XI students.

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This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of religiously charged pictorial story teaching materials on learning achievement. The subject of this research was the 1st-grade students of SD Neg. 31 Pusuea with a total of 14 students. The teaching material used is a picture book containing religious values. This study used experimental research methods with the research design used as pre-experiment one group pre-test-posttest. The test questions were in the form of multiple choices with a total of 20 questions. Data analysis used Normalized Gain Test. The results showed that the total pretest score of all students was 1890 and the total post-test score of all students was 2480. These results were processed using the N-Gain formula and reached a value of 0.53 with the interpretation of "Medium", with these results there was a significant increase in student achievement by using illustrated story teaching materials with religious values. It can be concluded that teaching materials containing religious values are effective on student achievement in grade 1 SD Neg. 31 Pusuea

EFEKTIVITAS METODE KELOMPOK TERHADAP PERUBAHAN PENGETAHUAN WANITA TANI TENTANG TANAMAN OBAT KELUARGA DI KELURAHAN NAMBO KECAMATAN NAMBO KOTA KENDARI

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the use of group methods with a group approach to changing the knowledge of women farmers about family medicinal plants. This research was conducted in the Nambo Village, Nambo District, Kendari City which was determined purposively. The population of this research is women farmers who cultivate medicinal plants in the family, amounting to 20 people. The type of data is primary data obtained using a list of questions (questionnaire) and secondary data obtained from related agencies. The data processing method uses the effectiveness formula. The variables observed were (1) Respondent's identity including age, education level, number of family dependents, farming experience, land area, frequency of attending counseling, and cosmopolitan relations; (2) The effectiveness of the group method through the group discussion approach in agricultural extension activities with material on family medicinal plants; (3) Changes in the knowledge of women farmers about cultivation techniques, uses and benefits of family medicinal plants. The results of this study revealed that the effectiveness of using the group method on changes in the knowledge of women farmers about family medicinal plants, namely for turmeric plants (70.63%), ginger plants (72.41%), lemongrass plants (69.47%). The knowledge of women farmers about family medicinal plants has changed in terms of pre-test and post-test values, namely the total pre-test score is 441 and the total post-test score is 738.

Determination of the attitudes of university students who receive training on disabilities and non-exercise towards the education and inclusion of disabled individuals

The aim of this study is to determine the attitudes of the students studying in the Physical Education and Sports Teaching Department of the Faculty of Sports Sciences, where the students are trained on disabilities and exercise, towards the education and inclusion of disabled individuals. Based on this purpose, a personal information form containing demographic information and the Attitude Scale for the Education of Disabled Individuals developed by Kosterioglu in 2013 were applied to 71 students who were studying at Bartın University, Department of Physical Education and Sports Teaching and had never received any training on disabilities and education before, and who participated voluntarily. After the scales applied, a 12-hour training program was applied to the participants once a week for twelve weeks. This program was implemented online through Zoom and includes the types of disabilities, the importance of education and physical education programs in individuals with disabilities. The training program was implemented by an expert trainer in the field. The same measurements were taken again after the training application. When the arithmetic averages of the participants' Attitude Scale for the Education of Disabled Individuals and its sub-dimensions are compared, it is seen that there is a decrease in the sub-dimensions and total post-test scores of Right to Education, Dissemination of Education, Volunteer Participation, and an increase in the sub-dimensions of the scale's Investment in the Special Education Area of Belief regarding the Education Results. However, although the mean scores were high, there was no statistically significant difference (p≥0.05) in the results of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The participants' attitude scale for the education of individuals with disabilities, voluntary participation sub-dimension post-test scores were found to be statistically significant in favor of men according to gender (U = 387.50, p<0.05). Although there was no difference in the volunteer participation pre-test scores of the participants according to gender, a statistically significant difference was found in the volunteer participation post-test scores in favor of women. The attitude scale of the participants towards the education of disabled individuals was found to be statistically significant in favor of men according to gender (0.012, p<0.05). Although there was no difference in the volunteer participation pre-test scores of the participants according to age, a statistically significant difference was found in favor of those aged 23 and over in the post-test scores of investment in the field of special education. As a result, although the attitude of the education program given to the students studying in the physical education and sports teaching department towards the education and inclusion of disabled individuals was high in terms of mean scores in the pretest and posttest results, no statistically significant result was obtained. It is thought that this result may change with the face-to-face training provided and the practice of disabled individuals and teacher candidates.

