Extraction Of Total Phenolics Research Articles

Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Secondary Metabolites of Sphaeranthus indicus and Spathodea campanulata Flowers Extracts

Since the dawn of time, humans have used plants as a natural source for healing and remedies. Among these, medicinal herbs have gained popularity due to their widespread use and lack of negative side effects. The globe has seen a rise in plant study in recent years, and a tonne of data has been gathered to demonstrate the enormous potential of the therapeutic plants employed in many traditional systems. In this work, flower extracts of Sphaeranthus indicus and Spathodea campanulata from the Madhya Pradesh region of Bhopal were evaluated for their qualitative and quantitative phytochemical composition. The well-known test procedure described in the literature was used to determine the quantitative analysis of total phenolics and flavonoids as well as the qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents. Sphaeranthus indicus and Spathodea campanulata both included alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, fixed oils and lipids, flavonoids, and phenolics, according to phytochemical analyses. By using the Folins Ciocalteau reagent method and the aluminium chloride method, respectively, phenolic and flavonoid quantities were analysed quantitatively. The amount of total phenolics in the methanolic extract of the flowers of Sphaeranthus indicus and Spathodea campanulata was 18.23±0.16 and 217.00±0.916mg/gm, respectively. Flavonoids came in second with 164.10±0.52 and 79.33±3.511mg/gm. This research gave information that might be used to standardize and correctly identify this plant material. The wide range of phytochemicals found in the plant thus points to its medicinal potentials, which could be investigated in both traditional medicine and the drug manufacturing business.
 Keywords: Sphaeranthus indicus, Spathodea campanulata, Qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, Phytochemical analysis

Optimization of ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves by response surface methodology

Abstract The ultra-high pressure-assisted extraction (UHPE) of total phenols from Eucommia ulmoides leaves (TPEU) was optimized and its antioxidant activity on Eucommia ulmoides seed oil was studied. The effects of UHPE pressure, UHPE time, and ethanol concentration on the extraction yield of TPEU were examined by response surface methodology. In addition, TPEU was added to Eucommia ulmoides seed oil, and the effects of TPEU on the antioxidant activity (acid value, peroxide value) of Eucommia ulmoides seed oil during storage were studied. The optimal UHPE conditions were as follows: UHPE pressure, 406 MPa; UHPE time, 8.3 min; and ethanol concentration, 60.2%. Under these UHPE conditions, the yield of TPEU was 7.58%. TPEU had a good antioxidant effect when the TPEU content was 0.06%. The antioxidant effect of TPEU was lower than that of BHA. Both TPEU and BHA have a synergistic effect.

75 Development of a rapid screening assay for monitoring the relative nutritional value of pasture samples

Pasture with a high biodiversity has the potential to provide a balanced diet and year-round forage availability for grazing equids. Monitoring the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on the relative proportions of key nutrients in pasture could help to inform grazing strategies. Traditional wet chemistry forage analytical methods are labor-intensive and require large sample amounts, thereby limiting their usefulness for high sample throughput. To develop a high throughput screening assay, 3 different hydrolysis methods were compared, each allowing the simultaneous extraction of total hydrolyzable carbohydrates (THC), protein, and phenolics for subsequent spectrophotometric quantification using established microassays. Three pasture samples were collected from mixed species grassland plots (3m x 2m, SRUC Aberdeen, UK). These samples represented a diverse range of THC, protein, and phenolic contents and included high- and low-sugar perennial ryegrass and forage herbs plots (collected in June 2021) and a herbal ley plot (collected in August 2021). Freeze-dried and milled samples were extracted in triplicate and subjected to a range of hydrolysis conditions (Method 1: 2.4% H2SO4, 2 h at 100°C; Method 2: 3M HCl, 14 h at 100°C; Method 3: 2M HCl, 0.5 h at 95°C) before spectrophotometric quantification (Lever assay for reducing sugars,Ninhydrin assay for proteins, Fast Blue assay for phenolics). Solvent-matched calibration curves of Bovine serum albumin (BSA), gallic acid, and glucose/fructose standards were used to quantify analytes and evaluate optimal hydrolysis conditions for each analyte to maximize yield. Extractions were repeated across 3 consecutive days to assess reproducibility of each hydrolysis method. All 3 hydrolysis methods demonstrated a reproducibility and reliability > 99% for THC and phenolics across all samples. ANOVA (using SPSS: significance level set at P < 0.05) showed significant differences between the means of phenolics and THC concentrations for method 2 vs. method 1 (P = < 0.001) and method 2 vs. method 3 (P = 0.015). Method 3 was identified as most optimal for the quantification of THC and phenolics, resulting in analyte concentrations reflective of the expected seasonal and grass species differences in the samples. However, the short hydrolysis time of this method was not sufficient for optimal protein quantification as achieved by Method 2. Therefore, a combination of Method 2 and 3 was subsequently established and is undergoing further optimization to evaluate performance in a greater range of pasture samples.

