Total Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Nutritional Composition and Safety Parameters of Mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) Reared on Substrates Derived from By-Products

Mealworms provide a viable option for transforming agricultural and food processing by-products that can be converted into a valuable source of high-quality protein and fat suitable for both animals and humans. Hence, our investigation was aimed at employing sprouted and green potatoes, wheat bran, and by-products from brewers’ production as a comprehensive substrate for rearing mealworms. The nutritional value (fat and protein content) and composition of amino acids (AAs) and fatty acids (FAs) were tested in lyophilized and milled larvae. The results showed that the highest amount of protein was detected in sample 3L (59.18 ± 007%), grown on brewers’ spent grain, whereas sample 2S (with wheat bran) comes out with the highest fat content (34.22 ± 0.491%). It was found that the amount of FAs in the larvae depended on the substrate used: the statistically highest amount of monounsaturated FAs was detected in the sample with sprouted potatoes (1L), the highest content of omega-3 FAs was found in the control sample (4CL), with agar–agar gels, and the sample with brewers spent grains (3L) showed a statistically higher amount of oleic acid. Meanwhile, the highest content of total polyunsaturated FAs (36.23%) was detected in the sample with wheat bran (2L). During the study, 16 distinct AAs have been analyzed, and sample 3L has demonstrated the highest content in 11 instances. It is noteworthy that the sample containing brewers’ spent grain exhibited the highest peroxide levels, indicating oxidation. Meanwhile, the determined number of volatile fatty acids did not exceed the regulatory limits for meat. In summary, it can be asserted that adjusting the substrate is essential for extracting specific amino acids and FAs. However, this could potentially affect the content of peroxides. This adaptation enables the desired chemical composition in larvae, making it suitable for specific purposes such as animal or human nutrition and health enhancement.

Association between dietary fatty acids and urinary incontinence

BackgroundDietary nutrient intake contributes to urination; however, the association between dietary nutrient intake, especially that of fat, and urinary incontinence (UI) is not well understood. The most common types of UI include stress UI (SUI) and urgency UI (UUI). ObjectiveTo investigate the potential effect(s) of dietary fat intake on UI and explore its mechanism of action in relation to body mass index (BMI). MethodsA cross-sectional survey of data from 15,121 individuals (20–85 years of age) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001–2008), a random population-based sample, was performed. Data regarding dietary nutrient intake were collected through 24 h dietary recall interviews. UI and covariate data were collected through in-person interviews. UI was assessed according to the American Urological Association Symptom Index. The odds ratio (OR) for SUI and UUI were calculated using multivariate logistic regression analysis. The mediation effect was estimated using observational mediation analysis. ResultsHigher total fat intake was positively associated with increased odds for developing UI (OR 1.44 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–1.93]). Females who consumed more saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were more likely to develop SUI. BMI partially explained the association between total fat, SFA, MUFA, and PUFA and SUI; the proportions of the mediation effect of BMI were 14.7%, 13.0%, 18.7%, and 16.3%, respectively. ConclusionsResults of this study emphasize the key role of dietary fat intake in the prevalence of UI. Higher fat intake was positively associated with UI and BMI partially mediated the effect of fat intake on SUI.

Abstract P106: Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Erythrocyte Membranes Are Differentially Associated With Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Brazilian and Puerto Rican Adults

