Plasma Total Cholesterol Research Articles

Correlation of Serum Calcium with Components of Metabolic Syndrome: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of symptoms following impaired glucose tolerance, adiposity, abnormal lipid profiles and hypertension. Metabolic syndrome may serve as a precursor for type II diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, it should be considered when interpreting calcium levels, as calcium is inexpensive, readily available and can also serve as a predictor for diabetic and cardiovascular risks. Aim: To investigate the correlation of serum calcium with components of metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College and General Hospital, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India, from January 2016 to March 2016. A total of 80 patients were divided into two groups: subjects with metabolic syndrome (group I) and subjects without metabolic syndrome (group II). Data including age and components of metabolic syndrome such as Body Mass Index (BMI), Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), Waist Circumference (WC) and various biochemical parameters {plasma glucose, calcium, albumin, corrected calcium, total cholesterol, Triglycerides (TG), High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)}. were collected and compared between the two groups. The differences in the studied variables among the groups were analysed using an Unpaired t-test. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: In the present study, group I consisted of 23 males and 17 females with the mean±Standard Deviation (SD) age 49.88±8.7 years and group II had 19 males and 21 females with mean age 47.5±7.60 years. There were no significant differences in age, gender and blood pressure, while BMI and WC were significantly higher in group I. Serum calcium, fasting plasma glucose levels, and lipid profiles were significantly higher in subjects with metabolic syndrome compared to those without metabolic syndrome. Additionally, serum corrected calcium levels showed a positive correlation with serum TG and fasting plasma glucose (r-value=0.4, p-value=0.008), and a negative correlation with HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) (r-value=- 0.3, p-value=0.03). Conclusion: In the present study, serum total calcium was found to be positively associated with metabolic syndrome. Estimation of serum calcium can help predict the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases or diabetes mellitus, which are associated with the metabolic syndrome.

Moderate-intensity continuous training reduces triglyceridemia and improves oxygen consumption in dyslipidemic apoCIII transgenic mice.

This study aimed to investigate metabolism modulation and dyslipidemia in genetic dyslipidemic mice through physical exercise. Thirty-four male C57Bl/6 mice aged 15 months were divided into non-transgenic (NTG) and transgenic overexpressing apoCIII (CIII) groups. After treadmill adaptation, the trained groups (NTG Ex and CIII Ex) underwent an effort test to determine running performance and assess oxygen consumption (V̇O2), before and after the training protocol. The exercised groups went through an 8-week moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) program, consisting of 40 min of treadmill running at 60% of the peak velocity achieved in the test, three times per week. At the end of the training, animals were euthanized, and tissue samples were collected for ex vivo analysis. ApoCIII overexpression led to hypertriglyceridemia (P<0.0001) and higher concentrations of total plasma cholesterol (P<0.05), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (P<0.01), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol (P<0.0001) in the animals. Furthermore, the transgenic mice exhibited increased adipose mass (P<0.05) and higher V̇O2peak compared to their NTG controls (P<0.0001). Following the exercise protocol, MICT decreased triglyceridemia and cholesterol levels in dyslipidemic animals (P<0.05), and reduced adipocyte size (P<0.05), increased muscular glycogen (P<0.001), and improved V̇O2 in all trained animals (P<0.0001). These findings contribute to our understanding of the effects of moderate and continuous exercise training, a feasible non-pharmacological intervention, on the metabolic profile of genetically dyslipidemic subjects.

Effect of feeding sodium butyrate to beef female cows during pre- and post-partum period on concentrations of glucagon-like peptides in plasma and colostrum.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding beef cows with sodium butyrate during the late pregnancy and early post-partum periods on concentrations of glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and 2 in plasma, colostrum, and transition milk. Twelve Japanese Black female cows were fed concentrate feed without (CON; n = 6) or with (BUTY; n = 6) sodium butyrate supplementation at 1.1% of dietary dry matter from -60 d relative to the expected parturition date to 4d after parturition. Plasma total cholesterol concentration was higher for the BUTY than for the CON (P = 0.04). In addition, plasma GLP-1 concentration was higher for the BUTY than for the CON at 3d after calving (P < 0.05). This study showed for the first time that GLP-1 is present in the colostrum of Japanese Black cows at higher concentrations as compared to in plasma (P < 0.01). On the other hand, no treatment effect was observed for concentrations of metabolite and hormone in colostrum and transition milk. In summary, feeding beef cows with sodium butyrate during the late gestation and early post-partum period likely increases plasma GLP-1 concentrations post-partum without affecting the components of colostrum and transition milk.