Evaluation and Comparision of Total Phenolics, Total Flavonoids and Antioxidant Activity of A. Mexicana Aerial Parts in Different Solvents

The study's goal was to determine the total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of A. mexicana aerial parts. Extracts were prepared using different solvents namely n-hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, and water on basis of increasing polarity using soxhlet appratus. Aqueous extract from the flower contained the highest level of total phenolics, followed by that of the stem and leaves. The flower methanol extract was found to contain the most total flavonoids. With IC50 values of 24.98 g/ml in acetone extract, the stem component demonstrated the most DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity, followed by leaves with IC50 values of 36.29 g/ml in hexane extract and flowers with IC50 values of 38.33 g/ml in acetone extract. FTIR analysis showed that the presence of phenols and flavanoids. In different solvents, the DPPH free radical scavenging activity of aerial portions of A. mexicana varied greatly, and it increased with increasing concentration levels. In terms of antioxidant potency, higher amounts of total phenolics in aqueous extract, total flavonoids in methanol extract, and acetone extract were shown to be the most potent antioxidant. The aerial parts of A. mexicana have a considerable amount of flavanoids, phenolics, and antioxidant activity.

Polyphenols in Jabuticaba (Plinia spp.) Peel Flours: Extraction and Comparative Evaluation of FTIR and HPLC for Quantification of Individual Compounds

Jabuticabas are wild fruits native to Brazil, and their peels, the main residue from jabuticaba processing, contain significant amounts of bioactive compounds, which are mostly phenolics. Conventional methods based on the estimation of total extractable phenolics (TEP-Folin-Ciocalteau) or total monomeric anthocyanins (TMA) have limitations and may not reflect the actual antioxidant potential of these peels. Analytical methods, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), are more appropriate for the quantification of specific phenolics, and can be used as a reference for the construction of mathematical models in order to predict the amount of compounds using simple spectroscopic analysis, such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Therefore, the objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate the composition of specific polyphenols in flours prepared from jabuticaba peels and verify their correlation with TEP and TMA results from a previous study, and (ii) to employ FTIR coupled with chemometrics to predict the concentrations of these polyphenols in jabuticaba peel flours (JPFs) using HPLC as a reference method. Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), ellagic acid (EA) and delphinidin-3-glucoside (D3G) were the main polyphenols found in the samples. The C3G contents ranged from 352.33 mg/100 g (S10) to 1008.73 mg/100 g (S22), with a strong correlation to TMA (r = 0.97; p = 0.00) and a moderate correlation to TEP (r = 0.45; p = 0.02). EA contents ranged from 163.65 mg/100 g (S23) to 334.69 mg/100 g (S11), with a moderate to strong correlation to TEP (r = 0.69; p = 0.00). The D3G values ranged from 94.99 mg/100 g (S10) to 203.36 mg/100 g (S5), with strong correlations to TMA (r = 0.91; p = 0.00) and C3G levels (r = 0.92; p = 0.00). The developed partial least squares-PLS models based on FTIR data provided satisfactory predictions of C3G and EA levels, reasonably matching those of HPLC.