BABALARA VERİLEN EMZİRME EĞİTİMİNİN, BABALARIN BİLGİ DÜZEYİNE, ANNELERİN EMZİRME ÖZYETERLİLİĞİNE VE EMZİRME TUTUMUNA ETKİSİ

Aim: It is a design in a design similar to the quality of the gift given to the fathers, the self-efficacy of the mothers and the design of the fathers.
 Materials and Methods: The research was carried out with women who gave birth in Yalova Women's Health and Diseases State Hospital between 2020 and April 2021 and with intervals. It was completed with a total of 320 people, 160 for the intervention group (80 couples) and 160 (80 couples) for the control group. Data Collection Form (DTF), Fathers' Breastfeeding Effect Scale (BEES), Breastfeeding Knowledge Test for Fathers, Breastfeeding Attitude Assessment Scale (ETDE), Postpartum Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form were applied. In development, sociodemographic characteristics of fathers and spouses, characteristics of children regarding their babies, positive aspects of paternal pregnancy and babies, and fathers' general knowledge scores are similar in our study and pre-evaluation scores post-test scores of the Breastfeeding Effect Scale Sub-Dimension applied to the fathers in the information applied to the fathers, and the Postpartum Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form Total post-test scores applied to the fathers' spouses were significantly higher than all the post-test scores applied to the control fathers and their parents. would be high. 
 Results: In our study, the sociodemographic characteristics of fathers and their spouses, the characteristics of the participants regarding their babies, the characteristics of fathers regarding breastfeeding and infant care, and the pretest scores of fathers' breastfeeding knowledge level were similar in the intervention and control groups. After the breastfeeding support initiative applied to the fathers, the Total Posttest Scores of the Breastfeeding Knowledge Test applied to the fathers in the experimental group, the posttest scores of the Sub-Dimension of the Fathers Effect on Breastfeeding Scale, the Postpartum Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form Total posttest scores applied to the fathers' spouses were given to the fathers and their spouses in the control group. It was found to be significantly higher than all post-test scores applied
 Conclusion: In our study, the training given for intervention and control groups was significant for fathers and parents.

Effects of Problem-Based Learning on the Problem-Solving Ability and Self-Efficacy of Students Majoring in Dental Hygiene.

This study developed a problem-based learning (PBL) module to improve integrated thinking and problem-solving ability in students of dental hygiene. After applying PBL, the study tested the improvement in the problem-solving ability and self-efficacy of students. The subjects were 31 fourth-year students of the Department of Dental Hygiene at G University. The PBL process was applied to three topics for 15 weeks, and the tools for evaluating problem-solving ability and self-efficacy were reconstructed and used before and after the application to examine the effects of the module. The result indicates that the mean of problem-solving ability (32 detailed items) increased from 3.37 to 3.65 (an increase of 0.28) after classes (p < 0.001). Alternatively, the average for self-efficacy (22 detailed questions) increased from 0.21 to 2.89 (p < 0.05; an increase of 2.67). The study also confirmed the correlation between problem-solving ability and the total posttest score for self-efficacy (p < 0.001). Thus, the problem-solving ability and self-efficacy of learners were improved in the class to which PBL was applied. These improvements exerted a significant effect on the improvement of problem-solving ability. This finding confirmed the effect of the PBL method on dental hygiene education.

