Plasma Total Peroxide Research Articles

Oxidative stress indices in apparently healthy blood donors in Ibadan

Background/Objective: Blood donors are life savers. They are also exposed to both exogenous and endogenous sources of free radical production. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the oxidative stress status in apparently healthy blood donors in Ibadan. Method: This study was carried out in 100 urban and 67 rural male and female blood donors between the ages of 18 and 65 years after obtaining their consent. Ten (10) ml of venous blood was collected from each participant into heparinised bottles. The total plasma peroxides (TPP) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were determined using spectrophotometer and oxidative stress index (OSI) was calculated. All data were expressed as Mean ± SD. Results were analysed using one sample T-test to test the statistical significance between the variables. The level of significance was fixed at p ≤ 0.05. Result: In this study, the mean values of TPP and OSI were observed to be significantly higher in the urban blood donors (200±62.9µmol H2O2/L and 3.4±1.3%) compared with the rural blood donors (57.46±10.28µmol H2O2/L and 2.9±0.98%) (p < 0.001). Similarly, TAC (6388.7±1788.7 Vs 2133.99±708.1 p=0.000) was observed to be significantly higher in the urban blood donors compared with their rural counterparts. Conclusion: Significantly higher total plasma peroxides observed in urban blood donors is detrimental to the person receiving the blood. Therefore, intending blood donors should be educated on how to keep healthy feeding habits and life styles in order to improve their own health and the health of those they intend to save.

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Levels and Oxidative Stress Markers Among Cancer Patients in Jos, Nigeria

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is a sensitive cytosolic antioxidant enzyme that could be associated with carcinogenesis. Hence, its plasma levels are a good indicator to monitor cancer-induced cellular stress. This study aimed to determine the correlation between Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and oxidative stress markers among cancer patients in Jos, Nigeria. This case-control study involved 100 subjects (60 cancer patients and 40 healthy control subjects). Their blood samples were collected to measure the levels of G6PD and oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde, total plasma peroxide, total antioxidant potential, and oxidative stress indices). Twenty-four (40.0%) of the cancer patients were G6PD deficient. Of this, 13 (54.2%) were females G6PD. Of the G6PD deficient cancer patients, 11(45.8%) were male, conversely, 16 (44.4%) of the cancer subjects who had normal G6PD were males. Of the cancer patients, 26.7%; 13.3%, 11.7 % and 10% had prostate, breast cancer, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), respectively were the most frequent. There was no significant association between G6PD deficiency and cancer (<I>X<sup>2</sup></I>=0.025, <i>p</i>=0.804). Among G6PD deficiency cancer patients, the oxidative stress markers were significantly (<i>p<</i>0.05) higher compared to the control group. These findings showed that relatively more of the cancer patients had normal G6PD status even in increased cellular oxidative stress which could be due to host genetic factors. This suggests the need for further experiments on molecular characterization of mechanisms responsible for the findings.

Perturbations in indices of oxidative stress, oxidative DNA damage and lung function in chronic exposure to wood dust in Southern Nigeria

Objectives Oxidative stress (OS) and oxidative DNA damage accruing from chronic exposure to wood dust have been implicated in the development of chronic lung conditions among woodworkers. Indices of OS, inflammation, oxidative DNA damage and lung function in relation to duration of exposure to wood dust were assessed in woodworkers to determine their possible utility as risk evaluation indices for chronic lung conditions. Methods Ninety participants comprising 30 active woodworkers, 30 passive woodworkers, and 30 controls were enrolled into this cross-sectional study. The total plasma peroxides, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), oxidative stress index (OSI), malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione, nitric oxide, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) were determined in all participants. Results Woodworkers had lower PEFR, TAC, and higher malondialdehyde, OSI, hs-CRP, and 8-OHdG compared to controls (p < 0.05). Active woodworkers had higher malondialdehyde, 8-OHdG, and hs-CRP compared to passive woodworkers (p < 0.05). Increasing duration of exposure to wood dust is associated with higher malondialdehyde, hs-CRP, and 8-OHdG in active woodworkers (p < 0.05) and higher 8-OHdG and hs-CRP in passive woodworkers (p < 0.05). Negative correlation was observed between hs-CRP and TAC (r=−0.367, p = 0.048) in active workers. Conclusion The association of exposure to wood dust with elevated indices of inflammation, OS, lipid peroxidation, oxidative DNA damage, and reduction in antioxidants and peak expiratory flow rate; and the concomitant increase in oxidative DNA damage and inflammation with increasing duration of exposure suggest that these indices may be useful in predicting woodworkers at risk of development of chronic lung conditions.

