Total Phenolic Components Research Articles

PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILING BY LC-ESI-MS/MS AND DETERMINATION OF ANTIOXIDANT, ANTI-ALZHEIMER AND ANTITYROSINASE ACTIVITIES OF TWO ASPARAGACEAE SPECIES: Scilla hyacinthoides L. AND Scilla ingridiae SPETA

In this study, in vitro antioxidant, antialzheimer and antityrosinase activity, total phenolic and flavonoid components, chemical profiling, identified by LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis and also chemometric analysis, of two different parts of Scilla species (Scilla hyacinthoides L. and Scilla ingridiae Speta) were determined in detailed perspective. The highest contents of total phenolics and total flavonoids were determined in S1TU (S. hyacinthoides aerial parts) extract (11.72 µg GAE/mg) and S2TU (S. ingridiae aerial parts) extract (31.53 µg QE/mg). The highest ABTS and CUPRAC activities were found in S1TU and S2TU extracts. The inhibitory activities of the extracts on the enzyme acetylcholinesterase were investigated. S1TU and S2TU extracts again showed the highest activity. Although the antirosinase enzyme inhibitory activities of the extracts were generally similar and high, the S2TA extract (S.ingridiae corm parts) showed the highest activity. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was used to determine the content of phenolic components of the extracts. Fourteen different bioactive components were determined in the analyzes and their amounts were measured. The data obtained were analyzed chemometrically such as pricipal component analysis (PCA),hierarchical comoponent analysis (HCA) and their relationships to each other were supported visually and numerically with Pearson correlation graphs, heat maps, etc. The research results have shown that the various components of the plant have a good effect on various biological activities, so that it can be used for various purposes in the future (especially with a good degree of antityrosinase activity), taking into account the results. The biological activities demonstrated here can rationalize the use of the plant in traditional medicine.

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolics from Satureja hortensis L. and Antioxidant Activity: Response Surface Methodology Approach

The extract of the plant species Satureja hortensis L. (often used as traditional ethno-therapy and in food processing) was prepared using the ultrasonic extraction technique, and contains a large quantity of secondary metabolites, with scientific evidence for antioxidant, antimicrobial, sedative, antispastic and antidiarrheal activities. Process optimization was carried out using a mathematical–statistical method (response surface methodology—RSM), which models and examines the effects of three levels and three variables on the observed response. The investigated responses were the content of total phenolic components (TPC) and total flavonoids (TFC), as well as tests of antioxidant activity at the level of radicals. The independent variables were ethanol concentration (40–80%), temperature (40–80 °C) and the liquid–solid ratio (10–30 mL/g). Results from this study were entered into a second-degree polynomial with multiple non-linear regression. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to find the most favorable environment for assessing the model’s performance and effectiveness with an ethanol concentration of 20%, temperature of 80 °C and LSR of 21.4 mL/g. ANOVA assessed the model’s significance, and a second-order polynomial model described the relationships between variables and responses. Diagnostic plots confirmed the model’s adequacy and reliability. The estimated values were 4.11 mg chlorogenic acid equivalents per gram of dry weight (CEA/g), 2.18 mg of rutin equivalents per gram of dry weight (RE/g), and 0.030 mg/mL and 0.030 mg/mL for TPC, TFC, IC50 and EC50, respectively. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) examination revealed that the prominent substance in the tested extract is rosmarinic acid (46,172 µg/mL), followed by chlorogenic acid (1519 µg/mL).

Characterization, Antioxidant Capacity, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Polyphenol-Enriched Extracts Obtained from Unripe, Mature, and Overripe Fruits of Red-Fleshed Kiwifruit Cultivars.