The Effect of Video Learning Media on Students' Learning Motivation in Thematic Learning for 5th Grade Science Content in Elementary Schools

This study aims to analyze how the influence and how much influence video learning media has on students' learning motivation in thematic learning of science content for class V at SDN Kemangsen 02 Balongbendo Sidoarjo. The research method used is a quantitative experiment with a Pre-Experimental design in the form of One-Group Pretest-Posttest. The sample of this research is class V-A and V-B SDN Kemangsen 02 with a total of 42 students. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. Data analysis used a descriptive quantitative analysis approach to determine whether there were differences before and after treatment, so that it could be stated whether or not the treatment had an effect with the help of SPSS 16.0 for Windows. Based on the test results, it can be concluded that there is a significant effect between the use of video learning media on students' learning motivation in thematic learning of science content for class V at SDN Kemangsen 02 Balongbendo Sidoarjo which has been proven through hypothesis testing (t-test) and the tcount value is 4,497. &gt; t table 2.021 which means Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted. The level of influence is evidenced by the total pretest score of 82% with an average of 49.12 included in the less category while the total posttest score of 84% with an average of 50.40 included in the good category and evidenced by the R Squere value of 0.336 or 33, 6%. This means that the influence of video learning media on students' learning motivation is 33.6%.

PROBLEM-BASED MOBILE LEARNING IN COMMUNITY MEDICINE: AN INTERVENTIONAL STUDY IN PHASE II MBBS STUDENTS

Objectives: (1) The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of problem-based learning (PBL) in classroom and problem-based mobile learning using a mobile application (PBML) and (2) to study the perception of students to problem-based m-learning (PBML) and problem-based learning (PBL) in classroom. Methods: After getting clearance from Institutional Ethics Committee, an interventional study was conducted for a period of 2 months among 150 Phase II MBBS students of Government Medical College, Datia (MP). Students who gave consent for the study were divided into two groups, namely, R-1 and R-2, and analyzed for the effectiveness of problem-based mobile-learning (PBML) as a teaching learning method in comparison with problem-based learning in classroom (PBL). Perception of students toward use of PBML and PBL as teaching learning method was collected using validated questionnaire. Results: It was observed from the study that in all the sessions, post-test mean scores were significantly higher than pre-test scores in both PBL and PBML. Before the intervention, there was no significant difference in the pre-test mean scores in topics done by PBL and PBML. After intervention, the only the post-test mean scores significantly improved. When the total post-test scores of PBL and PBML compared, it was found that PBML mean score is significantly higher than PBL mean score. In the student’s perception analysis, it was found that both methods are effective in concept building, stimulating, helpful in passing examinations, and development of problem-learning skills. Conclusion: From the study finding, we can conclude that both PBL and PBML are effective modes of teaching applied community medicine for Phase II MBBS students. PBML is more effective than PBL in teaching applied community medicine in Phase II MBBS students. Perception analysis shows that interaction with the students and doubt clearance is more effectuated with PBL than PBML.

Analysis of the Effect of Mind Mapping Studies on the Acquisition of the Concept of Time Among 60-72 Month-Old Children

This study aims to analyze the effect of mind mapping studies on the acquisition of the concept of time among 60-72 month-old children. The research was conducted with 30 children who attend a preschool in Istanbul. The Mind Mapping: Concept of Time Program was applied to 15 children in the experimental group of the study, for 12 weeks. Pre-test and post-test data for the study were gathered through the Time Concept Achievement Assessment Scale. It was found that the total post-test scores of the children in the experimental group obtained using the scale and their total post-test scores obtained from the Sub-Scales of Before-Now-After, Morning-Noon-Evening-Night, Month, Year, and Time Indicator Tools were significantly higher than those of the children in the control group. As a result of the study, it was set forth that mind mapping studies are an effective strategy for children’s acquisition of the concept of time.

