Total Population Density Research Articles

The Data Analysis of Determining Potential Flood-Prone Areas in DKI Jakarta Using Classification Model Approach

The study aims to analyze the flood data in the five Jakarta areas. The focus is to determine areas that are potentially prone to flooding. Currently, there is no identification of potential flood areas in Jakarta based on actual parameters such as total rainfall, altitude, and population density. Based on this problem, a data-driven method is applied using the C4.5 algorithm. Decision trees are used to assist the classification process in determining areas that have the potential to be prone to flooding have potential flooding in the DKI Jakarta area. The 10-fold cross validation is employed along with the confusion matrix to evaluate the model between the actual and predicted results. The study shows that this algorithm can model the Jakarta potential flood-prone areas with an accuracy value of 87.20% with precision and recall values of 90.62% and 94.84%. Based on the model, the predicted flooding area can be identified utilizing the parameters.

POLA PENGEMUDI YANG MENINGGAL AKIBAT KECELAKAAN DI JALAN DI NEGARA-NEGARA EROPA

This paper aims to provide an overview of the relationship pattern of the number of drivers who died due to road accidents related to the number of pedestrians, injured people, people died from road accidents, population, total population density and length of road vehicles in European countries with different income levels. The method used is descriptive statistics and statistical analysis was described through a boxplot. The relationship between the number of drivers and the number of pedestrians who die from road accidents, shows an inverse relationship in upper-middle-income European countries. Meanwhile, high-income and lower-middle-income European countries show a unidirectional relationship. Relationship between the number of drivers, the number of people killed and the number of people injured in road accidents, shows a unidirectional relationship. This occurs in high-income, upper-middle and lower-income countries. The relationship between the number of drivers who died due to road accidents and the population, showed an inverse relationship occurred in upper and lower middle-income European countries. Meanwhile, high-income European countries show a unidirectional relationship. The relationship between the number of drivers who died as a result of road accidents, the number of population density and the length of the road vehicles, showed an inverse relationship occurred.

Nesting Preferences of Tetragonula laeviceps (Hymenoptera: Melliponinae) Colony in West Sumatera

Stingless bees in one of the key pollinator, the colony also producing honey and propolis. Some stingless bees, such as Tetragonula laeviceps are well adapted to urban conditions and are commonly found on various types of houses in Kanagarian Andaleh, Kecamatan Batipuh, Kabupaten Tanah Datar, West Sumatra. Data collection of T. laeviceps colony population was done by census method. Sample houses consisted of three types (full-wooden house, half wooden-half masonry house and full-masonry house). Data collected were the part of the house used by T. laeviceps as a nesting site, number of colony, length-width of the house and the height of the house wall. Measurement of the nest were performed for entrance width, height, color and height from ground level. The total population density of T. laeviceps colonies were 552 nests, spreaded over three types of houses. Nest population density was directly proportional to the house age. The highest nest population was found in full-wooden houses that were more than 16 years old (5.22 colonies per house unit) with a relative frequency of 100%. Nest populations were lowest in full-masonry houses that were less than 15 years old (2.20 colonies per house unit) with a relative frequency of 76.00%. The transition of houses materials from wood to the other materials has indirectly decreasing the nesting site for T. laeviceps

The relationship between maternal death due to COVID-19 and the human development index in East Java, Indonesia.

Maternal mortality rates and human development indexes can reflect a country's quality of health services. During the COVID-19 pandemic, these two achievement indicators are predicted to experience significant changes, and both have an interrelated relationship. To find the relationship between maternal death due to COVID-19 and the Human Development Index (HDI) in East Java, Indonesia. A cross-sectional analytic study was carried out by processing secondary data from the provincial department of health regarding maternal mortality due to COVID-19 in East Java in 2020 and the HDI data from the Indonesian Central Statistics Agency. After that, the data were analyzed statistically using SPSS Statistics. The number of maternal deaths due to East Java's COVID-19 during 2020 was 793 out of 1280. Furthermore, the HDI reached 2744.6, the first dimension contains life expectancy reaching 2725.3, and the number of health workers 100,021. In the second dimension, the literacy rate reaches 3482.9, and the average length of schooling is 134,341. Moreover, the last dimension contains a total population density of 40,878,789, and a poverty rate of 4572.7. Statistical analysis results show a positive relationship between maternal mortality due to COVID-19 and HDI, with a p-value of 0.008. There is a significant relationship between maternal mortality due to COVID-19 and HDI. However, the link between maternal mortality and COVID-19 related to the detailed dimensions contained in the HDI is not statistically related.