Introduction: Intake of omega-3 fatty acids (ω–3) may protect against CVD, but this evidence was generated from studies with limited ethnic diversity, and thus, findings may not be generalizable to wider populations, especially those with low habitual intake of ω–3. This study aimed to investigate the association between ω–3 in erythrocyte membranes (a biomarker of ω–3 intake) and cardiometabolic risk factors in Brazilian and Puerto Rican adults. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that Brazilians and Puerto Ricans have different ω–3 erythrocyte membrane composition, but that the ω–3 index is inversely associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in both populations. Methods: This cross-sectional analysis included 367 Brazilians living in São Paulo, Brazil, and 1,293 Puerto Ricans living in Boston, USA, aged 45-75 years, from two population-based studies: The 2015 Health Survey of São Paulo and the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study. In both studies, fatty acids composition (as % of total fatty acids) was quantified in erythrocyte membranes from fasting blood samples using a gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector (Shimadzu, CG-2010, Kyoto, Japan). The ω–3 index was calculated as the sum of EPA and DHA. Blood lipids, waist circumference, and insulin resistance (fasting plasma glucose and HOMA-IR) were measured from standardized protocols. Generalized linear models with gamma distribution and log link or ordinary least squares regression assessed the associations of the ω–3 index and cardiometabolic risk factors. Results: Puerto Ricans had worse indicators for cardiometabolic risk factors than Brazilians, except for total cholesterol, LDL-c, and non-HDL-c. The mean ω–3 index did not differ between the studies (4.43% for Puerto Ricans and 4.45% for Brazilians, P = 0.87). However, there were less total saturated (41.2% vs. 51.5%, P < 0.001) and more total polyunsaturated fatty acids (41.8% vs. 31.3%, P < 0.001) in Puerto Ricans than Brazilians. After adjusting for age, sex, BMI, physical activity, and diet quality (AHEI-2010 without the EPA+DHA component), the ω–3 index was inversely associated with fasting plasma glucose (β ± SE = -2.78 ± 1.37, P = 0.044), triglycerides (β = -0.05 ± 0.02, P = 0.004), VLDL-c (β = -1.22 ± 0.42, P = 0.003), and TG-HDL-ratio (β = -0.05 ± 0.02, P = 0.025) in Puerto Ricans, but positively associated with total cholesterol (β = 2.74 ± 1.30, P = 0.035), LDL-c (β = 2.48 ± 1.15, P = 0.031), and non-HDL-c (β = 2.81 ± 1.27, P = 0.028) in Brazilians. Conclusion: Despite similar ω–3 indices in Brazilian and Puerto Rican adults, there were differences in the magnitude, direction, and specific cardiometabolic risk factors with which it was associated. Variations in the dietary intake and cardiometabolic profile between the populations may explain the contrasting results. Assessing specific ω–3 in diverse populations is essential when studying their role in cardiometabolic health.

Lipidomics analysis unveils the dynamic alterations of lipid degradation in rice bran during storage

Recent explorations into rice bran oil (RBO) have highlighted its potential, owing to an advantageous fatty acid profile in the context of health and nutrition. Despite this, the susceptibility of rice bran lipids to oxidative degradation during storage remains a critical concern. This study focuses on the evolution of lipid degradation in RBO during storage, examining the increase in free fatty acids (FFAs), the formation of oxylipids, and the generation of volatile secondary oxidation products. Our findings reveal a substantial rise in FFA levels, from 109.55 to 354.06 mg/g, after 14 days of storage, highlighting significant lipid deterioration. Notably, key oxylipids, including 9,10-EpOME, 12,13(9,10)-DiHOME, and 13-oxoODE, were identified, with a demonstrated positive correlation between total oxylipids and free polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), specifically linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA). Furthermore, the study provides a detailed analysis of primary volatile secondary oxidation products. The insights gained from this study not only sheds light on the underlying mechanisms of lipid rancidity in rice bran but also offers significant implications for extending the shelf life and preserving the nutritional quality of RBO, aligning with the increasing global interest in this high-quality oil.

Supplementing lysolecithin in corn-oil based diet enhanced growth and improved body biochemical composition in juvenile stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus)

A 56-days nutritional trial was conducted to examine the influence of including a corn-oil based diet with lysolecithin (LL) on stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) juveniles. Fish were fed four experimental diets (44% crude protein, 15% crude lipid) containing graded levels of LL [0 (control), 0.5, 1 and 2%)]. One hundred and eighty juvenile fish (45.3 ± 0.1 g, mean ± standard deviation) were stocked in twelve 300 L-polyethylene tanks containing ground water at 18.9 ± 0.5°C. Feeds were offered to fish at apparent satiation four times daily. Fish fed 1% LL-supplemented diet had higher growth and better feed conversion ratio than the control group (P < 0.05). The amounts of protein and lipid levels in the whole body increased in fish fed LL-supplemented diets compared to control, whereas the levels of n-6 PUFA, particularly linoleic acid, increased in fish fed 0.5 and 1% LL-supplemented diets. Total long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids increased in fish fed 1% LL-supplemented diet. Regarding digestive enzymes, trypsin (alkaline pancreatic proteases) and pepsin (acid gastric protease) activities decreased with increasing LL in the diet. Overall, these results indicated that 1% LL is recommended for better growth performance of stellate sturgeon juveniles.