Teaching Vocabulary Using Semantic Mapping Technique

The aim of this research is to find out the effectiveness of Semantic Mapping technique in teaching vocabulary. Therefore, the hypothesis in this research is the student who are taught by Semantic Mapping technique achieve better than before. The design used in this research is the Pre-Experiment Design. It also has several forms such as a One-Shot Case Research, One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design, One-Group Pretest and Posttest Design also Intact-Group Comparison. One-group pretest and posttest for this research, it means there will be a pretest before giving treatment to the sample and posttest after ending the treatment. In collecting data, Pre-test and Post-test are employed. The tests are multiple choices and complete the sentences. It consists of twenty questions. The right answer will be get 1 point and for the wrong answer is zero (0). The result of this research in pretest that the highest score was 16, the lower score was 9, the median was 13,00, the mode was 14 mean was 12,90, standard deviation was 1,863, range was 7 and total score of pre-test is 387. The posttest was the highest score was 20, the lower score was 14, the median was 17,00, the mode was 16 mean was 17,07, standard deviation was 1,388, range was 6 and total score of post-test is 512. The conclusion is drawn by analyzing the average scores of pretest and posttest by using t-test formula; Sig value is 0,000 &lt; 0,05 it means that alternative hypothesis (HA) is accepted.

3D Printed Models for Teaching Orbital Anatomy, Anomalies and Fractures.

PurposeThe aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of using 3D printing models in the learning process of orbital anatomy and pathology by ophthalmology residents.MethodsA quasi-experimental study was performed with 24 residents of ophthalmology at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Each stratum was randomized into two groups. The educational booklets were distributed, and various forms of orbital 3D models were printed from orbital computed tomography (CT) scans. Knowledge enhancement on the topics was measured by comparing pretest and posttest scores.Results Thirteen residents who were trained using traditional methods were deemed the control group; while 11 residents who were trained using the 3D printed models were classed as the intervention group. The control group was younger than the intervention group (P = 0.047). The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the total posttest scores between the two groups. Based on the repeated measures of the analysis of variance (ANOVA), score variables were significant between the two groups (P = 0.008). Interestingly, the use of the 3D educational model was more effective and statistically significant with the year one residents as compared to the year two residents (P = 0.002).ConclusionThis study is the first one in Iran quantifying the effects of learning using 3D printed models in medical education. In fact, 3D modeling training is seemingly effective in teaching ophthalmic residents. As residents have never encountered such technology before, their experience using 3D models proved to be satisfactory and had a surprising positive effect on the learning process through visual training.

PENGARUH METODE BERCERITA BERMEDIA VISUAL TERHADAP KEMANDIRIAN ANAK KELOMPOK B TK AMALYA BINTAN RIAU

This study is fostered by the low independence of Amalya Kindergarten's group B children in learning activities. Most of the children were not able to do the assigned tasks independently at school, not able to put items/ objects to their original places independently, feared to appear alone in front of the class, and tended to ask teachers’ helps when doing various activities at school. Therefore, it was necessary to use an appropriate and fun method for children, namely by using visual media storytelling methods to increase their independence. The objective of the study was to find out the independence of the children of Amalya Kindergarten Group B after using the visual media storytelling method. A pre-experimental research design with a one-group pretest-posttest design was carried out in this study. The data were collected by using observation, documentation and interview. The subjects of this study were 10 children. The data obtained in the field were analyzed by using the Wilcoxon’s match pairs test data analysis technique, with the formula Tobtained&lt;Ttable. If Tobtained&lt;Ttable, then this study has a significant influence between the 2 variables. From the results, it was found that the total score of the independent pretest of group B children was 59 with an average score 5.9 each subject and the results of the total posttest score was 120 with an average score 12 each subject. The results of the Wilcoxon’s match pairs test show that Tobtained = 0 is smaller than Ttable with a significant level of 5% = 8, so Tobtained&lt;Ttable (0&lt;8). Thus, it can be concluded that Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected. This means that the research hypothesis stating that there is an influence of using visual media storytelling methods on the independence of Amalya Kindergarten's group B children, Bintan Regency, Riau Islands, is accepted.