Cellular Inflammatory Markers and the Castelli Risk Indices in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Background: The clinical importance of early identification of potential predictors of cardiovascular events in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) cannot be overemphasized. Thus, this study was aimed to determine the levels of selected cellular inflammatory markers and Castelli I and II risk indices in women with GDM. Methods: A total of 40 pregnant women, consisting of 11 women with GDM and 29 women without GDM, were randomly enrolled in this case-control study using the convenient sampling method. After participants fasted overnight, venous blood samples were taken, and the plasma lipid profiles were determined using the spectrophotometric methods. Then, differential white blood cells counting was done using a microscope. Thereafter, plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, Castelli risk index-I (CRI-I) and CRI-II, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and monocyte lymphocyte ratio (MLR) were calculated using the appropriate formula. Student’s t-test, Mann Whitney U, Chi-square, and Spearman’s rho correlations were used for statistical analysis. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.Results: Mean age, gestational weight, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), LDL-C, and neutrophil count were significantly higher in women with GDM. Likewise with the Castelli I and II risk indices values, as well as the NLR. In contrast, HDL-C levels, lymphocytes, and monocytes counts were significantly lower in women with GDM. However, the two groups observed no difference in the MLR ) .Conclusion: Gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with dyslipidemia and systemic inflammation, which are forerunners of cardiovascular diseases.

Effects of Ostarine and Endurance Training on Some Functional, Hematological, and Biochemical Parameters in Male Rats

Background: Non-steroidal Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) are currently a group of drug candidates with anabolic effects, tissue selectivity, and the potential to improve the therapeutic process in a number of socially significant diseases. There is insufficient data on their effects during exercise and on their adverse side effects. Objectives: Our objective was to examine the role of selective androgen receptor modulators for the physical working capacity of the body, hematological and biochemical parameters, and to evaluate any side effects of SARMs. We studied the effects of ostarine (S-22, MK-2866, GTx-024, Enobosarm) alone or in combination with submaximal training in sexually mature male Wistar rats. Methods: The rats used were divided into a treadmill-trained group and a sedentary group. Half of each group received either ostarine or vehicle for 8 weeks (n = 10 each). We performed functional tests and blood analysis at the end of the experiment to analyze clinical chemistry and hematological indicators. Results: Ostarine did not affect maximal sprint speed, VO2max, and running economy, while submaximal training increased these parameters. Ostarine increased total plasma cholesterol and energy expenditure and decreased plasma glucose concentration. Neither treatment changed the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, the respiratory quotient, the concentration of triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, or creatine kinase. Combined treatment neutralized the negative effect of ostarine on plasma total cholesterol levels. Conclusions: Ostarine did not affect the examined hematological and physical working capacity parameters, but it changed some clinical chemistry indicators. Training improved the physical working capacity but did not affect the clinical chemistry and hematological parameters. Further research is needed to clarify other aspects of the influence of non-steroidal SARMs on the physical working capacity and possible side effects during long-term use, as their administration, along with physical activity, is becoming popular among healthy adult bodybuilders in gyms.

Overweight or Obesity Rate and Risk Factors in First-Episode and Drug-Naïve Patients with Major Depressive Disorder with Comorbid Abnormal Lipid Metabolism: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study.