Sampling Depth and Crop Growth Stage affect Estimates of the Population Density of Lesion Nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) in Corn Fields in Ohio.

The effects of sampling depth and crop growth stage on the population density of lesion nematodes were investigated in three commercial fields in Wayne and Fulton counties, Ohio during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons. Soil samples were collected at five growth stages by removing 15 soil cores to a depth of 70 cm from each of 25 plots per field-year. Cores were divided into seven 10-cm sections from each of which nematodes were extracted from the soil and root fractions. Pratylenchus crenatus and P. thornei were detected in approximately 84 and 78% of the samples collected in Wayne and Fulton counties, respectively. Depth significantly affected total population density of both species as well as densities in the soil and root factions in all field-years, but the effects of growth stage and its interaction with depth varied with field-year. In most cases, mean population densities were higher from 10 to 40 cm soil depth than at the reference 40-50 cm depth, and lower from 50 to 70 cm. There were quadratic relationships between population density (on the log link scale) and depth, with the highest peaks in estimated predicted densities generally occurring between 20 and 40 cm, depending on crop growth stage and growing conditions. These findings suggest that the standard practice of sampling between growth stages V3 and V6 to a depth of 45 to 50 cm and using the entire core for extraction and enumeration could lead to underestimation of population densities of P. crenatus and P. thornei.

Современное состояние зоопланктона Малого Моря оз. Байкал (по данным 2022 г.)

Original results of studies of zooplankton in the Maloe More Strait of Lake Baikal in 2022 are presented. Changes in species composition, quantitative indicators of development and the structure of zooplankton in years of different water levels are analyzed. Zooplankton was collected on 5 transects in three depth zones: central about 200 m, coastal – about 10 m, shallow – less than 1 m. At deep-water stations, zooplankton includes 5 species of Rotifera and Cladocera, 2 species of Copepoda and 1 species of Amphipoda. Epischura baikalensis and Cyclops kolensis formed the basis (up to 99% of the total number) of the total population density (up to 2100 ind./m3 ) and biomass (up to 140 mg/m3). Macrohectopus branickii may also constitute a significant portion of the biomass at some stations. Coastal zooplankton is characterized by an increase in taxonomic diversity to 28 species, of which 79% are Rotifera. The population density increases to 115 thousand ind./m3 and biomass to 492 mg/m3, but the structure of zooplankton does not change due to the preservation of the dominant complex of Copepoda. A fundamentally different planktocenosis is formed at shallowwater stations, the taxonomic composition of which includes the same species as in deeper-water zones. However, non-endemic rotifers Synchaeta spp., Keratella cochlearis tecta, Polyarthra dolichoptera and others, which together make up more than 96% of the total number, become systemforming species. Of the endemic species, only the meiobenthic phytophilic crustaceans Chydorus baicalensis and Alona setosocaudata, as well as the rotifers Euchlanis ligulata, Dicranophorus sp., play some role. Zooplankton in the shallow water zone is characterized by a high abundance of up to 425 thousand ind./m3, however, taking into account the dominance of small-sized rotifers, a relatively low biomass – up to a maximum of 154.9 mg/m3. The structure and density of the population of plankton in the deep-water and coastal zones of the transects shows similarity with the zooplankton of the average water level in 2012. The taxonomic composition and quantitative characteristics of the shallow zone correspond to the zooplankton of the most warmed bays of the Maloe More Strait.