Enhancement of oxidative stress, oxidative dna damage and lowered pefr in gasoline station attendants in calabar metropolis

Exposure to gasoline fumes through inhalation or accidental ingestion has been associated with chronic inflammatory reactions leading to oxidative stress, oxidative DNA damage and increased risk of chronic lung conditions and cancer. This study assessed the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and biomarkers of oxidative stress (total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total plasma peroxides (TPP), oxidative stress index (OSI)), oxidative DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)), 1-hydroxypyrene and urine creatinine in Gasoline Station Attendants. A total of 100 consenting adults, aged 18-60 years, comprising 50 gasoline station attendants and 50 non-gasoline station attendants (controls) were enrolled into this comparative cross-sectional study. The PEFR was determined using the peak flow meter, TAC, TPP and creatinine by colorimetry, 8-OHdG by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HOP) by high performance liquid chromatography and OSI by calculation. Data was analysed using unpaired Student t-test and Pearson's correlation analysis at p&lt;0.05.&#x0D; The body mass index, TPP, OSI and 8-OHdG levels were significantly higher and TAC and PEFR lower in gasoline pump attendants compared to the control groups (p&lt;0.05). Positive correlations were observed between TPP and years at work (r=0.638, p=0.000), between TPP and OSI (r=0.282, p=0.047) and negative correlation between TAC and OSI (r=-0.555, p=0.000) only in gasoline station attendants. Exposure to gasoline is associated with increased lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage, reduced lung function and depletion of antioxidants which may result in oxidative stress and increased risk for the development of chronic lung conditions in gasoline station attendants.&#x0D;

Evaluation of malondialdehyde, total plasma peroxides, total antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress index in gestational diabetes mellitus

Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many pathological cases. it is implicated in both organ and systemic dysfunction. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a pathological condition with first onset observed during pregnancy. It causes pregnancy complications and affects 2-7% of pregnant women. For that purpose, this studywas performed with 94 pregnant women with informed consent,51 were diagnosed with GDMand 43 apparently healthy pregnant women. The following parameters were assessed: Malondialdehyde (MDA), Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), Total Plasma Peroxide (TPP) and Oxidative Stress Index (OSI). MDA, TPP, and TAC were determined colorimetrically and OSI calculated. Anthropometric indices (weight, height, BMI) and socio-demographic data were determined using standard methods. Data generated were analysed using ANOVA, Student t-test, LSD post hoc and Pearson correlation at P&lt;0.05. The TAC level was significantly higher in control groups (p&lt;0.05), while TPP and OSI were significantly higher in the GDM group compared to control group (p&lt;0.05). A significant negative correlation was observed between TAC and OSI in GDM group (r= -0.486, p=0.005*), and a positive correlation between MDA and BMI, as well as MDA and Age in GDM group (r=0.527, p=0.002* and r=0.375, p=0.034* respectively). GDM patients tend to have a higher TPP level and decreased TAC which may enhance the pathogenesis or pathophysiology of these conditions.

Association of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with inflammation, oxidative DNA damage and renal-pulmonary dysfunctions in barbecue makers in Southern Nigeria.