Overweight and obesity are frequent symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and abnormal lipid metabolism (ALM). There are no studies on the rate, risk factors, and underlying mechanisms of overweight/obesity in Chinese patients with MDD with comorbid ALM. The purpose of this study was to examine the rate of overweight/obesity and the associated risk factors among Chinese patients with MDD first-episode and drug-naïve (FEDN) with comorbid ALM. This study was a cross-sectional research work. A total of 1718 patients were enrolled. Their clinical and laboratory data were obtained. All participants were assessed with the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA), and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) positive subscale. The plasma total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triacylglycerols (TG), blood glucose concentrations, thyroid peroxidase antibody (A-TPO), thyoglubulin antibody (A-TG), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyoxine (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3), and blood glucose concentrations were measured. ALM was identified as elevations in the plasma lipid values in this study. Of all the included subjects, the rate of ALM was 81.1%. The rate of obesity and overweight was 3.94% and 57.21%, respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that TSH was the independent risk factor for overweight or obesity in MDD patients (adjusted OR = 1.158, 95%CI = 1.081-1.24, p < 0.001). The risk of developing overweight or obesity in MDD with ALM with comorbid TSH abnormalities was 2.176 times higher than those without TSH abnormalities (p < 0.001). Further linear regression showed TSH level (B = 0.1, t = 3.376, p = 0.001) and systolic blood pressure (B = 0.015, t = 2.351, p = 0.019) were risk factors for a higher body mass index (BMI). Our results demonstrate that being overweight is very frequent among patients with FEDN MDD with comorbid ALM but not obesity. TSH was the risk factor for overweight and obesity in MDD patients with comorbid ALM.

Effect of chronic apple consumption (Malus domestica Borkh.) on the lipid profile of adults with dyslipidemia: a systematic review

Aim: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) are among the main causes of death worldwide and dyslipidemias account for one of the risk factors for these diseases. Habitual apple consumption appears to be inversely associated with reduced cardiovascular risk. Then, this systematic review aims to investigate the effect of chronic apple consumption on the lipid profile of adults with dyslipidemia. Methods: A systematic search was performed in electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus, without restriction of year of publication. Inclusion criteria were randomized clinical trials in humans that investigated the effect of chronic consumption of whole fresh or dried apple, for a period longer than two weeks of intervention on the lipid profile. Results: Based on the methodology used and following the pre-established search strategies, 4,468 articles were found. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, five articles were selected for qualitative evaluation, covering 522 adult participants of both sexes. Three randomized controlled trials included in this review demonstrated that there was a decrease in plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) concentrations, in addition to an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) concentration. Two other studies found different results. Low risk of bias was identified in three studies. Conclusions: The analysis of the studies indicates that the consumption of fresh and/or dried apples with the peel has a beneficial effect on the lipid profile of adults, with a decrease in TC and LDL-c. These effects may be related to polyphenols and soluble fibers, among other functional compounds present in this fruit.

Increasing lipids with risk of worsening cardiac damage in 1595 adolescents: A 7-year longitudinal and mediation study

Background and aimsLongitudinal evidence on the associations of changes in lipids level with changes in cardiac structure and function in youth is limited due to few repeated echocardiography measures. This study examined whether changes in lipid levels from adolescence through young adulthood associate with the risk of cardiac damage progression and potential mechanistic pathways. MethodsFrom the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), UK birth cohort, 1595 adolescents aged 17 years who had fasting plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), and non-HDL-c measured at 17- and 24-year clinic visit were included. Echocardiography measured left ventricular mass indexed for height2.7 (LVMI2.7), and LV diastolic function from mitral E/A ratio (LVDF). LVMI2.7 ≥51 g/m2.7 and LVDF<1.5 were categorized as LV hypertrophy and LVD dysfunction, respectively. Multivariable adjusted associations were examined using generalized logit mixed-effect models and structural equation models for mediation analyses. ResultsThe prevalence of LV hypertrophy increased from 3.6% at baseline to 11.6% at follow-up in males and increased from 1.6% to 4.0% in females. The prevalence of LVD dysfunction increased from 7.8% at baseline to 16.6% at follow-up in males and increased from 10.3% to 15.4% in females. Each 1 mmol increase in total cholesterol (OR, 1.18; [95% CI, 1.09–1.27]), triglyceride (2.89; [1.54–5.43]), LDL-c (1.19; [1.08–1.32]), and non-HDL-c (1.21; [1.11–1.33]) was associated with higher odds of worsening LV hypertrophy progression over 7 years. Increased triglyceride was associated with the odds of progressively worsening LVD dysfunction (1.98; [1.06–3.71]). Increased HDL-c was not associated with the odds of cardiac structural and functional damage. Systolic blood pressure (12% mediation) and fat mass (25% mediation) partly mediated the associations of LDL-c with increased LVMI2.7. ConclusionsIncreased lipids may independently associate with the risk of progressively worsening structural and functional cardiac damage in youth but increased systolic blood pressure and fat mass explained circa forty percent of the relationship.