Total Flavonoid, Total Phenolic contents and Antioxidant activity of Methanol and n-hexane extract from purple passion fruit peel

The utilization of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. edulis Sims) is still focused on the fruit, while the passion fruit peel is still not widely applied. The passion fruit peel has the potential as an antioxidant. The polarity of solvents used in the extraction process can affect the antioxidant activity of a medicinal plant. This study aims to determine in vitro antioxidant activity using DPPH and total flavonoid and phenol content of methanol and n-hexane extract from purple passion fruit peel. The powder of purple passion fruit peel was extracted using the maceration method with methanol and n-hexane solvent and a ratio of 1:12. The total flavonoids and phenols from each extract were determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The in vitro antioxidant activity was performed using the 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method by determining inhibitory concentration (IC50) values. The results showed that methanol and n-hexane extract yields were 4.53% and 0.76%, respectively. Furthermore, the total phenolic content of 35.95mg GA E/g extract in purple passion fruit peel was higher than the total flavonoid content of 3.25mg QE/g extract. There was an absence of total flavonoids and total phenols in n-hexane extracts. The antioxidant activity assay using the DPPH method based on IC50 values showed that methanol extract (14.63mg/L) had better antioxidant activity than n-hexane extract (37.39mg/L). In conclusion, the results suggest that methanol and n-hexane extract from Passiflora edulis f. edulis Sims can decrease free radicals and could be used as a natural antioxidant.

Application of Green Technology to Extract Clean and Safe Bioactive Compounds from Tetradesmus obliquus Biomass Grown in Poultry Wastewater.

Microalgae are capable of assimilating nutrients from wastewater (WW), producing clean water and biomass rich in bioactive compounds that need to be recovered from inside the microalgal cell. This work investigated subcritical water (SW) extraction to collect high-value compounds from the microalga Tetradesmus obliquus after treating poultry WW. The treatment efficiency was evaluated in terms of total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), phosphate, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and metals. T. obliquus was able to remove 77% TKN, 50% phosphate, 84% COD, and metals (48-89%) within legislation values. SW extraction was performed at 170 °C and 30 bar for 10 min. SW allowed the extraction of total phenols (1.073 mg GAE/mL extract) and total flavonoids (0.111 mg CAT/mL extract) with high antioxidant activity (IC50 value, 7.18 µg/mL). The microalga was shown to be a source of organic compounds of commercial value (e.g., squalene). Finally, the SW conditions allowed the removal of pathogens and metals in the extracts and residues to values in accordance with legislation, assuring their safety for feed or agriculture applications.

Improvement of ultrasound-assisted extraction of polyphenolic content of the plant Cytisus triflorus L'Her as a natural resource using artificial neural network modeling and multi-objective optimization

The improvement of environmental performance of production processes is a critical problem right now. Processes that are effective in terms of productivity and environmental effects are the center of interest of researchers. This study established such a method for an ultrasound-assisted extraction procedure. The plant Cytisus triflorus L'Her was used to extract polyphenolic chemicals using ultrasound-assisted extraction as a quick, less energy consuming, high-yield technology. This work offers a new experimental planning approach using Artificial Neural Networks, that enables the extraction process to be optimized using multi-objective optimization in order to identify the best extraction conditions to obtain the maximum polyphenolic compounds possible. Advanced modeling using Artificial intelligence and statistical optimization techniques was used to determine the best combinations of ethanol concentration, extraction temperature and time for the maximum extraction of total phenols, total flavonoids, total flavonols, and total tannins. An artificial neural network (ANN) was used to build the models for each of the four goals, then they were multi-objectively optimized using a genetic algorithm technique. The maximum polyphenolic contents including TPC (4.986 ± 0.006 mg GA/g DE), TFC (14.026 ± 0.070 mg Q/g DE), TFolC (5.225 ± 0.010 mg R/g DE), and TTC (6.240 ± 0.021 mg C/g DE) were obtained using an extraction process under optimal conditions, which included a solvent concentration of 78%, an extraction temperature of 52 °C, and an extraction time of 55 min which were obtained using the MOO Pareto optimum solution selection approach Gray Relational Analysis GRA.

Ultrasonic extraction of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activities from Gymnema sylvestre

The study on ultrasonic extraction conditions aims to improve the yield of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity from the leaves of Gymnema sylvestre by response surface methodology (RSM). The experimental arrangement according to the Box - Benhken method, the optimal extraction conditions were established for total phenolic content (Y1, %), total flavonoid content (Y2, %), and antioxidant activity (Y3, %), with four factors, are extraction temperature (X1) ultrasonic time (X2) concentration of ethanol solvent (X3), and ultrasonic power (X4). According to the model, the optimal conditions for ultrasonic extraction to obtain the highest content of biologically active compounds are extraction temperature of 62oC, ultrasonic time of 50 minutes, solvent concentration of 55%, and ultrasonic power is 300 W. Under this condition, the total phenolic content was 21.2±0.5 mg GAE/g, the total flavonoid content was 8.2±0.15 mg CE/g, and the highest antioxidant activity was 72.5±0.5%.