Multiple organ dysfunctions have been linked to exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and oxidative stress (OS), oxidative DNA damage, and inflammatory response to PAH have been implicated. The biomarkers of OS (malondialdehyde (MDA), total plasma peroxide (TPP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO), oxidative stress index (OSI)); 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)); tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)); 1-hydroxy pyrene (1-HOP)), serum and urine creatinine, uric acid (UA), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) were assessed in barbecue makers. One hundred barbecue makers and 50 controls were enrolled into the study. Serum and urine creatinine, UA, TAC, MDA, GSH, NO and TPP were estimated by colorimetry, 8-OHdG and TNF-α by ELISA, PEFR using peak flow meter, 1-HOP by HPLC, eGFR and OSI by calculation. Barbecue makers had lower TAC, PEFR, and higher TNF-α and OS compared to controls (p<0.05). Higher TNF-α, lipid peroxidation, and lower antioxidants were observed in barbecue makers who had worked for >5years compared to <5years (p <0.05). Increasing number of working hours was associated with higher NO, lipid peroxidation, OS and lower antioxidants in barbecue makers (p <0.05). Positive associations were observed between 1-HOP and TPP (r=0.570, p=0.000), OSI (r=0.299, p=0.035) and negative association between TAC and TNF-α (r=-0.209, p=0.037), MDA (r=-0.265, p=0.008) in barbecue makers. Increased lipid peroxidation, OS, inflammation and depressed antioxidants and lung function observed in barbecue makers suggest increased risk of chronic lung conditions which may be associated with exposure to PAH in barbecue fumes.

Assessment of plasma antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress in HIV/AIDS patients in Calabar, Nigeria

HIV/AIDS remains a global public health challenge especially in countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Management of HIV/AIDS with ART enables patients to lead longer lives but causes changes in biochemical mechanisms, one of which is oxidative stress. The replication of HIV provirus by various pathways is activated by oxidative stress due to high cytokine and antigenic activities. However, there is a paucity of data on oxidative stress among HIV infected patients in Nigeria. The aim of this study was to compare the occurrence of oxidative stress among HIV/AIDs patients on ART and ART-naïve patients at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria.Between January 2017 and February 2018, three groups of participants (n = 225) namely; ART-naïve patients, patients on ART and controls were recruited. Serum uric acid, malondialdehyde, vitamin C and total plasma peroxides concentrations were determined using colorimetric methods. Total serum antioxidant capacity was determined using enzyme –linked immunosorbent assay. The association between each marker of oxidative stress and CD4+ cell count was determined by Pearson's correlation.Male participants had a higher (P ≤ 0.05) serum uric acid level compared to the female participants. HIV negative individuals had a higher (p < 0.05) CD4 cell count and a higher (p < 0.05) total serum antioxidant capacity than HIV/AIDS patients. However, the HIV/AIDS patients had higher (p < 0.05) levels of total plasma peroxides and oxidative stress index compared to the control group. HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy had higher (p < 0.05) levels of total plasma peroxides and oxidative stress index and lower serum vitamin C levels compared to the ART-naïve group. There was a significant negative correlation (r = -0.303, p = 0.008) between total plasma peroxides and CD4 count and also a significant negative correlation (r = -0.289, p = 0.012) between oxidative stress index and CD4 count in the ART-naïve participants.Administration of antiretroviral therapy in HIV/AIDS patients and a lower CD4+ cell count in ART-naïve patients are associated with depression of antioxidant status and oxidative stress. Efforts aimed at beefing up the antioxidant defences in HIV infected individuals should be encouraged and incorporated into the management of such patients.

Chronic Exposure to Toluene and Heavy Metals and Changes in Indices of Liver Function, Inflammation and Oxidative DNA Damage among Automobile Workers

Background: Oxidative stress (OS), oxidative DNA damage and inflammatory response induced by chronic exposure to volatile organic compounds and heavy metals (HM) have been implicated in multiple organ dysfunction. The liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT)), biomarkers of OS (nitric oxide (NO), glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total plasma peroxides (TPP), malondialdehyde (MDA)) oxidative stress index (OSI)), oxidative DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)), and inflammation marker (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-I±)); heavy metals (cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb)) and urine hippuric acid (uHA) levels were assessed in automobile workers. Methods: Fifty automobile workers and 50 controls aged 18-60 years were enrolled into this study. The MDA, GSH, NO, TAC, TPP, ALT, ALP and GGT were estimated by colorimetry, 8-OHdG and TNF-I± by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, Cd, Pb by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and uHA by high performance liquid chromatography. Data were analyzed using t-test and correlation analysis at p <0.05. Results: Automobile workers had significantly higher liver enzymes, lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, oxidative DNA damage, nitric oxide, HM, uHA and lower total antioxidants relative to controls. Heavy metals were positively associated with MDA, TPP and OSI; TPP with duration of exposure; ALP with number of working hours; and liver enzymes with OSI only in automobile workers. Conclusion: Association of exposure to toluene and heavy metals with increased liver enzymes activity, lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, oxidative DNA damage, and depressed antioxidants in automobile workers suggest increased risk of hepatotoxicity and hepatocellular carcinogenesis.