Improved oxidative stability of functional oils with Spirulina enhanced by probiotic fermentation and encapsulation

The bioavailability of Arthrospira platensis as an antioxidant in fish oil after fermentation and microencapsulation process was investigated in this study. Unfermented and fermented A. platensis (Spirulina) were dried in a spray dryer with different ratios of maltodextrin and the powdered Spirulina samples were added to fish oil at a rate of 2% to monitor oxidative stability. Following the BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) added group, unfermented and fermented Spirulina samples and those coated with equal amounts of maltodextrin showed the lowest peroxide values and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance values. On the other hand, according to p-anisidine and Totox (total oxidation) assessments, all Spirulina-added groups were at least as effective as BHT in preventing lipid oxidation. At the end of storage, total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content was determined as 21.09% in the control group without antioxidants and 28.75% in the group with BHT added. However, in all other Spirulina added groups (unfermented, fermented and microencapsulated groups), total PUFA content was in the range of 27.671-29.72%. As a result, it was found that both the dried forms of Spirulina alone and dried with coating material were effective in delaying lipid oxidation. However, the fermented forms showed no additional effect on lipid stability compared to the unfermented ones.

Profiling of Oxylipins as Markers of Oxidative Stress in Biological Samples.

Oxylipins are oxidized metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). They represent a class of risk markers and/or therapeutic targets for diseases associated with inflammation, including cardiovascular disease and brain disorders. Because the biological activities of free PUFAs and oxylipins depend on their chemical structures and concentrations, monitoring PUFAs and oxylipin levels in biological systems is critical for understanding their roles in health and disease. Traditionally, accurate quantification of free PUFAs and oxylipins in biological samples was performed separately, as PUFAs are often 1000-fold more abundant than the derived oxidized fatty acids (oxylipins). This article describes a liquid chromatography multiple reaction monitoring tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitative analysis of five free PUFAs and 88 oxylipins in various biological fluids, including plasma, platelet supernatants, and tissues. The same approach can also be used in conjunction with an alkaline hydrolysis step to quantify total oxylipins in fish oils. We observed that in some samples, linoleic acid levels in plasma and eicosapentaenoic acid and arachidonic acid levels in brain tissue were above the upper limit of quantification. To address this issue, we developed a data analysis method to obtain PUFA and oxylipin concentrations in these samples without additional sample preparation, thus significantly saving time and labor. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Quantification of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and oxylipins using liquid chromatography multiple reaction monitoring tandem mass spectrometry Support Protocol 1: Preparation of internal standard mixed working solution Support Protocol 2: Preparation of standard mixed stock solution Support Protocol 3: Preparation of standard mixed working solution Alternate Protocol 1: Extraction and quantitation of free PUFAs and oxylipins from mouse brain tissue Alternate Protocol 2: Extraction and quantitation of total PUFAs and oxylipins from fish oil.

ß-Hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate: A feed supplement influencing performance, bone metabolism, intestinal morphology, and muscle quality of laying hens: a preliminary one-point study

Laying hens, selectively bred for high egg production, often suffer from bone fragility and fractures, impacting their welfare and causing economic losses. Additionally, gut health and muscle quality are crucial for overall health and productivity. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ß-Hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation on performance, bone metabolism, intestinal morphology, and muscle quality in laying hens. Forty-eight Bovans Brown hens were divided into a control group and an HMB-supplemented group (0.02% HMB in diet). The study spanned from the 31st to the 60th wk of age. Assessments included bone mechanical testing, serum hormonal analysis, histological analysis of bone and intestine, and muscle quality analysis. The HMB supplementation led to decreased feed intake without affecting body weight or laying rate in laying hens. It caused an increase in both mean daily and total egg weight, indicating improved feed utilization, without influencing the feed intake to egg weight ratio. Enhanced bone formation markers and altered intestinal morphometric parameters were observed, along with improved trabecular bone structure. However, no changes in measured other bone quality indices, including geometric, densitometric, or mechanical properties were observed. Muscle analysis revealed no significant changes in overall meat quality, except for a decrease in cholesterol content and alterations in the fatty acid profile, notably a reduction in total n-3 polyunsaturated and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In conclusion, although not all effects of HMB supplementation were unequivocally beneficial, the positive changes in performance data and trabecular bone microarchitecture support further research into various doses and durations of supplementation. Such studies are necessary to fully understand and optimize the benefits of HMB for enhancing the health and productivity of laying hens.