The Effect of an Innovative Combination of Bergamot Polyphenolic Fraction and Cynara cardunculus L. Extract on Weight Gain Reduction and Fat Browning in Obese Mice.

Obesity is one of the world's most serious public health issues, with a high risk of developing a wide range of diseases. As a result, focusing on adipose tissue dysfunction may help to prevent the metabolic disturbances commonly associated with obesity. Nutraceutical supplementation may be a crucial strategy for improving WAT inflammation and obesity and accelerating the browning process. The aim of this study was to perform a preclinical "proof of concept" study on Bergacyn®, an innovative formulation originating from a combination of bergamot polyphenolic fraction (BPF) and Cynara cardunculus (CyC), for the treatment of adipose tissue dysfunction. In particular, Bergacyn® supplementation in WD/SW-fed mice at doses of 50 mg/kg given orally for 12 weeks, was able to reduce body weight and total fat mass in the WD/SW mice, in association with an improvement in plasma biochemical parameters, including glycemia, total cholesterol, and LDL levels. In addition, a significant reduction in serum ALT levels was highlighted. The decreased WAT levels corresponded to an increased weight of BAT tissue, which was associated with a downregulation of PPARγ as compared to the vehicle group. Bergacyn® was able to restore PPARγ levels and prevent NF-kB overexpression in the WAT of mice fed a WD/SW diet, suggesting an improved oxidative metabolism and inflammatory status. These results were associated with a significant potentiation of the total antioxidant status in WD/SW mice. Finally, our data show, for the first time, that Bergacyn® supplementation may be a valuable approach to counteract adipose tissue dysfunction and obesity-associated effects on cardiometabolic risk.

Association of altered serum glucose and lipid profiles with headaches in young women: clinical, cross-sectional study

IntroductionHeadaches, including migraines and tension headaches, affect millions of people globally. Migraines are the most common neurological disorder, with around 14.4% of the world's population affected. It is suggested that dysregulation of biochemical markers and individual metabolic differences may contribute to headaches.ObjectiveWe evaluated the frequency of headaches or migraines with changes in lipid, glucose and vitamin D serum levels in young women.MethodsClinical, cross-sectional study with 139 young women, aged at least 18 years, based on the third edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3). The individuals were divided into two groups: one without headache and another with headache. Anthropometric analyzes (BMI, WC, BP and DBP) and blood samples were collected for analysis of vitamin D, glycemia and lipid profile.ResultsMean age was 22 (±4.6) years. We observed associations between headache and the following factors: high glucose levels (97 mg/dL, p=0.028), total cholesterol (180.4 mg/dL, p=0.002), HDL (44.2 mg/dL, p=0.017), and LDL (121.6 mg/dL, p=0.005). Longer duration of headache attacks was associated with increased levels of glucose (97.9 mg/dL, p=0.028), total cholesterol (186.8 mg/dL, p=0.05), diastolic blood pressure (74 mmHg, p=0.038), and BMI (24.6 kg/m2, p=0.024). High glucose levels were found to be directly related to the presence of migraine, particularly those with aura (105 mg/dL, p=0.034). However, there was no significant difference in vitamin D levels (p=0.640). ConclusionElevated levels of blood glucose and total plasma cholesterol and its fractions seems to be associated can increase with bouts of headache attacks, especially migraine, prolonging the duration of pain.

Decrease in lipid metabolic indexes in infants with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.

Incomplete pulmonary function and insufficient production of pulmonary surfactant in premature infants may affect alveolar relaxation, inducing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS). The present study was a retrospective comparison of lipid metabolism indexes and clinic information between NRDS and non-NRDS infants. Data on general information, pregnancy, clinical symptoms, family history as well as plasma biochemical and lipid metabolic indexes were retrospectively collected and statistically analyzed from 79 patients with NRDS and 44 non-NRDS infants. Infants in the NRDS group showed lower body weight (2,055 vs. 3,225 g) and gestation age (33.39 vs. 38.53 weeks) than those in the non-NRDS group (P<0.05). Baseline information was corrected by the inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) analysis. The weighted adjusted median age was the same in both groups and there was no significant difference between two groups in birth weight. The IPTW analysis revealed that the levels of plasma triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, glucose, calcium (Ca2+) and phosphorus in the NRDS infants were significantly lower compared with those in the non-NRDS infants. Additionally, NRDS infants had significantly higher incidence rates of pneumonia, sepsis, brain injury infection, preterm birth, patent foramen ovale, patent ductus arteriosus and premature rupture of membranes compared with the non-NRDS infants (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic analysis showed that TG and Ca2+ were risk factors associated with NRDS (P<0.05). Infants with NRDS have significantly lower levels of plasma lipid indexes. The results of the present study provide data to guide the clinical management of NRDS.