The effect of a counseling and training program on the treatment of women with overactive bladder

ABSTRACT Anticholinergic drugs and behavioral interventions are effective methods for the treatment of OAB and UUI. This randomized controlled, prospective, and quasi-experimental study determined the effect of healthy lifestyle behavior training, based on the Health Promotion Model (HPM), on the treatment of women with Overactive Bladder (OAB). The study sample included intervention and control groups with a sample size of 100 women diagnosed with OAB who received pharmacological treatment and agreed to participate in the study. The data were collected using an Introductory Information Form, Urinary Diary, OAB Questionnaire (OAB-V8), King’s Health Questionnaire (KHQ), Healthy Life Style Behavior Scale II (HLSB II), Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), and 24-hour Pad Test. The intervention group was administered a 45-minute training program based on Pender’s HPM. There was a statistically significantly higher level of decrease in urgency (z = −3,259;p = 0,001), nocturia (z = −3,691;p < 0,001), urge urinary incontinence (z = −2,391;p = 0,017), and urinary frequency (χ2 = 17,420;p < 0,001) in the intervention group during the posttest period. The study found a significant decrease in the total posttest scores of the women in the intervention group on the OAB-V8 (t = −6.955;p < 0.001), KHQ (t = −5.354;p < 0.001), and BSI (t = −6.463;p < 0.001) scales whereas a statistically significant increase was found in their total score on the HLSB II (t = 9.139;p < 0.001) scale. The study concluded that HLSB training, which was prepared based on HPM, reduced OAB symptoms among women, improved the quality of their lives, changed their HLSBs, and positively affected their psychological symptoms.

The Effect of Simulation-Based Training About Emergencies and Approaches to Delivery Given to Emergency Personel

Objective: This study was carried out to determine the effect of the medium level simulation-based training about “Emergencies in and Approaches to Delivery” given to the personnel working in emergency health services on the change in their current knowledge about emergency interventions in delivery.Methods: The study used a quasi-experimental design. It was carried out with 232 personnel working in emergency health services. Data were collected using “Information Form” and “Knowledge Test for Emergencies in Delivery (ED)”. The study included the teaching of the relevant topics to the participants, administration of the knowledge test, the application of the subjects taught using a simulator in the laboratory.Results: Of the emergency health service personnel participating in the study, 68.5% were found to not have adequate knowledge for emergencies in delivery. As a result of the training given, the mean of the total pretest score obtained from the ED was 37.17±10.36, and the mean of the total posttest score was 70.14±11.33, and the post-training difference was found to be statistically significant.Conclusion: According to the findings, it can be said that the training given to the emergency health service personnel increased their knowledge about emergencies in and approaches to delivery significantly and that the education was effective.

SIMULATION BASED TRAINING IMPROVES LAPAROSCOPIC SURGICAL SKILLS IN TRAINEE SURGEONS

Objective: To assess the impact of laparoscopic simulation training on surgical skills of trainee surgeons.&#x0D; Study Design: Comparative prospective study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Jinnah Sindh Medical University Karachi, for one month October 2019.&#x0D; Methodology: Total thirty surgical trainees of FCPS year four (R4) were studied. The cases group (fifteen trainees) were given one month laparoscopy training on a LAP Simulator (LAPSim), surgical science Sweden) and the control group (fifteen trainees) were not trained. Their laparoscopic skills were then compared. Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS) specific and general was used to assess their performance. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS-23.&#x0D; Results: On LAP Sim Scoring, post-test scores were significantly better than pre-test for all skills in the trainedresidents (p&lt;0.01 for all subscales) and total post-test score was also significantly better for trained surgeonsas compared to untrained (77.45 ± 7.78 vs. 31.70 ± 2.48; p&lt;0.01). On Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills for specific tasks, post-test scores were significantly better than pre-test for all tasks in the cases (p&lt;0.01 for all subscales) and for none in the controls. On Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills general, posttest scores were significantly better than pre-test for all tasks in the cases (p&lt;0.01 for all subscales) and for clip application (p&lt;0.01) and suturing with intracorporeal knot tying (p&lt;0.01) in the controls.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study demonstrated significantly improved levels of performance for all skill sets for novicesurgical residents trained on LAP Sim for minimally invasive surgical procedures.