Plasma Levels of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Adverse Kidney Outcomes

Many studies have reported polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) as significant predictors of cardiovascular disease, but little is known about the relationship between PUFA levels and chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study explored this relationship among individuals with and without CKD. Prospective observational cohort study. 73,419 participants without CKD (cohort 1) and 6,735 participants with CKD (cohort 2) in the UK Biobank Study, with PUFA levels measured between 2007 and2010. Percentage of plasma PUFA, omega-3 fatty acid (FA), omega-6 FA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and linoleic acid relative to total FA. Incident CKD for cohort 1 and incident kidney failure requiring replacement therapy (KFRT) for cohort2. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses, including a cause-specific competing risk model. In cohort 1, individuals with higher quartiles of plasma PUFA levels had healthier lifestyles and fewer comorbidities. During 841,007 person-years of follow-up (median 11.9 years), incident CKD occurred in 4.5% of participants (incidence rate, 39.1 per 10,000 person-years). For incident CKD in cohort 1, the adjusted cause-specific hazard ratios for quartiles 2, 3, and 4 were 0.83 (95% CI, 0.75-0.92), 0.85 (95% CI, 0.76-0.96), 0.71 (95% CI, 0.62-0.82), respectively, compared with quartile 1. This inverse relationship was consistently observed for all PUFA types. In cohort 2, although total PUFA levels were not associated with KFRT, higher PUFA subtype levels of DHA were associated with a lower risk of KFRT. Observational design and limited generalizability to individuals with higher disease severity; no data on eicosapentaenoic acid. Among individuals without CKD, higher plasma PUFA levels and all 4 PUFA components were associated with a lower risk of incident CKD. In individuals with CKD, only the omega-3 component of PUFA, DHA, was associated with a lower risk of KFRT. Low amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the blood are suspected of increasing the chances of heart disease, but it is not known whether the PUFA relates to kidney disease occurrence. In a large group without kidney disease in the United Kingdom, people with higher levels of PUFA in their blood tended to have a lower risk of developing kidney disease compared to those with lower PUFA levels. This relationship was consistently observed for all PUFA types. However, in the group with kidney disease, only higher levels of docosahexaenoic acid, a subtype of PUFAs, were associated with a lower risk of developing severe kidney problems that required kidney replacement therapy. These findings suggest that higher levels of PUFA, found in certain healthy fats, might protect against the development of kidney disease in the general population. As kidney function declines, only the docosahexaenoic acid, a subtype of PUFA, appears to be associated with preserved kidney function.

Assessment of heavy metals and environmental stress conditions on the production potential of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in indigenous microalgae isolated from the Gulf of Mannar coastal waters.

The present study evaluated the effects of heavy metals, viz., lead, mercury, and cadmium, on growth, chlorophyll a, b, c, carotenoids, and PUFA content of marine microalgae Chlorella sp. and Cylindrotheca fusiformis. At 96-h exposure, the IC50 values for Hg2+, Pb2+, and Cd2+ were 0.85mg/L, 2.4mg/L, and 5.3mg/L respectively, in Chlorella sp. In C. fusiformis, IC50 values for Hg2+, Pb2+, and Cd2+ were 0.5mg/L, 1.2mg/L, and 3mg/L respectively. The pigment contents of both microalgae were significantly affected upon heavy metal exposure. In Chlorella sp. and C. fusiformis, the exposed concentrations of Hg2+ averagely decreased the PUFA content by 76.34% and 78.68%, respectively. Similarly, Pb2+-exposed concentrations resulted in 54.50% and 82.64% average reductions in PUFA content of Chlorella sp. and C. fusiformis, respectively. Cd2+-exposed concentrations showed 32.58% and 40.54% average reduction in PUFA content of Chlorella sp. and C. fusiformis, respectively. Among the environmental stress conditions, the dark treatment has increased total PUFA content by 6.63% in Chlorella sp. and 3.92% in C. fusiformis. It was observed that the 50% nitrogen starvation (two-stage) significantly improved the PUFA production from 26.47 ± 6.55% to 40.92 ± 10.74% in Chlorella sp. and from 11.23 ± 5.01 to 32.8 ± 14.17% in C. fusiformis. The toxicity for both microalgae was followed in the order Hg2+ > Pb2+ > Cd2+. Among the two species, Chlorella sp. has shown a high tolerance to heavy metals and can be effectively utilized in PUFA production.