Antidiabetic efficacy of sea fish oil in ameliorating hyperglycaemia by enhancing FFAR1, GLP-1 and inhibiting DPP-4 signalling in the pancreatic tissues of high lipid diet and streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats

Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid are n-3 fatty acids that are highly available in sea-fishes. Many studies have revealed that n-3 fatty acids play antidiabetic activity. In this study antidiabetic activity of the three sea fishes oils, ‘volavetki’ (Panna microdon, Bleeker 1849), ‘ruli’ (Coilia dussumieri, Valenciennes 1848), and ‘tapra’ (Opisthopterus tardoore, Cuvier 1829), as well as three fresh-water fishes oils, ‘bata’ (Labeo bata, Hamilton 1822), ‘folui’ (Opisthopterus tardoore, Cuvier 1829), and ‘mourala’ (Amblypharyngodon mola, Hamilton 1822) evaluated high lipid diet (HLD) and STZ-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. The GC-MS analysis revealed high n-3 fatty acid content in volavetki oil. Supplementation of sea-fish oils and antidiabetic effect was monitored by fasting plasma blood glucose and HbA1c. Also, insulin, c-peptide, glucagon-like peptide-1, dipeptidyl peptidase-4, free fatty acid receptor 1, glucokinase, glucose-6 phosphatase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, malondialdehyde, plasma total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein, c-reactive protein, total protein, alkaline phosphatase, and histopathology of pancreatic tissues were evaluated. Out of six fish oils, oral supplementation with volavetki oil resulted in significant reduction of plasma blood glucose, HbA1c of T2DM rat. All other parameters in T2DM rats were returned to near normally by treatment of volavetki oil. These findings strongly indicate that volavetki oil possess antidiabetic activity.

Sex-dependent relationship of polymorphisms in CLOCK and REV-ERBα genes with body mass index and lipid levels in children

Circadian rhythms, which are governed by a circadian clock, regulate important biological processes associated with obesity. SNPs in circadian clock genes have been linked to energy and lipid homeostasis. The aim of our study was to evaluate the associations of CLOCK and REV-ERBα SNPs with BMI and plasma lipid levels in pre-pubertal boys and girls. The study sample population comprised 1268 children aged 6–8 years. Information regarding anthropometric parameters and plasma lipid concentrations was available. Genotyping of CLOCK SNPs rs1801260, rs4580704, rs3749474, rs3736544 and rs4864548 and REV-ERBα SNPs rs2017427, rs20711570 and rs2314339 was performed by RT-PCR. The CLOCK SNPs rs3749474 and rs4864548 were significantly associated with BMI in girls but no in boys. Female carriers of the minor alleles for these SNPs presented lower BMI compared to non-carriers. A significant association of the REV-ERBα SNP rs2071570 with plasma total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and Apo B in males was also observed. Male AA carriers showed lower plasma levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and Apo B levels as compared with carriers of the C allele. No significant associations between any of the studied REV-ERBα SNPs and plasma lipid levels were observed in females. In summary, CLOCK and REV-ERBα SNPs were associated with BMI and plasma lipid levels respectively in a sex-dependent manner. Our findings suggest that sex-related factors may interact with Clock genes SNPs conditioning the effects of these polymorphisms on circadian alterations.