Pemanfaatan Sistem Informasi Geografis untuk Analisa Pola Distribusi Apotek di Kota dan Kabupaten Malang

Health service facilities, especially pharmacies, play an important role in meeting the community's need for health support. A large number of pharmacies in Malang City and Regency is currently considered to be able to cause high competition between pharmacies so the geographic information system was chosen to see how the distribution of pharmacies is reviewed based on the population in each sub-district and the number of health facilities scattered in Malang. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution pattern of pharmacies and their ratio to the total population density and health facilities in Malang City and Regency. The method used in this research is to collect data in the form of coordinate points of pharmacies and health facilities, followed by processing data in the form of a T index and using Arcgis 10.3 software to visualize it in the form of a map. In the analysis of the distribution of pharmacies in Malang City, the five sub-districts showed uniform or evenly distributed results, while in Malang District, out of 33 sub-districts, only 17 districts had a uniform pattern. Based on the ratio of pharmacies and the population of Kedungkandang District, it can be said to have the best accessibility, namely 1:1.010 (14:100,000), which has met the requirements set by the Ministry of Health and WHO. While the other 4 sub-districts in Malang City have met the requirements for pharmacists according to the Ministry of Health but have not met the requirements for pharmacists according to WHO. In Malang Regency, the standard of pharmacy service in terms of the ratio of the availability of pharmacies to the population has not been met, only 4 sub-districts have ratios that meet the requirements of the Ministry of Health but have not met the needs of WHO. The results of the ratio of pharmacies that were reviewed based on the number of health facilities showed that out of five sub-districts in Malang City, four other sub-districts namely Kedungkandang, Blimbing, Lowokwaru, and Klojen had a ratio with a good category, while Sukun District had a very good ratio. In Malang Regency, 17 sub-districts have a very good ratio, 3 sub-districts show a good ratio value, and 12 sub-districts have a ratio value of 0-0.9, indicating that the number of pharmacies in the sub-district is less than the number of health facilities.

Geospatial evaluation of disparities in neurosurgical access in the United States

When neurosurgical care is needed, the distance to a facility staffed with a neurosurgeon is critical. This work utilizes geospatial analysis to analyze access to neurosurgery in the Medicare population and relevant socioeconomic factors. Medicare billing and demographic data from 2015 to 2019 were combined with national National Provider Identifier (NPI) registry data to identify the average travel distance to reach a neurosurgeon as well as the number of neurosurgeons in each county. This was merged with U.S. Census data to capture 23 socioeconomic attributes. Moran’s I statistic was calculated across counties. Socioeconomic variables were compared using ANOVA. Hotspots with the highest neurosurgeon access were predominantly located in the Mid-Atlantic region, central Texas, and southern Montana. Coldspots were found in the Great Plains, Midwest, and Southern Texas. There were statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between high- and low-access counties, including: stroke prevalence, poverty, median household income, and total population density. There were no statistically significant differences in most races or ethnicities. Overall, there exist statistically significant clusters of decreased neurosurgery access within the United States, with varying sociodemographic characteristics between access hotspots and coldspots.

Пресмыкающиеся пустынных равнин Юго-Западного Таджикистана: пространственное распределение, плотность населения и структура сообществ

Population density of reptiles in four desert areas of southwestern Tajikistan was estimated in spring 2018–2019. The structure of reptile communities in seven typical landscapes was described. The highest species diversity and population density were observed in sandy landscapes. Seven species of psammobionts formed the basis of these reptile communities. Among them Phrynocephalus interscapularis (56.4), Crossobamon eversmanni (27.8), Eremias lineolata (15.6), Eremias scripta (13.0) had the highest distribution and high population density (individuals/hectare). The relationship of cohabitating species was considered. The highest total population density of reptiles (89.0 ind./ha) was discovered on sandy ridges along the Amu Darya. On the loamy plain the population density of four species was 8.4 ind./ha, and on the foothill plain 2.4 ind./ha. Eremias nigrocellata (2.0 ind./ha) dominated in reptile communities on solid ground. In total, 25 species of reptiles inhabit the desert plains of Southwestern Tajikistan. 17 out of 25 (68%) species are included in the national Red Data Book. The level of endemism and similarity of reptile fauna in desert areas were high. Fauna similarity indices calculated according to Sørensen were 0.9–0.8. These values indicate close contact and connection between desert communities. The formation of the reptile fauna in southwestern Tajikistan occurred as a result of dispersal of Turanian species across the left bank of the Amu Darya River from Turkmenistan. They moved to the right bank due to the changes in the riverbed at the Pleistocene Epoch. The absence of some reptile species (Teratoscincus scincus, C. eversmanni, Phrynocephalus mystaceus, E. lineolata, Eremias grammica, E. scripta, etc.) in Northern Afghanistan along the border with Tajikistan is explained by the lack of herpetological study of this territory. Their habitat in the area is highly probable. Isolation and autonomy of desert areas in the Amu Darya valley create the opportunity for formation of new taxonomic forms. Examples are lizards E. scripta ladzinni and P. interscapularis sogdianus. The desert plains of Southwest Tajikistan have a small area and are subjected to significant anthropogenic pressure. Protection of small species, including lizards (Phrynocephalus raddei, P. mystaceus, Varanus griseus) and snakes (Eryx tataricus, Spalerosophis diadema, Boiga trigonatum, Naja oxiana, Echis carinatus) is needed. For widespread and numerous psammobiont species (P. interscapularis, E. lineolata, E. grammica, E. scripta, C. eversmanni) there is no threat of extermination at the moment.