The Effects of Yoga Education on the Cognitive Functions of Children in Early Childhood

The aim of this research study is to analyze the effects of yoga education on the cognitive functions in early childhood. This study is a semi-experimental study with Pretest Posttest Control Group Experimental Design. The research sample comprises 28 children between the ages of 4-5 years, 10 in the experimental and 18 in the control group, who are currently enrolled in separate preschool programs in the city of Izmir. “Application of Cognitive Functions Scale (ACFS)” and “Personal Information Form” were used in the research in order to identify the children’s cognitive functions. In the study, children in the experimental group were provided with 1 hour a week of yoga education given by a certified, expert yoga instructor for 12 weeks, while the control group children were left without intervention. Mann Whitney-U test and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test were used for data analysis. The research findings showed that the experimental group’s total ACFS scores and average posttest scores for the Tasks Section Subscales were significantly higher than their average total pretest scores. No significant difference was found between the pretest and posttest score averages of the control group. A comparison of the total posttest scores of experimental and control groups showed no statistically significant differentiation in the subscales of short term auditory memory, perspective-taking, and verbal planning; while the differentiation was statistically significant between the subscales of classification, sequential short term auditory memory, short term visual memory, and pattern completion, as well as the total ACFS posttest scores. The research findings are discussed in relation to the literature.

IMPROVING THE EIGHT GRADE STUDENTS’ COMPETENCE IN USING QUESTION TAGS THROUGH DISCUSSION METHOD AT SMP DELI MURNI MEDAN

This research is conducted in order to improve the eight grade students’ competence in using question tag through Discussion Method at SMP Deli Murni Medan. It also helps the English teacher of the eight grade students of SMP Deli Murni Medan to manage learning and teaching activities in the classroom. In conducting this research, the writer used Classroom Action Research (CAR) as the method of research. Thisresearch consists of two cycles and each cycle consists of four steps, they were planning, action, observation and reflecting. The data were in the form of qualitative and quantitative data. The qualitative data analyzed the learning process. The quantitative data counted the students’ score in pre-test and post-test. The result of this research shows that in teaching question tags through Discssion Method at the eight grade students of SMP Deli Murni Medan could improve their competence in using question tags. Moreever, the students’ achievements in pre-test and post-test showed a significant improvement. The total score of quantitative data in pre-test was 1998 with the mean score 54, while the total score in formative test was 2630 with the mean score 71,08 and the total score of post-test was 3004 with the mean score 81,18. From the result, the writer concluded that Discussion Method could improve students’ competence in using question tags.

The Utility of Virtual Patient Simulations for Clinical Reasoning Education.

Virtual Patient Simulations (VPSs) have been cited as a novel learning strategy, but there is little evidence that VPSs yield improvements in clinical reasoning skills and medical knowledge. This study aimed to clarify the effectiveness of VPSs for improving clinical reasoning skills among medical students, and to compare improvements in knowledge or clinical reasoning skills relevant to specific clinical scenarios. We enrolled 210 fourth-year medical students in March 2017 and March 2018 to participate in a real-time pre-post experimental design conducted in a large lecture hall by using a clicker. A VPS program (®Body Interact, Portugal) was implemented for one two-hour class session using the same methodology during both years. A pre–post 20-item multiple-choice questionnaire (10 knowledge and 10 clinical reasoning items) was used to evaluate learning outcomes. A total of 169 students completed the program. Participants showed significant increases in average total post-test scores, both on knowledge items (pre-test: median = 5, mean = 4.78, 95% CI (4.55–5.01); post-test: median = 5, mean = 5.12, 95% CI (4.90–5.43); p-value = 0.003) and clinical reasoning items (pre-test: median = 5, mean = 5.3 95%, CI (4.98–5.58); post-test: median = 8, mean = 7.81, 95% CI (7.57–8.05); p-value < 0.001). Thus, VPS programs could help medical students improve their clinical decision-making skills without lecturer supervision.