Application of Doehlert Experimental Design for Optimization of a New-Based Hydrophilic Interaction Solid-Phase Extraction of Phenolic Acids from Olive Oils.

In this work, a rapid, precise, and cost-valuable method has been established to quantify phenolic compounds in olive oil using new-based hydrophilic interaction solid-phase extraction (SPE). Boehlert's experimental design applied the determination of the optimal operating conditions. An investigation into the effects of the methanol composition (50-100%), the volume of eluent (1-12 mL), and pH (1-3) on the extraction of phenols acids and total phenols from Tunisian olive oils was performed. The results showed that the extraction conditions had a significant effect on the extraction efficiency. The experiment showed that the greatest conditions for the SPE of phenolic acids were the methanol composition at 90.3%, pH at 2.9, and volume at 7.5 mL, respectively. The optimal conditions were applied to different types of olive oils, and it could be concluded that larger concentrations of polyphenols were found in extra virgin olive oil (89.15-218), whereas the lowest levels of these compounds (66.8 and 5.1) were found in cold-pressed crude olive oil and olive pomace oil, respectively.

Comparison of Proanthocyanidin- and Phenolic-Rich Extracts Derived from Pecan Shell and Husk as Elicitors of Induced Resistance Against Phytophthora capsici on Chile Pepper

The use of plant-derived secondary metabolites to induce disease resistance in plants has been well documented. In this study, total phenolics and total proanthocyanidins (PACs) were extracted from the shell and husk of pecan ( Carya illinoinensis) and quantified. Under greenhouse conditions, the extracts were foliarly applied to chile pepper ( Capsicum annuum, cultivar NM 6-4) to compare their ability to induce resistance in plants inoculated with a virulent isolate of Phytophthora capsici. Extractions yielded total phenolic contents of 673 ± 28 and 293 ± 24 mg/g dry weight (DW) for shell and husk and total PAC contents of 1,770.10 ± 158.62 and 901.30 ± 22.84 mg/g DW for shell and husk, respectively. Chile plants treated with total phenolic and PAC extracts from pecan husk or shell or 0.1% salicylic acid, a plant-defense hormone, remained asymptomatic throughout the study for 3 weeks, whereas plants treated with water, which served as a control, died. Both total phenolic and total PAC extracts derived from pecan byproducts can be used within a greenhouse setting as elicitors to induce resistance response in chile pepper against plant pathogens such as P. capsici.

Uticaj ekstrakta polka maline (Rubus idaeus L.) na inhibiciju korozije bronze

Plant extracts contain a large number of organic compounds, and one of the large groups of compounds present are phenolic compounds. Researchers have shown that a certain number of these compounds can be used as effective metal corrosion inhibitors. Plant extracts of raspberries (leaves, flowers, and fruit) were obtained by ultrasonic extraction using 96% ethanol as a solvent. The UV/Vis spectrophotometric method was used to determine the content of total phenols in plant extracts. Phenolic acids and flavonoids in plant extracts were separated and quantified using the HPLC method. Tafel extrapolation was used for electrochemical characteristics. The corrosion characteristics and behavior of bronze in 3% NaCl solution, with and without the presence of plant extracts were investigated. The content of total phenols in leaves was found to be 107.14±3.63 mg/g in flowers 148.99±9.02 mg/g and in fruits was 8.75±0.61 mg/g. Leaf extract in a concentration of 0.04828 g/L according to the Tafel extrapolation method provides the best protection for bronze in a 3% NaCl solution. The same concentration in the case of flower and fruit extracts proved to be the most favorable.