Geospatial Analysis of Safe Delivery App Events Based on Geographically Weighted Regression Tool

Abstract. This study explores the spatial relationship between the number of recorded events of the Safe Delivery App, which is a mobile learning tool to train midwives in developing countries, during three months, and several independent variables, including the number of health facilities, pregnancies, number of women of childbearing age, number of infants aged 0–1 years, mobile network coverage data and total population density. The study aims to identify and analyse the reach of the Safe Delivery App at the district level in Ghana country, considering the correlation between dependent and independent variables. The geospatial analysis of App usage events layered with several related explanatory variables is based on Geographically Weighted Regression. The explanatory variables were able to predict and explain the number of events with of accuracy score of 90 % at the district level. The results have provided valuable insights into the further roll-out of the App and helped to highlight the districts that need further support to roll out the Safe Delivery App considering the analysed independent variables.

Pola Pengelolaan Hutan Rakyat Melalui Program Pinjaman Tunda Tebang di Kabupaten Wonogiri, Provinsi Jawa Tengah

Private Forest is the forest located outside forest area and growing on land that is encumbered with land rights. Private forest have important role need to be maintained to support benefits for economic, social and ecological aspects. In addition to provide financial benefits, private forest have environmental services potential to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2). To strengthen business capital forestry in order rehabilitation of forest and land, the government form public services center for financing forest development (BLU Pusat P2H), Ministry of Environments and Forestry. This research aims to evaluate delaying timber harvesting loan in Wonogiri Regency, Central Java Province. The research was conducted from July 2020 to March 2021. Sampling by 182 respondents which consist of debitor farmers and non debitor farmers in Wonogiri Regency, Central Java Province. The research results show that the average income level of debitor farmers greater than the average income non debitor farmers. Private forest management activities are still done traditionally and simply. The level of financial feasibility was calculated by Revenue Cost Ratio (R/C Ratio) on the loan interest rate 7,5%. The study showed that R/C Ratio 1,79. Total population density in debitor farmers private forest was 19.561 tree was carbon stock trees contain 11.345,38 ton CO2, non debitor farmers forest was 13.003 tree was carbon stock trees contain 7.541,74 ton CO2. Evaluation with likert scale show that the implementing delaying timber harvesting loan in Wonogiri Regency about 72,442% it is mean good category. The results of the analysis showed that the process of service this loan has a weakness in long terms of the time period of submission and distribution of funds showed that the process of the submission of credit proposals debitor reached the stage of distribution of fund need range time six months then required increased acces services loan quickly .