Evaluation of biomarkers of oxidative stress and female reproductive hormones in post menopausal women with breast cancer in Southern Nigeria.

Reproductive hormones and reactive oxygen species produced by either hormonal or aerobic metabolism have been implicated in carcinogenesis of the breast and disease progression. Perturbations in the homeostasis of female reproductive hormones and oxidative stress indices in breast cancer (BCa) could be used for monitoring disease prognosis. The aim of this study was to assess levels of some biomarkers of oxidative stress and female reproductive hormones in postmenopausal women with BCa at different stages. Reduced glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total plasma peroxides (TPP), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), estradiol (E2), and prolactin (PRL) levels were determined in 50 post-menopausal women with BCa (stages II-IV) and 50 women without BCa (controls) by colorimetry and ELISA methods. Oxidative stress and body mass indices (OSI &BMI) and clinical history were obtained. Post-menopausal women with BCa had significantly higher BMI (26.60 ± 5.17 vs 22.73 ± 1.21 kg/m2, P=<0.001), TAC (5.59 ± 2.38 vs 4.43 ± 2.66 mmol/l, P = 0.023), TPP (4.92 ± 3.59 vs 2.98 ± 2.82 mmol/l, P = 0.003), NO (31.96 ± 10.73 vs 23.92 ± 6.37 μmol/l, P=<0.001) and E2 (78.89 ± 54.54 vs 11.08 ± 14.80 pg/ml, P = 0.003) levels and lower mean age at menarche (13.16 ± 0.87 vs 14.14 ± 1.60 years, P=<0.001) compared to controls. Controls had significantly lower E2 (P = 0.003), TPP (P = 0.005) and OSI (P = 0.043) compared to women with stage II BCa; lower E2 (P=<0.001), NO (P = 0.010), TAC (P = 0.010) and TPP (P=<0.001) compared to stage III BCa; and lower E2, (P=<0.001), NO (P = 0.044) and MDA (P = 0.020) compared to stage IV BCa respectively. Prolactin correlated positively with E2 (r = 0.296, P = 0.037), and TAC (r = 0.336, P = 0.011) in women with BCa. Postmenopausal women with BCa at different stages have increased estradiol, antioxidants, lipid peroxidation, and oxidative stress index suggesting that these indices may be useful for clinical assessment and monitoring progression of breast cancer.

Evaluation of oxidative/nitrative stress and uterine artery pulsatility index in early pregnancy.

Increased oxidative/nitrative stress is characteristic not only in pathologic, but also in healthy pregnancy. High uterine artery pulsatility index (UtAPI) at the end of the first trimester is associated with altered placentation and elevated risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes. We aimed to examine the relationship of systemic oxidative/nitrative stress and uterine artery pulsatility index in the first trimester and their correlation to pregnancy outcomes. Healthy pregnant women were recruited at 12-13th gestational week ultrasound examination; UtAPI was determined by color Doppler ultrasound. Patients were divided into high (UtAPI ≥ 2.3) (n = 30) and low (n = 31) resistance groups, and pregnancies were followed until labor. Systemic oxidative/nitrative stress was estimated by measuring total peroxide level, total antioxidant capacity and nitrotyrosine level. Plasma total peroxide level was significantly lower (2,510 ± 39 µM vs. 2,285 ± 59 µM), total antioxidant capacity was higher (781 ± 16 mM CRE vs. 822 ± 13 mM CRE) in the high UtAPI group, which were accompanied by lower birth weight (3,317 ± 64 vs. 3,517 ± 77 g, P < 0.05). Plasma total peroxide level showed a negative correlation (by Pearson) to UtAPI (P < 0.01) and positive correlation to birth weight (P < 0.05). According to our results, lower systemic oxidative stress showed correlation with high UtAPI measured between the 12-13th weeks of gestation. We also found significant differences in the birth weight of healthy newborns; therefore it is worth examining this relationship in pathological pregnancies.