The influence of extraction temperature and time on antiradical activity and total phenolic extract of Ceciwis

In Indonesia, cruciferous cabbage is known as Ceciwis (Brassica oleracea var. capitata alba), a vegetable that can be consumed as a diet. Ceciwis is a member of the Brassica family, which has been shown to have chemo-preventive action. The existence of antioxidant activity confirms its efficacy. The existence of antioxidant activity confirms its efficacy. Further research is required. Antioxidant activity will undoubtedly be affected by the extraction procedure and circumstances. The objective o

Evaluasi Kadar Senyawa Fenolat, Flavonoid Total, serta Aktivitas Antioksidan Secara in vitro dalam Ekstrak Metanol Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr

Dayak onion bulbs are a plant originating from Kalimantan which has been used for generations to treat various diseases. This plant is quite easy to grow and develop in many places in Indonesia. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the methanol extract of Dayak onion bulbs based on the total of the phenolic and flavonoids contents and also the antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging ability, ferric reducing power and total antioxidant capacity. The results showed the total phenolic and flavonoid methanol extract of Dayak onion bulbs were 14.49 ± 1.42 mg GAE/g dry weight and 5.41 ± 1.01 mg QE/g dry weight, respectively. Antioxidant activity as measured by the DPPH, total antioxidant capacity, and ferric reduction assay with IC50 values of 16.95 ± 1.58 μg/mL, 24.22 ± 2.51 µg/mL, and 85.40 ± 16.88 µg/mL, respectively. These results suggest that the methanol extract of Dayak onion bulbs has potential bioactive compounds with good antioxidant activity and can be developed as an effective and safe source of natural compounds for functional food or herbal medicine.

Primula vulgaris'ten Sentezlenen Gümüş Nanopartiküllerin Antimikrobiyal ve Antioksidan Potansiyeli

In this study, biosynthesis and in vitro phytochemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of silver nanoparticles were investigated by using aqueous leaf, flower and root extracts of Primula vulgaris (P. vulgaris subsp. vulgaris). The synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were confirmed by color conversion and ultraviolet-visible (UV-visible) spectrophotometry. The appearance of a dark brown color and a UV absorption spectrum range at 440 nm confirmed the synthesized silver nanoparticles. The antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized from the leaf of P. vulgaris; S. aureus 25±1, S. epidermidis 20±1, P. aeruginosa 20±1, A. hydrophila 21±1, C. albicans 25±1, C. tropicalis 25±1, C. parapsilosis 22±1 and C. glabrata 20±1 mm zone diameter was determined. The most antimicrobial effect of P. vulgaris leaf aqueous extract; S. aureus 20±1, S. epidermidis 18±1, A.hydrophila 15±1, P. aeruginosa 12±2, C. albicans 18±1, C. glabrata 18±1, C.tropicalis15±2, and C. parapsilosis 15±2 mm zone diameter was revealed. The presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, protein, and carbohydrates was found to be higher in silver nanoparticles synthesized in the flower part of P. vulgaris, according to phytochemical screening. While saponins were detected in P. vulgaris root extracts, tannins and protein were detected in the leaf extract. The flower had the highest total phenolic extract content of the silver nanoparticle (29.08±0 mg GAE/g DW), while the leaf and root had the lowest total phenolic content of 9.06±0.5 and 8.64±3.3 mg GAE/g DW, respectively. The flower had the highest total phenolic extract content of the plant aqueous extracts (25.10±0.2 mg GAE/g DW), while the leaf and root had the lowest (8.28±0.5 and 5.20±0.0 mg GAE/g DW, respectively).The DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil) assay was used to assess free radical scavenging activity. The antioxidant activity of AgNPs biosynthesized using P. vulgaris flower extract was 90.6 %, while P. vulgaris flower aqueous extracts were 86.3 %. This can be concluded that silver nanoparticles synthesized using P. vulgaris flower extract are useful in the preparation of pharmacologically useful drugs.

Optimisation of Total Phenolic Compound Extraction and Antioxidant Activity from Dried Inflorescence of Ammi Visnaga Using Mixture Design and Triangular Surfaces

Optimisation of Total Phenolic Compound Extraction and Antioxidant Activity from Dried Inflorescence of Ammi Visnaga Using Mixture Design and Triangular Surfaces

Ultrasound-Assisted Water Extraction of Gentiopicroside, Isogentisin, and Polyphenols from Willow Gentian "Dust" Supported by Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin as Cage Molecules.