Screening for the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids and cerebrosides in fungi.

To investigate fatty acid, including polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and cerebroside production of a large diversity of fungi from the Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mucoromycota phyla. Seventy-nine fungal strains were grown in Kavadia medium using a microcultivation system, i.e. Duetz microtiter plates. Following cultivation, fatty acid and cerebroside contents were analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), respectively. Mucoromycota fungi appeared as the most promising candidates for omega-6 PUFA production. The best omega-6 producer, including γ-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3n-6), was Mucor fragilis UBOCC-A109196 with a concentration of 647mg L-1 total omega-6 PUFA (representing 35% of total fatty acids) and 225mg L-1 GLA (representing 12% of total fatty acids). Arachidonic acid concentration (20:4n-6) was the highest in Mortierella alpina UBOCC-A-112046, reaching 255mg L-1 and 18.56% of total fatty acids. Interestingly, several fungal strains were shown to produce omega-7 monounsaturated fatty acids. Indeed, Torulaspora delbrueckii strains accumulated palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7) up to 20% of total fatty acids, reaching 114mg L-1 in T. delbrueckii UBOCC-A-214128, while C. elegans UBOCC-A-102008 produced mainly paullinic acid (20:1n-7) with concentrations up to 100mg L-1. Concerning cerebroside production, HPTLC appeared as a relevant approach for their detection and quantification. Promising candidates belonging to the Mucoromycota phylum were found, especially in the Absidia genus with A. spinosa UBOCC-A-101332 as the best producer (12.7mg L-1). The present study highlighted PUFA and cerebroside production in a large diversity of fungi and the fact that members of the Mucoromycota phylum are good producers of PUFA as well as cerebrosides.

Corn Grain Fatty Acid Contents in Response to Organic Fertilisers from Meat Industry Waste

Organic waste can provide an alternative to synthetic fertilisers for maintaining productivity with limited environmental impact. Our research evaluates the potential use of processed animal waste in corn fertilisation, which may represent a partially closed nutrient cycle of importance in a sustainable agricultural system. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quantity and quality of fat obtained from corn grain fertilised with meat and bone meal (MBM) produced from animal waste. A static field experiment using MBM was conducted at the Experimental Station in Tomaszkowo (53°71′ N, 20°43′ E), Poland. The field experiment was conducted in 2014–2017 with continuous corn cultivation. The course of weather conditions in the years of this study influenced the fat content, with the lowest amount found in 2016. The application of fertilisers in the form of MBM and mineral fertilisation resulted in a slightly lower fat content compared to the variant without fertilisation. The application of mineral fertilisers and MBM influenced an increase in the content of the predominant C18:2 acid compared to the variant without fertilisation, while the opposite was shown for C18:1 cis-9 acid. The fertiliser variants are most correlated with fat yield and total polyunsaturated fatty acids. The fertiliser variants in their effects on fat yield, fat content, fatty acid profiles, and their ratios can be divided into three groups, which were related to the effects of organic fertilisers during the years of this study. The use of meat and bone meal as fertilisers cannot be regarded as a factor in increasing the fat content of corn grain. Meat and bone meal applied over several years to the same field in the quantities required to achieve optimum yield can be an element that shapes fatty acid profiles.

Effect of gamma irradiation on microbial growth, physicochemical properties, and non‐volatile flavour of chicken sausages during storage

SummaryEffects of 60Co‐γ ray irradiation on physicochemical properties and non‐volatile flavour changes of chicken sausage during storage were investigated. Gamma irradiation at high doses effectively inhibited microbial growth and retarded physicochemical deterioration of chicken sausages throughout the storage period. The total fatty acid, saturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids increased and decreased with increasing irradiation dose. In contrast, the monounsaturated acid content decreased with increasing irradiation dose. The free amino acid content exhibited a reduction of 4.27% following irradiation at a dose of 6 kGy and this decrease was further intensified during storage. Tartaric acid and pyruvate were chicken sausage's main organic acids and the most important taste‐active compounds. The irradiation dose had no significant effect on the organic acid content of chicken sausages, which continued to decrease during storage. The degradation products of nucleotides in irradiated chicken sausages demonstrated a noteworthy reduction in AMP and IMP, with no significant alterations observed in the remaining products. Thus, appropriate irradiation treatment (3 kGy) could effectively prolong the shelf life of chicken sausages without affecting their overall quality and had no adverse effects on the non‐volatile flavour compounds.