Evaluating ecosystem services for agricultural wetlands: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Globally, the extent of inland wetlands has declined by approximately 70% since the start of the twentieth century, resulting in the loss of important wetland-associated ecosystem services. We evaluate the drivers of wetland values in agricultural landscapes to increase the effectiveness and reliability of benefit transfer tools to assign values to local wetland services. We reviewed 668 studies that analyzed wetland ecosystem services within agricultural environments and identified 45 studies across 22 countries that provided sufficient economic information to be included in a quantitative meta-analysis. We developed meta-regression models to represent provisioning and regulating wetland ecosystem services and identify the main drivers of these ecosystem service categories. Provisioning wetland ecosystem service values were best explained (direction of effects in parenthesis) by high-income variable (+), peer-reviewed journal publications (+), agricultural total factor productivity index (−) and population density (+), while agricultural total factor productivity index (−), income level ( +) and wetland area (−) had significant effects on regulating wetland ecosystem service values. Our models can help estimate wetland values more reliably across similar regions because they have significantly lower transfer errors (66 and 185% absolute percentage error for the provisioning and regulating models, respectively) than the errors from unit value transfers. Model predicted wetland values ($/Ha/Year) range from $0.62 to $11,216 for regulating services and $0.95 to $2,122 for provisioning services and vary based on the differences in the levels of the variables (in the wetland locations) that best explained the estimated models.

Многолетняя динамика фауны и населения птиц аэропорта Челябинск (Баландино)

Over 30-year study period (1990–2021), 144 bird species, including 54 nesting species, were registered on the territory of the Chelyabinsk International Airport Balandino. Total bird population density varied from 147 ind./km² in 1990 to 215 ind./km² in 2020. In different years, dominant species in this area were Alauda arvensis, Motacilla flava, Saxicola rubetra, S. torquata, and Passer montana. In the first years of research, a significant decrease in the number of the most widespread species (Corvus frugilegus, C. monedula, Columba livia, Larus barabensis, L. canus, and L. ridibundus), crossing the airfield during seasonal and diurnal (forage) migrations, was revealed. This was caused both by decrease of population of some species (C. frugilegus) in the European and Ural-Siberian parts of their range, and by the deterioration of the state of forage lands on the airport territory after the elimination of solid waste landfills and a decrease of farmland areas nearby.

From urban neighbourhood environments to cognitive health: a cross-sectional analysis of the role of physical activity and sedentary behaviours

BackgroundThere is a dearth of studies on the effects of the neighbourhood environment on adults’ cognitive function. We examined how interrelated aspects of the built and natural neighbourhood environment, including air pollution, correlate with adults’ cognitive function, and the roles of physical activity and sedentary behaviours in these associations.MethodsWe used data from 4,141 adult urban dwellers who participated in the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle 3 study on socio-demographic characteristics, neighbourhood self-selection, physical activity and sedentary behaviours, and cognitive function. Neighbourhood environmental characteristics included population density, intersection density, non-commercial land use mix, and percentages of commercial land, parkland and blue space, all within 1 km residential buffers. We also calculated annual mean concentrations of NO2 and PM2.5. Generalised additive mixed models informed by directed acyclic graphs were used to estimate the total, direct and indirect effects of environmental attributes on cognitive functions and the joint-significance test was used to examine indirect effects via behaviours.ResultsIn the total effects models, population density and percentage of parkland were positively associated with cognitive function. A positive association of PM2.5 with memory was also observed. All neighbourhood environmental attributes were directly and/or indirectly related to cognitive functions via other environmental attributes and/or physical activity but not sedentary behaviours. Engagement in transportation walking and gardening frequency partially mediated the positive effects of the neighbourhood environment on cognitive function, while frequency of transportation walking mediated the negative effects.ConclusionsIn the context of a low-density country like Australia, denser urban environments with access to parkland may benefit residents’ cognitive health by providing opportunities for participation in a diversity of activities. A more fine-grained characterisation of the neighbourhood environment may be necessary to tease out the negative and positive impacts of inter-related characteristics of urban neighbourhood environments on cognitive function.