The residue after sieving ("dust") from the willow gentian underground parts is an unexploited herbal tea by-product, although it contains valuable bioactive compounds. Cyclodextrins as efficient green co-solvents, cage molecules, and multifunctional excipients could improve the extraction and contribute to the added value of the resulting extracts. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal conditions for the extraction of gentiopicroside, isogentisin, and total phenolics (TPC) from willow gentian "dust" using ultrasound-assisted water extraction coupled with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD). The influence of extraction temperature (X1: 20-80 °C), time (X2: 20-50 min), and HPβCD concentration (X3: 2-4% w/v) was analyzed employing the response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal extraction conditions for simultaneously maximizing the extraction yield of all monitored responses were X1: 74.89 °C, X2: 32.57 min, and X3: 3.01% w/v. The experimentally obtained response values under these conditions (46.96 mg/g DW for gentiopicroside, 0.51 mg/g DW for isogentisin, and 12.99 mg GAE/g DW for TPC) were in close agreement with those predicted, thus confirming the suitability and good predictive accuracy of the developed RSM models. Overall, the developed extraction system could be an applicable alternative strategy to improve the extraction of bioactive compounds from the underutilized "dust" of willow gentian underground parts.

Comparison between Ultrasonic Bath and Sonotrode Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Mango Peel By-Products

Phenolic compounds present in mango peel byproducts have been reported to have several beneficial health properties. In this study, we carried out an optimization of phenolic compounds using ultrasound-assisted extraction via ultrasonic bath and sonotrode. To optimize the variables of extraction, a Box–Behnken design was used to evaluate the best conditions to obtain high total phenolic compound extraction and high antioxidant activity evaluated by different methods (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP). The optimal ultrasonic bath conditions were 45% ethanol, 60 min, and 1/450 ratio sample/solvent (w/v) whereas optimal sonotrode conditions were 55% ethanol, 18 min, and 65% amplitude. The extracts obtained at the optimal conditions were characterized by HPLC–ESI-TOF-MS. A total of 35 phenolic compounds were determined and, to our knowledge, several of them were tentatively identified for the first time in mango peel. The samples were composed mainly by phenolic acids derivatives, specifically of galloylglucose and methylgallate, which represented more than 50% of phenolic compounds of mango peel byproducts. In conclusion, sonotrode is a valuable green technology able to produce enriched phenolic compound extracts from mango peel byproducts that could be used for food, nutraceutical, and cosmeceutical applications.

The Effect of Lactic Acid Fermentation on Extraction of Phenolics and Flavonoids from Sage Leaves

This work analysed the effect of spontaneous fermentation of sage leaves on the release and extraction of flavonoid and phenolic compounds. Chemical profiling based on thin-layer chromatography was used to compare different extracts from two sage species, common sage (Salvia officinalis) and white sage (Salvia apiana). Non-fermented Salvia apiana extracts are richer in antioxidants, phenolics, and terpenoids. Fermentation significantly enhances extraction of total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidants only from Salvia officinalis leaves, while it does not affect extraction from Salvia apiana leaves. In each 20 µL of extract, extraction of polyphenolics increases from 6.55 to 21.01 µg gallic acid equivalents (GAE), anti-oxidants from 0.68 to 2.12 µg GAE, and flavonoid content from 48.01 to 65.33 µg RE (rutin equivalents). Higher antioxidant activity in fermented Salvia apiana ethyl acetate extracts is associated with an increased concentration of phenolics and phenolic terpenoids. However, in Salvia officinalis, the higher antioxidant activity of fermented extract is a result of the release and improved extraction of flavonoids, as there is no increase in the extraction of phenolics. Lactic acid produced via fermentation and proline from Salvia officinalis leaves forms a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES), which significantly increases the solubility of flavonoids.

Extraction, Identification and Quantification of Bioactive Compounds from Globe Artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus)

This study looked at the best conditions for extracting bioactive compounds from globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus), such as total phenolics, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and inulin. The obtained results showed that the optimum conditions for extraction of total phenolics and flavonoids from receptacle and bracts of artichoke, when applying maceration at room temperature, with 70% methanol for 4 h. Genstin was the major phenolic compound (57.86 and 25.6 mg/100 g DM) in artichoke receptacle and bracts, respectively. The highest content of ascorbic acid extracted from artichoke parts was obtained using 1% citric acid solution at 25 °C. In addition, the optimum conditions for extraction of inulin were autoclave at 120 °C for 15 min. The most abundant essential amino acids were aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine and tyrosine), followed by valine, lysine, and leucine but sulfur amino acids were the limited amino acids found in the artichoke parts. Our results also suggested that bioactive compounds from artichoke extracts might have a promising future in the management of oxidative stress on the gastrointestinal tract and recommended as an attractive ingredient for developing functional food.