Effects of dietary Clostridium butyricum and rumen protected fat on meat quality, oxidative stability, and chemical composition of finishing goats

BackgroundClostridium butyricum (CB) is a probiotic that can regulate intestinal microbial composition and improve meat quality. Rumen protected fat (RPF) has been shown to increase the dietary energy density and provide essential fatty acids. However, it is still unknown whether dietary supplementation with CB and RPF exerts beneficial effects on growth performance and nutritional value of goat meat. This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary CB and RPF supplementation on growth performance, meat quality, oxidative stability, and meat nutritional value of finishing goats. Thirty-two goats (initial body weight, 20.5 ± 0.82 kg) were used in a completely randomized block design with a 2 RPF supplementation (0 vs. 30 g/d) × 2 CB supplementation (0 vs. 1.0 g/d) factorial treatment arrangement. The experiment included a 14-d adaptation and 70-d data and sample collection period. The goats were fed a diet consisted of 400 g/kg peanut seedling and 600 g/kg corn-based concentrate (dry matter basis).ResultInteraction between CB and RPF was rarely observed on the variables measured, except that shear force was reduced (P < 0.05) by adding CB or RPF alone or their combination; the increased intramuscular fat (IMF) content with adding RPF was more pronounced (P < 0.05) with CB than without CB addition. The pH24h (P = 0.009), a* values (P = 0.007), total antioxidant capacity (P = 0.050), glutathione peroxidase activities (P = 0.006), concentrations of 18:3 (P < 0.001), 20:5 (P = 0.003) and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (P = 0.048) were increased, whereas the L* values (P < 0.001), shear force (P = 0.050) and malondialdehyde content (P = 0.044) were decreased by adding CB. Furthermore, CB supplementation increased essential amino acid (P = 0.027), flavor amino acid (P = 0.010) and total amino acid contents (P = 0.024) as well as upregulated the expression of lipoprotein lipase (P = 0.034) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) (P = 0.012), and downregulated the expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) (P = 0.034). The RPF supplementation increased dry matter intake (P = 0.005), averaged daily gain (trend, P = 0.058), hot carcass weight (P = 0.046), backfat thickness (P = 0.006), concentrations of 16:0 (P < 0.001) and c9-18:1 (P = 0.002), and decreased the shear force (P < 0.001), isoleucine (P = 0.049) and lysine content (P = 0.003) of meat. In addition, the expressions of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (P = 0.003), fatty acid synthase (P = 0.038), SCD (P < 0.001) and PPARγ (P = 0.022) were upregulated due to RPF supplementation, resulting in higher (P < 0.001) content of IMF.ConclusionsCB and RPF could be fed to goats for improving the growth performance, carcass traits and meat quality, and promote fat deposition by upregulating the expression of lipogenic genes of Longissimus thoracis muscle.

Fish oil supplement use modifies the relationship between dietary oily fish intake and plasma n-3 PUFA levels: an analysis of the UK Biobank.

Observational evidence linking dietary n-3 PUFA intake and health outcomes is limited by a lack of robust validation of dietary intake using blood n-3 PUFA levels and potential confounding by fish oil supplement (FOS) use. We investigated the relationship between oily fish intake, FOS use and plasma n-3 PUFA levels in 121650 UK Biobank (UKBB) participants. Ordinal logistic regression models, adjusted for clinical and lifestyle factors, were used to quantify the contribution of dietary oily fish intake and FOS use to plasma n-3 PUFA levels (measured by NMR spectroscopy). Oily fish intake and FOS use were reported by 38 % and 31 % of participants, respectively. Increasing oily fish intake was associated with a higher likelihood of FOS use (P < 0·001). Oily fish intake ≥ twice a week was the strongest predictor of high total n-3 PUFA (OR 6·7 (95 % CI 6·3, 7·1)) and DHA levels (6·6 (6·3, 7·1). FOS use was an independent predictor of high plasma n-3 PUFA levels (2·0 (2·0, 2·1)) with a similar OR to that associated with eating oily fish < once a week (1·9 (1·8, 2·0)). FOS use was associated with plasma n-3 PUFA levels that were similar to individuals in the next highest oily fish intake category. In conclusion, FOS use is more common in frequent fish consumers and modifies the relationship between oily fish intake and plasma n-3 PUFA levels in UKBB participants. If unaccounted for, FOS use may confound the relationship between dietary n-3 PUFA intake, blood levels of n-3 PUFAs and health outcomes.