Vitamin D levels and oxidative stress markers in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

ABSTRACT Background COVID-19 is characterized by the presence of oxidative stress. Vitamin D status has been reviewed as one of the factors that may affect disease severity. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between serum vitamin D levels, oxidative stress markers and disease severity in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Methods Vitamin D levels were measured in 33 patients with COVID-19. The total antioxidant power and plasma peroxides were determined in serum. Results Severe COVID-19 patients have lower vitamin D levels (18.39 ± 2.29 ng/mL vs. 28.47 ± 3.05 ng/mL, p < .05) and higher oxidative stress compared to the moderate group. When divided according to serum vitamin D levels, significantly higher values of LDH (604.8 ± 76.98 IU/mL vs. 261.57 ± 47.33 IU/mL) and D-dimer (5978 ± 2028ng/mL vs. 977.7 ± 172 ng/mL) were obtained in the group with vitamin D below 30 ng/mL, followed with significantly higher levels of plasma peroxides (d-ROMs: 414.9 ± 15.82 U.Carr vs. 352.4 ± 18.77 U.Carr; p < .05) and oxidative stress index (OSI: 92.25 ± 6.60 vs. 51.89 ± 6.45; p < .001). Conclusion The presented data provide a justification to consider vitamin D as an important factor that could ameliorate disease severity through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

Cardiovascular disease risk factors and markers of oxidative stress and DNA damage in leprosy patients in Southern Nigeria.

Leprosy reduces quality of life of affected persons. Oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species may play a vital role in the pathogenesis of leprosy. This study evaluated anthropometric indices, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), lipid profile, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total plasma peroxide (TPP), oxidative stress index (OSI), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdg) in leprosy patients. Sixty test participants of both genders, aged 18-65years and diagnosed of multibacillary leprosy and 30 apparently healthy controls were consecutively recruited for this study. The test participants comprised of 30 patients on multidrug therapy (MDT) and 30 patients relieved from therapy (RFT). Body mass index (BMI), Waist-hip ratio (WHR), FPG, lipid profile, TAC, TPP, OSI, MDA, GSH and 8-OHdg were determined using appropriate methods. Data were analyzed using Analysis of variance; p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. The MDT group had significantly lower BMI (p = 0.0001), Total cholesterol (p = 0.001), HDL-C (p = 0.019), LDL-C (p = 0.005), TAC (p = 0.0001) and higher TPP (p = 0.001), MDA (p = 0.0001), OSI (p = 0.005) and 8-OHdg (p = 0.035) compared to the controls. The RFT group had significantly lower BMI (p = 0.001) Total cholesterol (0.0001), HDL-C (p = 0.006) LDL-C (p = 0.0001), TAC (p = 0.001) and higher WHR (p = 0.010), VLDL-C (p = 0.035), TG (p = 0.023) Atherogenic index of plasma (p = 0.0001) and TPP (p = 0.001), MDA (p = 0.0001) compared to the control group. GSH levels correlated negatively with duration of treatment (r = -0.401, p = 0.028). This study has shown that there is oxidative stress in multibacillary leprosy patients irrespective of drug treatment status. This study also shows that leprosy patients relieved from treatment may be susceptible to cardiovascular events. Antioxidants supplementation may be beneficial in the treatment of leprosy and clinical follow up on patients relieved from treatment may also be necessary to monitor health status and prevent development of cardiovascular events.

Impact of Androgen Deprivation on Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status in Nigerian Patients With Prostate Cancer Undergoing Androgen Deprivation Therapy.