Four kinds of traditional Chinese exercise therapy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

ObjectiveTo perform an evidence-based evaluation of the clinical efficacy of Taijiquan, Baduanjin, Yijinjing and Wuqinxi in interventions for type 2 diabetes.DesignA systematic review and network meta-analysis.MethodsThe comprehensive search included Chinese and other language databases such as the MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, Excerpta Medica Database (Embase), The Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, China Scientific Journal Database, VIP and China Biomedical Literature Database (CBM). Clinical randomized controlled trials of four traditional Chinese exercise therapies in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, including Taijiquan, Baduanjin, Yijinjing and Wuqinxi, were retrieved. The search time was conducted from the establishment of the database to 30 October 2022. Two researchers screened the documents that met the inclusion criteria, extracted data according to the preset table and evaluated the methodological quality of the included studies according to the quality evaluation tools recommended by the Cochrane System Reviewer Manual V.5.1. The R language, Stata and ADDIS statistical software programs were used to conduct statistics and analysis of intervention measures.ResultsA total of 33 randomized controlled trials with 2609 patients were identified. All patients were from China. The results of the network meta-analysis showed that Taijiquan ranked the best for improving HbA1c, 2-h postprandial blood glucose (2hPG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and insulin sensitivity index indicator levels; Yijinjing reduced fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and total cholesterol (TC) indicator levels for the best probability ranking; Baduanjin improved the triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) probability ranking the most. When the training period was less than 12 weeks, Baduanjin had better effects in improving 2hPG, TC, TG, HDL-C and LDL-C indicator levels. Taijiquan had better effects in reducing FPG levels. When the training period was 12 weeks, the effect of Yijinjing in improving FPG, HbAlc, TC and HDL-C levels was better than that in other traditional Chinese exercise, and Taijiquan had better effects in improving 2hPG, TG and LDL-C indicator levels. When the training period was longer than 12 weeks, Taijiquan had better effects in improving FPG, HbAlc, 2hPG and LDL-C indicator levels, and Baduanjin had better effects in improving TC, TG and HDL-C indicator levels.ConclusionThe four traditional Chinese exercise therapies can improve blood glucose levels, blood lipid levels and insulin-related indicators of type 2 diabetes to varying degrees. Studies have shown that Taijiquan has a better targeted treatment effect on type 2 diabetes.Systematic review registrationCRD42020214786.Protocol publishedWe published the protocol article “Network meta-analysis of four kinds of traditional Chinese exercise therapy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: Protocol for a systematic review” in the BMJ Open magazine 2021, Issue 11, Volume 7.

Immature carob pods extract and its fractions prevent lipid metabolism disorders and lipoprotein-rich plasma oxidation in mice: A phytochemical and pharmacological study

Ethnopharmacological relevance: In Morocco carob fruits are used traditionally to treat hypercholesterolemia, diabetes and related diseases. Aims: This study was designed to evaluate the hypolipidemic activity of Ceratonia siliqua green pods extract and its fractions in Triton WR-1339 and high fat/cholesterol diet (HFCD) induced hyperlipidemia mice, as well as their ability to prevent lipoproteins oxidation in vitro. Materials and methods: High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was used to determine the phenolic composition of the immature carob pods extract (HWCE). Antioxidant activities were evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging test as well as MDA measurement in oxidized lipoprotein rich plasma. Plasma lipids, glucose and biliary total cholesterol, as well as lipids level in liver and feces, were analyzed. The acute oral toxicity was performed in mice single dosed with the HWCE at 2000 and 5000 mg/kg body weight. Results: HPLC analysis shows that gallic acid is the main phenolic compound in the HWCE. The acute oral toxicity assessment revealed that the HWCE is not toxic (LD50 is greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight). In the acute hypolipidemic study, mice treated with the HWCE and its fractions exhibited a significant (P < 0.001) reduction in plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Importantly, immature carob aqueous extract was more effective in lowering mice hypercholesterolemia than its fractions. Indeed, mice fed the HFCD for 12 weeks showed a significant raise in plasma TC, TG and LDL-C, as well as in hepatic and fecal TC and TG levels. The HWCE at 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight significantly (P < 0.001) reversed the plasmatic levels of these lipid parameters, increased plasma HDL-C level, reduced hepatic lipids accumulation, but increased cholesterol level in the bile and fecal lipids excretion. The HWCE decreased also the atherogenic index, the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio and plasma glucose level after 12 weeks’ experiment. On the other hand, the HWCE was more effective in preventing mice lipoprotein-rich plasma oxidation than its fractions, with a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion: C. siliqua green fruits extract could be effective in preventing atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular complications through the inhibition of lipoprotein oxidation and cholesterol clearance.