SIFAT KUALITATIF DAN KUANTITATIF SAPI BALI BETINA

The purpose of this study was to determine the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of female Bali cattle in Atinggola District, North Gorontalo Regency, Gorontalo Province. This study used a field experiment method in the form of direct observation and measurement of female Bali cattle based on the total population and livestock density in each village in Atinggola District. A total of 122 female Bali cattle aged 2-4 years were used as samples for observation and measurement. Bali cattle aged 2 3 years have a white pattern on the butt (butt mirror) with clear boundaries of 74.64% and 25.33% without clear boundaries. The white pattern on the feet (socks) is clearly visible with the skin color on the legs 73.33% and 26.67% there is no dividing line between the body color and the white pattern on the legs (socks). Bali cattle aged 3 4 years have a white pattern on the butt (butt mirror) which is clearly demarcated by 63.83% and 36.17% without clear boundaries. The white pattern on the feet (socks) is well defined with body hair color 68.09% and 31.91% there is no clear boundary between body color and pattern color. Female Bali cattle aged 2 3 aged 5.81-25.15, the average body length, chest circumference, and height were 93.91±9.29, 148.78±20.40 and 106, respectively, 10±6.16. Bali cattle aged 34 have a diversity of body size of 5.29-35.17%. The average values of chest circumference, body length, and height were 98.73±10.31, 144.22±14.62, 144.22±14.62, respectively. Female Bali cattle from Atinggola District, North Gorontalo Regency, Gorontalo have qualitative characteristics that do not deviate from native Indonesian Bali cattle. Body size diversity of female Bali cattle aged 2 3 was 5.81-25.15, while Bali cattle aged 3 4 had body size diversity of 5.29-35.17%

Noise complaint patterns in New York City from January 2010 through February 2021: Socioeconomic disparities and COVID-19 exacerbations

BackgroundExcessive environmental noise exposure and noise annoyance have been linked to adverse physical and mental health outcomes. Although socioeconomic disparities in acoustically measured and geospatially estimated noise have been established, less is known about disparities in noise complaints, one of the most common sources of distress reported to local municipalities. Furthermore, although some studies have posited urban quieting during the COVID-19 pandemic, little empirical work has probed this and probed noise complaints during the pandemic. ObjectivesUsing over 4 million noise complaints from the New York City (NYC) 311 database, we quantified census tract-level socioeconomic disparities in noise complaints since 2010 and examined how such disparities changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. MethodsUsing data from January 2010 through February 2020, we fit linear mixed-effects models, estimating monthly tract-level noise complaints by the proportion of residents who were low-income, time in months since January 2010, categorical month, their interactions, and potential confounds, such as total population and population density. To estimate COVID-19 pandemic effects, we included additional data from March 2020 through February 2021 and additional interactions between proportion low-income, month of year, and an indicator variable for COVID-19 pandemic onset in March 2020. ResultsCensus tracts with a higher proportion of low-income residents reported more monthly noise complaints and this increased over time (time × month × proportion low-income interaction p-values < .0001 for all months), particularly in warmer months. Socioeconomic disparities in noise complaints were exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic (month × proportion low-income × pandemic era interaction p-values < .0001 for March through November), also in a seasonal manner. DiscussionSince 2010, noise complaints have increased the most in the most economically distressed communities, particularly in warmer seasons. This disparity was particularly exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic, contrary to some theories of urban quieting. Community-based interventions to ameliorate noise and noise annoyance, both public health hazards, are needed in underserved communities.

Estimating preharvest density, adult sex ratio, and fecundity of white-tailed deer using noninvasive sampling techniques.

Adult sex ratio and fecundity (juveniles per female) are key population parameters in sustainable wildlife management, but inferring these requires abundance estimates of at least three age/sex classes of the population (male and female adults and juveniles). Prior to harvest, we used an array of 36 wildlife camera traps during 2 and 3 weeks in the early autumn of 2016 and 2017, respectively. We recorded white‐tailed deer adult males, adult females, and fawns from the pictures. Simultaneously, we collected fecal DNA (fDNA) from 92 20 m × 20 m plots placed in 23 clusters of four plots between the camera traps. We identified individuals from fDNA samples with microsatellite markers and estimated the total sex ratio and population density using spatial capture–recapture (SCR). The fDNA‐SCR analysis concluded equal sex ratio in the first year and female bias in the second year, and no difference in space use between sexes (fawns and adults combined). Camera information was analyzed in a spatial capture (SC) framework assuming an informative prior for animals’ space use, either (a) as estimated by fDNA‐SCR (same for all age/sex classes), (b) as assumed from the literature (space use of adult males larger than adult females and fawns), or (c) by inferring adult male space use from individually identified males from the camera pictures. These various SC approaches produced plausible inferences on fecundity, but also inferred total density to be lower than the estimate provided by fDNA‐SCR in one of the study years. SC approaches where adult male and female were allowed to differ in their space use suggested the population had a female‐biased adult sex ratio. In conclusion, SC approaches allowed estimating the preharvest population parameters of interest and provided conservative density estimates.