PURPOSEProstate cancer (CaP) incidence and mortality rate are increasing in Africa. Some have linked oxidative stress with the pathogenesis of cancer. This study assessed the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), total plasma peroxide (TPP), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in Nigerian patients with CaP.PATIENTS AND METHODSOne hundred twenty patients with CaP and 100 apparently healthy controls were consecutively recruited into this case-control study. The patients with CaP were divided into treatment-naïve and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)–treated groups. Anthropometric indices were measured, and MDA, NO, TAC, and TPP were assayed by colorimetric methods. The t test and analysis of variance were used in analysis of data; statistical significance was set at P < .05, and 95% CIs were reported.RESULTSThe patients with CaP had significantly higher waist-hip ratios and NO (P = .0001), TPP (P = .001), oxidative stress index (OSI; P = .003), and MDA values (P = .002) than controls. The treatment-naive patients with CaP had significantly higher waist-hip ratios (P = .011) and TPP (P = .013), MDA (P = .011), and NO values (P = .0001) and lower TAC values (P = .013) compared with the controls. The ADT-treated patients had higher waist-hip ratios (P = .0001) and TPP (P = .005), OSI (P = .005), MDA (P = .011), and NO values (P = .0001) than the controls. However, the treatment-naive patients had significantly higher NO values (P = .05) only compared with the ADT-treated patients. There was a significantly positive correlation between MDA and duration of treatment (r = 0.280, P = .018) in ADT-treated patients with CaP.CONCLUSIONThis study demonstrated that patients with CaP have higher levels of TPP, MDA, and NO and lower levels of TAC compared with men without CaP. In addition, even in patients with CaP undergoing treatment, TPP and MDA levels remained high.

Oxidative DNA Damage and Pro-inflammatory Response In Chronic Exposure To Cement Dust

Background: Inflammatory cell activation, oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage have been associated with exposure to cement dust. Biomarkers of oxidative stress, oxidative DNA damage, inflammation and heavy metals were estimated in cement loaders. Methods: Ninety men (45 cement loaders and 45 controls) were recruited into this comparative cross-sectional study. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total plasma peroxides (TPP), malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO) and uric acid (UA) were estimated by colorimetry, arsenic (As), chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Cement loaders had increased lipid peroxidation (MDA, TPP, OSI), inflammation (TNF-ɑ) and heavy metals (As, Cr) and lower antioxidants (UA, TAC, GSH) compared to controls (p<0.05). Increasing duration of exposure to cement dust was associated with higher lipid peroxidation, Cd, TNF-α and oxidative DNA damage (8-OHdG) (p<0.05). Negative correlation was observed between TAC and duration of exposure (r=-0.375, p=0.011) and positive correlations between TPP and duration of exposure (r=0.614, p=0.000), TNF-α and 8-OHdG (r=0.492, p=0.001) in cement loaders. Conclusion: Chronic exposure to cement dust is associated with depletion of antioxidants, increased lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress, inflammation and oxidative DNA damage. These may be implicated in the development of chronic lung conditions.

Hypoglycemic Agents and Changes in Oxidative Stress Indices, Electrolytes, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes

Background: Metabolic complications of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), including dyslipidemia, electrolyte imbalance, and oxidative stress, have been shown to be modulated by hypoglycemic agents. Objective: The lipid profile, electrolytes, and oxidative stress indices were evaluated in T2DM. Methods: Fifty T2DM patients on metformin (n = 23), insulin (n = 17), and insulin/metformin (n = 10) and 40 controls were studied. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total plasma peroxide (TPP), and total calcium (Ca) values were determined colorimetrically, sodium (Na⁺) and potassium (K⁺) levels were determined by flame photometry, chloride (Cl^–) and bicarbonate (HCO₃^–) levels were determined by titration, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), and the oxidative stress index (OSI) were determined by calculation. Data were analyzed using t test, analysis of variance, and Pearson’s correlation at p < 0.05. Results: T2DM patients had higher lipid peroxidation (TPP and OSI), atherogenic lipids (higher LDL-C and AIP and lower HDL-C), and lower antioxidants compared to controls (p < 0.05). T2DM patients with poor glycemic control had higher lipid peroxidation (higher TPP) and atherogenic lipids (TG and AIP) compared to those with good control (p < 0.05). Patients with T2DM for >5 years had higher protein glycosylation (higher HBA1c) and TC compared to those with T2DM for <5 years (p < 0.05). The class of hypoglycemic agent has no effect on the levels of all of the biochemical indices studied (p > 0.05). HDL-C correlated negatively with TG (r = –0.347, p = 0.013), LDL-C (r = –0.322, p = 0.018), and AIP (r = –0.714, p = 0.000) in T2DM. Conclusion: Chronic T2DM and poor glycemic control are associated with reduced antioxidants, lipid peroxidation, and atherogenic dyslipidemia. Different hypoglycemic agents exert no differential effects on the metabolic indices of T2DM studied.