Amelioration of experimental hyperlipidemia in rats by Portulaca oleracea Linn from Kashmir Himalaya

BackgroundTraditionally, Portulaca oleracea Linn. treats abscesses and dysentery as well as liver disease. Additionally, recent studies have reported its effectiveness as a neuroprotective, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, bronchodilator, anti-cancer, antioxidant, and curative, in addition to its pharmacological effects. Aim and ObjectiveTo assess the phytochemical constituents quantitatively & qualitatively and lipid-lowering potential of different extracts of Portulaca oleracea L. from Kashmir Himalaya. Methods: Portulaca oleracea L. was extracted with chloroform, methanol, and aqueous solvents. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening was carried and antihyperlipidemic activity was evaluated in experimental hyperlipidemic rats fed with cholesterol in coconut oil for 14 days. ResultsChloroform, methanol, and aqueous extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, sapon ins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, terpenes, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, proteins, and carbohydrates. Quantitatively the dried plant powder contains alkaloids 0.72 g%, saponins 1.0 g%, phenolics 1.09 g%, tannins 0.91 g%, carbohydrates 0.53 g%, proteins 0.25 g% and lipids 0.87 g%. The aqueous extract was found to decrease the plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, very lowdensity lipoprotein-cholesterol levels, LDL-C/HDL-C ratio and significantly elevated the high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels as compared to methanol and chloroform extracts against cholesterol-induced hyperlipidemic rats. ConclusionsThe results reveal that the Portulaca oleracea L. from the Kashmir region possesses alkaloids, saponins, phenolics, tannins, carbohydrates, proteins and lipids and aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea L. at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight possess highly significant antihyperlipidemic action than methanolic and chloroform extracts at similar doses.

Responses to graded levels of zinc amino acid complex in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient that plays a crucial role in fish development and physiology. This study aimed to evaluate the effects on growth and health in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) supplemented with graded levels of zinc amino acid complex (Zn-AA) and subjected to transport stress. Nile tilapia (21.78 ± 0.17g; (n = 12 fish per tank; stocking density of 1.045kg- 3) were fed with 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100mg Zn-AA kg- 1 (equivalent to 77.49, 102.69, 127.89, 153.09, or 178.29mg Zn kg- 1) in extruded diets (280g kg- 1 digestible protein; isoproteic and isocaloric) for 60 days. At the end of the experimental period, after growth performance measurements, the fish were transported by car for 3h, and blood collection was performed. The linear regression showed that the best growth performance (final weight, final biomass, weight gain, specific growth rate, and feed intake) was found in fish fed with 100mg Zn-AA kg diet- 1 (p < 0.05). The increased dietary Zn-AA increased linearly plasma triglyceride levels, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and leukocyte values and reduced plasma total protein, cholesterol (total and LDL), and aspartate aminotransferase levels (p < 0.05). According to quadratic regression, the highest plasma glucose and alanine aminotransferase values were found in the control group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, under the conditions of this study, 100mg Zn-AA kg diet- 1 is recommended for Nile tilapia as it can improve their growth, metabolism, physiology, and immunity.

Isolation of intake mediated effects demonstrate that the phenomic benefits of dietary omega-3 are nominal to Atlantic salmon when reared in a challenging (hypoxic) environment

The present study was designed to examine whether challenging environmental conditions (such as hypoxia) influence a fish's response to diet by changing responses to nutrient utilisation or down-regulation of appetite. To examine this, post-smolt Atlantic salmon (138.8 ± 0.65 g/fish; mean ± SD) were fed sub- (2.6% TFA; Ln3) and optimal (6.0% TFA; Hn3) levels of long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) when maintained under either normoxic (8.1 ± 0.6 mg/L) or hypoxic (6.8 ± 0.5 mg/L) environmental conditions. To control for the anticipated effects of hypoxia on appetite and food intake, two additional treatments included the two diets that were pair-fed to the same intake levels as in the hypoxic treatments. The reduction in dissolved oxygen was accompanied by an increase in dissolved CO2 and decline in seawater pH, with no change in total alkalinity. After 138 days of the study the fish increased their average weight to between 616 and 720 g/fish subject to treatment. Hypoxia had a significant negative impact on final weight and weight gain, and these were the result primarily of effects on feed intake. No effects of treatments on feed conversion were observed. Significant diet x oxygen interactions were observed on whole-body lipid levels, but no other proximate compositional parameters. Sub-clinical effects of hypoxia and ration on several plasma chemistry parameters were observed, but few responses were diet related. Hypoxia affected plasma total protein, cholesterol, and red blood cell counts. Diet digestibility was typically not affected by hypoxia or ration, though a range of diet related effects were evident. Nutrient retention data showed evidence of elongation and desaturation of dietary short-chain PUFA, with clear effects of diet affecting the deposition of both omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. This study builds on findings from earlier studies, but crucially now include controls for the feed intake effects to clarify the roles of hypoxia on the nutrient and intake mediated effects. As a result of these controls, it is now clearer that many of the phenomic responses to long-chain omega-3 by Atlantic salmon are nominal and are largely unaffected by challenging environmental conditions like hypoxia. The inclusion of a series of pair-fed treatments, matching the feed intake levels of corresponding hypoxic treatments, shows that the effects of n-3 LC-PUFA appear to be largely intake mediated effects for Atlantic salmon post-smolts.