Fat and fatty acids - a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023.

Two de novo NNR2022 systematic reviews (SRs) as well as 21 qualified SRs (qSRs) were available. A literature search yielded an additional ~70 SRs, meta-analyses and biomarker papers. Diets lower in total fat are associated with reductions in body weight and blood pressure compared with diets higher in total fat in adults. Partial replacement of saturated fatty acid (SFA) with n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) improves blood lipid profile, decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), improves glucose-insulin homeostasis and may decrease the risk of total mortality. Long-chain n-3 PUFAs (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) decrease triglycerides and are associated with lower risk of CVD. Dietary PUFAs, both n-3 and n-6, may be associated with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). There is inconclusive evidence to suggest that the type of dietary fat is associated with blood pressure, risk of hypertension or musculoskeletal health. Higher intake of total PUFA is associated with lower mortality from any cancer. Long-chain n-3 PUFA is associated with reduced risk of breast cancer, whereas biomarker levels of n-6 PUFA are associated with lower risk of any cancer. Intake of long-chain n-3 PUFA during pregnancy increases length of gestation and child birth weight and reduces the risk of preterm delivery, but there is inconclusive evidence to suggest that it may influence child neurodevelopment, growth or development of allergic disease. In studies with higher versus lower dietary cholesterol intake levels, total blood cholesterol increased or were unaffected by the dietary cholesterol, resulting in inconclusive results. Trans fatty acid (TFA), regardless of source, impairs blood lipid profile compared to unsaturated fat. In observational studies, TFA is positively associated with CVD and total mortality but whether associations differ by source is inconclusive. Ruminant TFA, as well as biomarker levels of odd-chain fatty acids, might be associated with lower risk of T2D.

High linoleic acid levels in red blood cells predict a poor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2-positive breast cancer patients

ObjectivePolyunsaturated fatty acids are categorized as ω-3 or ⍵-6. Previous studies demonstrate that breast cancers display a high expression of fatty acid synthase and high fatty acid levels. Our study sought to determine if changes in plasma or red blood cell membrane fatty acid levels were associated with the response to preoperative (neoadjuvant) chemotherapy in non-metastatic breast cancer patients. MethodsOur prospective study assessed fatty acid levels in plasma and red blood cell membrane. Response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy was evaluated by the presence or absence of pathologic complete response and/or residual cancer burden. ResultsA total of 28 patients were included. First, patients who achieved pathologic complete response had significantly higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio versus no pathologic complete response (P = 0.003). Second, total red blood cell membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids were higher in the absence of pathologic complete response (P = 0.0028). Third, total red blood cell membrane ⍵-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids were also higher in no pathologic complete response (P < 0.01). Among ⍵-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, red blood cell membrane linoleic acid was higher in the absence of pathologic complete response (P < 0.01). Notably, plasma polyunsaturated fatty acid, ⍵-6, and linoleic acid levels did not have significant differences. A multivariate analysis confirmed red blood cell membrane linoleic acid was associated with no pathologic complete response; this was further confirmed by receiver operating characteristic analysis (specificity = 92.3%, sensitivity = 76.9%, and area under the curve = 0.855). ConclusionsPending further validation, red blood cell membrane linoleic acid might serve as a predictor biomarker of poorer response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in non-metastatic human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2–positive breast cancer. Measuring fatty acids in red blood cell membrane could offer a convenient, minimally invasive strategy to identifying patients more likely to respond or those with chemoresistance.

Marine diatom algae cultivation in simulated dairy wastewater and biomass valorization.