Female Reproductive Hormones and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Postmenopausal Women With Breast Cancer

Background: Female reproductive hormones have been implicated in the etiology of breast cancer, while oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species have been linked to various steps involved in carcinogenesis including cellular transformation, proliferation and metastasis. Aim: This study assessed the serum levels of estradiol (E2), prolactin (PRL) and some biomarkers of oxidative stress in relation with clinical staging in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Methods: One hundred postmenopausal women aged 50 to 70 years comprising of 50 women with breast cancer (with clinical staging II-IV) and 50 healthy women without breast lump or cancer were recruited into this case control study. Estradiol and prolactin were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total plasma peroxides (TPP), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (NO) were estimated by colorimetric methods while oxidative stress index was determined by calculation. Sociodemographic data and anthropometric indices (body mass index (BMI)) were obtained by standard methods. Data were analyzed using Student t-test, ANOVA and Pearson's correlation at P &lt; 0.05. Results: The percentage of women with breast lump, breast pain, nipple discharge, high alcohol and fat intake were higher in women with breast cancer compared with women without breast cancer ( P &lt; 0.05). The mean age at menarche, TAC, TPP, OSI, NO and E2 levels were significantly lower and BMI higher in controls compared with breast cancer subjects ( P &lt; 0.05). Women without breast cancer had lower TPP, OSI and E2 compared with stage II; lower TAC, TPP, NO and E2 compared with stage II; and lower MDA, NO and E2 compared with stage 4 respectively ( P &lt; 0.05). Positive correlations were observed between PRL and TAC (r=0.336, P = 0.011); PRL and E2 (r=0.296, P = 0.037) and negative correlation between NO and E2 (r=-0.295, P = 0.038), NO and MDA (r=-0.302, P = 0.033) only in women with breast cancer. Conclusion: Breast cancer is associated with increased lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide and oxidative stress index which may be involved in the progression of the disease.

Comparative Assessment of Markers of Oxidative Stress in Human-milk and Plasma of Lactating Mothers

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;Human-milk is a complex extracellular fluid with different biochemical composition compared with blood. The present study assessed the levels of markers of oxidative stress in human-milk and plasma of healthy lactating mothers.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; Forty lactating mothers (22-36 years) volunteered to participate in this study. They were non-smokers and apparently normal nursing mothers who had normal delivery without postnatal complications. Blood and breast-milk samples were collected from the lactating mothers between 6th and 18th weeks after delivery. Total antioxidant potential (TAP), total plasma peroxides (TPP) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined in both human-milk and blood of the mothers using spectrophotometric methods. Oxidative stress index (OSI) was determined as the percent ratio of the TPP and TAP.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt;: The results showed that TAP, TPP and OSI increased significantly (p&amp;lt;0.001) in human-milk compared with the plasma. The plasma / human-milk ratios of TAP, TPP and OSI were 1:3, 1:5 and 1:2 respectively. The level of MDA was significantly (p=0.01) lower in the breast-milk, compared with the plasma. In the plasma, levels of OSI correlated significantly with TAP (r= -0.46; p= 0.015) and TPP (r=0.90; p &amp;lt;0.001) while in the breast-milk, OSI correlated significantly with only the TAP (r = -0.76; p&amp;lt;0.001).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; It could be concluded that the higher TPP in the human milk would be beneficial against pathogens, while the bio-accumulated antioxidant molecules regulate free radical load to avert the consequences of oxidative stress in the breast tissue.&lt;/p&gt;