Effectiveness of Pumpkin Juice and Butylated Hydroxyanisole Supplemented to Yogurt on Lipid Profile for Hypercholesterolemia Rats

Experimental animals with hypercholesterol will be fed yogurt fortified with concentrated pumpkin juice and the industrial antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and their health will be monitored. Rats were fed either a standard diet (T1), a high-fat diet (T2), or a high-fat diet (T3) supplemented with 2 ml of yogurt per day. Rats were also fed either a high-fat diet (T4) supplemented with 2 ml of yogurt per day fortified with concentrated pumpkin juice (T4), or a diet high in fat (T5) supplemented with 2 ml of yogurt per day fortified with the synthetic antioxidant Hypercholesterolemia in male rats as measured by plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and liver enzymes. Adult rats were fed by tube feeding and weighed, then randomized into five groups. One of the most notable findings was that hypercholesterolemia in animals resulted in a statistically significant increase (p0.05) in cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL-C concentrations compared to the control group, and a statistically significant decrease (p0.05) in HDL-C concentration. The experimental results showed that the groups given yogurt supplemented with pumpkin juice had significantly higher HDL concentrations and lower levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, AST, and ALT compared to the control group.

Cholesterol paradox in the community-living old adults: is higher better?

To evaluate the associations of lipid indicators and mortality in Beijing Elderly Comprehensive Health Cohort Study. A prospective cohort was conducted based on Beijing Elderly Comprehensive Health Cohort Study with 4499 community older adults. After the baseline survey, the last follow-up was March 31, 2021 with an average 8.13 years of follow-up. Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) with 95% CI for cardiovascular disease (CVD) death and all-cause death in associations with baseline lipid indicators. A total of 4499 participants were recruited, and the mean levels of uric acid, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) showed an upward trend with the increasing remnant cholesterol (RC) quarters (Ptrend < 0.05), while the downward trend was found in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). During the total 36,596 person-years follow-up, the CVD mortality and all-cause mortality during an average 8.13 years of follow-up was 3.87% (95% CI: 3.30%-4.43%) and 14.83% (95% CI: 13.79%-15.86%) with 174 CVD death participants and 667 all-cause death participants. After adjusting for confounders, the higher level of TC (HR = 0.854, 95% CI: 0.730-0.997), LDL-C (HR = 0.817, 95% CI: 0.680-0.982) and HDL-C (HR = 0.443, 95% CI: 0.271-0.724) were associated with lower risk of CVD death, and the higher level of HDL-C (HR = 0.637, 95% CI: 0.501-0.810) were associated with lower risk of all-cause death. The higher level of RC (HR = 1.276, 95% CI: 1.010-1.613) increase the risk of CVD death. Compared with the normal lipid group, TC ≥ 6.20 mmol/L group and LDL-C ≥ 4.10 mmol/L group were no longer associated with lower risk of CVD death, while RC ≥ 0.80 mmol/L group was still associated with higher risk of CVD death. In normal lipid group, the higher levels of TC, LDL-C and HDL-C were related with lower CVD death. In community older adults, higher levels of TC and HDL-C were associated with lower CVD mortality in normal lipid reference range. Higher RC was associated with higher CVD mortality, which may be a better lipid indicator for estimating the CVD death risk in older adults.