Liquid byproducts and organic wastes generated from dairy processing units contribute as the largest source of industrial food wastewater. Though bacteria-mediated treatment strategies are largely implemented, a more effective and innovative management system is needed of the hour. Thus, the current study involves the cultivation of centric diatoms, Chaetoceros gracilis, and Thalassiosira weissflogii in simulated dairy wastewater (SDWW) formulated using varying amounts of milk powder with artificial seawater f/2 media (ASW). The results revealed that cell density and biomass productivity were highest in the 2.5% SDWW treatment cultures of both the strains, the maximum being in C. gracilis (7.5 × 106 cells mL - 1; 21.1mg L-1day-1). Conversely, the total carotenoid, chrysolaminarin, and phenol content were negatively impacted by SDWW. However, a considerable enhancement in the total lipid content was reported in the 2.5% SDWW culture of both species. Furthermore, the fatty acid profiling revealed that though the total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content was highest in the control setups, the total mono polyunsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content was higher in the 5% SDWW setups (30.66% in C. gracilis and 33.21% in T. weissflogii). In addition to it, in the cultures utilizing energy from external carbon sources provided by SDWW, the biodiesel produced was also enhanced owing to the heightened cetane number. Thus, the current study evidently highlights the organic carbon acquisition potential of marine diatoms with the scope of providing sustainable biorefinery.

Parity changed fecal microbiota of sows and its correlation with milk long-chain fatty acid profiles.

The goal of this study was to characterize the fecal microbiota profiles of gestating sows, along with the fecal microbiota and milk fatty acid contents of lactating sows and their correlations with reproductive performance at different parities. The results showed that the microbiota of third parity gestating sows contained a greater abundance of Prevotella compared to the other two parity groups, while lactating sows exhibiting higher reproductive performance at fifth parity exhibited a greater abundance of Lactobacillus species. The lactating sows with higher reproductive performance also exhibited higher total monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and higher total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels relative to sows with lower reproductive performance at all three analyzed parities, especially sows at fifth parity produced the lowest total saturated fatty acid (SFA) levels, and showed the highest C18:1n9c and C18:2n6c concentrations. In correlational analyses, the abundance of Oligella, Lactobacillus, and Corynebacterium was highly positively correlated with C18:1n9c, C18:2n6c, and C20:4n6. Overall, these results provide a rational basis for efforts to improve sow reproductive performance through the provision of precisely regulated nutrition. KEY POINTS: • Clear differences in the fecal microbiota were evident between sows of different parities. • Lactating sows with high reproductive performance showed distinct milk fatty acid profiles.

Effects of omega-3, omega-6, and total dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Uncertainty exists about the link between omega-3 fatty acid, omega-6 fatty acid, and total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake and mortality in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) patients, and no meta-analyses summarize the relationship between these various types of PUFAs and ASCVD. Methods: Web of Science, PubMed, EBSCO and Cochrane Library up to November 30, 2022 were searched for prospective randomized controlled studies investigating the relationships among omega-3, omega-6, and PUFA intake and mortality and cardiovascular events in ASCVD patients. This study has been registered at PROSPERO (No. CRD42023407566). Results: This meta-analysis included 21 publications from 17 studies involving 40 861 participants published between 1965 and 2022. In ASCVD patients, omega-3 may lower all-cause mortality (RR: 0.90, 95% CI [0.83, 0.98], I2 = 8%), CVD mortality (RR: 0.82, 95% CI [0.73, 0.91], I2 = 34%) and CVD events (RR: 0.90, 95% CI [0.86, 0.93], I2 = 79%). Subgroup analyses showed that EPA or EPA ethyl ester supplementation reduced CVD events, while the mixture of EPA and DHA had no significant impact. Long-chain omega-3 consumption of 1.0-4.0 g per d reduced death risk by 3.5% for each 1 g per d increase. Omega-6 and PUFA had no significant effect on mortality or CVD events, with low-quality evidence and significant heterogeneity. Conclusions: omega-3 intake is associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality, CVD mortality, and CVD events in ASCVD patients, while omega-6 or total PUFA intake showed no significant association. Increasing the omega-3 intake by 1 g per d resulted in a 3.5% decrease in the risk of death. These findings support the recommendation of supplements with omega-3 fatty acids for the secondary prevention of ASCVD.