Cigarette Smoke and Oxidative Stress Indices in Male Active Smokers

Increased generation of reactive oxygen species and peroxidation of biomolecules associated with cigarette smoking have been implicated in multiple organ dysfunctions among smokers. This study assessed the oxidative stress indices, including nitric oxide (NO), reduced glutathione (GSH), ferritin, malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and total plasma peroxide (TPP), and oxidative stress index (OSI), as well as cotinine levels in relation to duration of smoking in male active smokers in Calabar, Nigeria. Ninety consenting male subjects aged 18‒60 years comprising 50 smokers and 40 nonsmokers were studied. Anthropometric indices, blood pressure, and socio-demographic information were obtained using standard methods. Oxidative stress indices; GSH, ferritin, NO, MDA, TAC, and TPP were estimated by colorimetric methods and cotinine by ELISA method. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, LSD post-hoc and Pearson’s correlation at p < 0.05. The results showed that the systolic blood pressure, TPP, OSI, NO, MDA, ferritin, and cotinine levels were significantly higher in smokers compared to nonsmokers. Increasing duration of smoking was associated with increased MDA and decreased GSH and NO levels, while increasing number of cigarette sticks smoked per day was associated with decreased MDA levels. Cotinine correlated positively with ferritin (r = 0.387, p = 0.005) and TPP (r = 0.377, p = 0.007) only in smokers. In conclusion, cigarette smoking results in enhanced NO, ferritin, and lipid peroxidation, with concomitant depletion of GSH which may lead to oxidative stress and smoking-related illness in cigarette smokers studied.

Oxidative-Nitrative Stress and Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Activation 3 Years after Pregnancy.

Background Oxidative-nitrative stress and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase activation have been previously observed in healthy and gestational diabetic pregnancies, and they were also linked to the development of metabolic diseases. The aim of the present study was to examine these parameters and their correlation to known metabolic risk factors following healthy and gestational diabetic pregnancies. Methods Fasting and 2 h postload plasma total peroxide level, protein tyrosine nitration, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase activation were measured in circulating leukocytes three years after delivery in women following healthy, “mild” (diet-treated) or “severe” (insulin-treated) gestational diabetic pregnancy during a standard 75 g OGTT. Nulliparous women and men served as control groups. Results Fasting plasma total peroxide level was significantly elevated in women with previous pregnancy (B = 0.52 ± 0.13; p < 0.001), with further increase in women with insulin-treated gestational diabetes (B = 0.36 ± 0.17; p < 0.05) (R2 = 0.419). Its level was independently related to previous pregnancy (B = 0.47 ± 0.14; p < 0.01) and current CRP levels (B = 0.06 ± 0.02; p < 0.05) (R2 = 0.306). Conclusions Elevated oxidative stress but not nitrative stress or poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase activation can be measured three years after pregnancy. The increased oxidative stress may reflect the cost of reproduction and possibly play a role in the increased metabolic risk observed in women with a history of severe gestational diabetes mellitus.

Assessment of Tumor markers, C-reactive Protein, Cortisol and Total Plasma Peroxides Levels in Uterine Leiomyoma Patients

Objective: The pathophysiology of uterine leiomyoma is yet to be fully understood. This study determined the status of cortisol, C-reactive protein, total plasma peroxide and selected tumor markers in uterine leiomyoma patients. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight individuals (aged 25-45 years) with uterine leiomyoma (nodules=1-4; size=5-120mm) were recruited for this study. Forty apparently age-matched normal individuals without uterine leiomyoma served as controls. The patients and controls were selected after confirmation of the status of uterine leiomyoma by ultrasound imaging technique. The plasma levels of total plasma peroxides(TPP), cortisol, carcino-embryonic antigen(CEA), alpha fetoprotein (AFP), carbohydrate antigen 125(CA125) and C-reactive protein(CRP) were determined in them using spectrophotometry, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and single radial immunodiffusion (Maccini) methods respectively. Results: The result shows significantly higher levels of TPP (p0.05) changes in the plasma levels of cortisol, CEA and AFP in the leiomyoma patients when compared with the controls. Significant (r=0.521, p=0.03) correlation existed between the number of myoma nodules and the levels of CRP in the leiomyoma patients. The size of the nodules correlated significantly (r=0.47, p=0.04) with the plasma levels of TPP. Conclusion: Elevated levels of CRP and TPP could indicate oxidative stress and inflammatory response in uterine leiomyoma patients. The induced inflammation and oxidative stress may increase with increase in number and size of the myoma nodules respectively. Higher level of CA125 could be a feature of uterine leiomyoma.