Empty nodes affect conditional cooperation under reinforcement learning

In social dilemmas, individual behavior generally follows the characteristics of conditional cooperation and emotional conditional cooperation. However, it is hard to adequately explain the behavior patterns of conditional cooperation with the evolutionary game theory. This paper introduces expectation-based reinforcement learning methods in the public goods game to investigate and account for the behavior patterns. Instead of letting individuals occupy the entire network as previous studies have done, we focus on studying individual behavior patterns on a network with empty nodes. The results under total population density show the effectivity of our model as they are consistent with those of the previous studies, that is, individuals’ behavior exhibits conditional cooperation and its variant moody conditional cooperation. However, in the network with empty nodes, conditional cooperation shows opposite trends. We finally demonstrate that an appropriate population density can facilitate the maintenance and development of cooperation.

The Use of Geographic Information System to Analyze Stations Locating for Proposed Rapid Bus Route in AL KUT City.

Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) It is one of the public vehicle systems in modern cities that provides fast, convenient, and cost-saving transport services. It operates on separate lines. The activation of the BRT system depends on the locations of the stations within its route. If the stations were located in suitable locations, it would attract a large number of passengers, this contributes to an increase in the use of public transport and thus reduces traffic congestion, road accidents and environmental pollution in the city. In this research, station locations for the proposed BRT route in Al Kut city will be studied and analyzed. 10 candidate sites were selected for BRT stations. Criteria that were used to analyze the sites of these stations are the locations of government institutions, health and educational services, stopping points for current means of transportation, and the population density of city areas. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) technology was used to represent these criteria spatially on the map to be processed and prepared for analysis using the Services Coverage Tool (Service Area) and allocation Tool (Allocation – Location) available in the network analysis toolbar and overlay tool (intersect) in the Toolbox menu. The results of the analysis showed that the sites of (10) BRT stations are within good and reasonable services coverage areas in relation to the services distribution sites in the city and the BRT route site, as the stations cover (76) government site, (69) educational institutions, (10) health sites, and (11) stops for the current transportation lines. The results of the statistical analysis also showed that the coverage of BRT stations is 88% of the total population density in the city.

Use of spatio-temporal habitat suitability modelling to prioritise areas for common carp biocontrol in Australia using the virus CyHV-3

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) are an invasive species of the rivers and waterways of south-eastern Australia, implicated in the serious decline of many native fish species. Over the past 50 years a variety of control options have been explored, all of which to date have proved either ineffective or cost prohibitive. Most recently the use of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) has been proposed as a biocontrol agent, but to assess the risks and benefits of this, as well as to develop a strategy for the release of the virus, a knowledge of the fundamental processes driving carp distribution and abundance is required. To this end, we developed a novel process-based modelling framework that integrates expert opinion with spatio-temporal datasets via the construction of a Bayesian Network. The resulting weekly networks thus enabled an estimate of the habitat suitability for carp across a range of hydrological habitats in south-eastern Australia, covering five diverse catchment areas encompassing in total a drainage area of 132,129 km2 over a period of 17–27 years. This showed that while suitability for adult and subadult carp was medium-high across most habitats throughout the period, nevertheless the majority of habitats were poorly suited for the recruitment of larvae and young-of-year (YOY). Instead, high population abundance was confirmed to depend on a small number of recruitment hotspots which occur in years of favourable inundation. Quantification of the underlying ecological drivers of carp abundance thus makes possible detailed planning by focusing on critical weaknesses in the population biology of carp. More specifically, it permits the rational planning for population reduction using the biocontrol agent, CyHV-3, targeting areas where the total population density is above a “damage threshold” of approximately 100 kg/ha.