Discarded unripe kiwifruits (DUKs) are regarded as the major agro-byproducts in the production of kiwifruits, which have abundantly valuable secondary metabolites. Nevertheless, owing to the limited knowledge about the differences in phytochemicals and bioactivity between DUKs and mature kiwifruits, the utilization of DUKs in the food industry remains scarce. Hence, to promote their food applications, the phenolic compounds and bioactivity of discarded unripe, mature, and overripe fruits from three red-fleshed kiwifruit cultivars were studied and compared. The results revealed that the levels of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and total procyanidins in kiwifruits varied significantly by maturity stage. In addition, our findings demonstrated that DUKs possessed much higher contents of valuable phenolic compounds (e.g., chlorogenic acid (CHA), neochlorogenic acid (NCHA), gallic acid (GA), protocatechuic acid (PA), procyanidin B1 (ProcB1), procyanidin B2 (ProcB2), procyanidin C1 (ProcC1), quercetin 3-O-glucoside (QueG), and quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside (QueR)) than mature and overripe kiwifruits. Furthermore, DUKs exerted much stronger in vitro antioxidant capacity, inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase, and anti-inflammatory activity than mature and overripe kiwifruits, which were mainly attributed to their higher contents of total polyphenols and individual phenolic components, such as GA, CHA, NCHA, PA, ProcB1, ProcB2, ProcC1, and QueR. Overall, these findings provide sufficient evidence for the development and utilization of DUKs in the food/functional food industry.

Effect of seed priming with polyethylene glycol, distilled water, and sorbitol on physical, chemical quality parameters, and nodule microbiota of lentil.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different seed priming solutions on physical and chemical quality parameters of lentils as well as nodule bacterial diversity before sowing. Therefore, lentil seeds were treated with polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) (15%), sorbitol (6%), and distilled water, and none pretreated lentils (Lens culinaris) were used as control. The seeds were kept in these solutions for 24h, then dried on toweling paper for 24h, and used for the experiment. For nodule microbiota analysis, the plant root was divided into two equal parts, upper and lower, according to the root length and all nodules were collected from each region. According to the results, it was observed that emergence and flowering started late in the control compared to other seed priming treatments. Sorbitol application was found to provide advantages in terms of germination and seedling development. PEG and distilled water (DW) treatments showed an increase in total phenolic component activity; however, no significant change was observed in DPPH radical scavenging activity. Amplicon-based metagenomic analysis revealed that sorbitol and distilled water were the seed priming solutions altering the species diversity, especially Rhizobium sp. as the genus. In the comparison of samples taken from different parts of the root nodules, more Rhizobium sp. as a genus and Rhizobium leguminosarum as the species were found in the nodules collected from the top of the root. According to the overall results of lentil pod, lentil plant, and microbiota, sorbitol and DW can be considered to be a good priming solutions.

The Effect of Different Harvest Times on Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity in Some Microgreens

Microgreens, which have only become popular during the last decades, are rich in phytochemicals, including phenolic compounds, which act as antioxidants. The study aimed to examine the effects of two different harvest times (cotyledon [embryonic leaves] and 1.5-true leaf stage) of five microgreens on the bioactive compounds in terms of antioxidant capacity and total phenolics. The total phenolic components ranged from 60.9 to 2153.2 mg GAE g-1 in cotyledon leaves, whereas the value varied from 96.2 to 2113.9 mg GAE g-1 in the true leaves of microgreens. Increases in the phenolic content of the first true leaves in dill and chia were detected as 57.8% and 29.6% compared to the cotyledon leaf. Among the cotyledon microgreens, the maximum phenolic content was detected in the garden cress. The antioxidant capacity of the cotyledon and true leaf stages ranged between 485.4±2.3-1985.67±24.9 µg g-1 and 508.87±5.3-2393.56±12.6 µg g-1, respectively. The maximum antioxidant capacity was detected in radish, followed by garden cress. The biggest variation between the cotyledon and first true leaves in the study was observed for red beetroot. This study revealed the alteration in the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of five cultivars based on growth stages of cotyledonary and true leaves in microgreen form.

Exploring for HPLC-MS/MS Profiles and Biological Activities of Different Extracts from Allium lycaonicum Siehe ex Hayek from Turkey Flora.

The present study was designed to determine the phenolic constituents, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibition activities of aerial parts and bulbs of Allium lycaonicum (family Amaryllidaceae). Extracts were prepared by maceration and Soxhlet/infusion using hexane, methanol, and water as extraction solvents. Generally, extracts from the aerial parts showed higher total phenolic and individual components and antioxidant activity than their respective bulb extracts. Maceration with water was the best to extract total phenolic content from the aerial parts (29.00 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g), while the Soxhlet extraction with hexane (22.29 mg GAE/g) was the best for the bulb. Maceration with methanol recovered the highest total flavonoid content from both the aerial parts (41.95 mg (rutin equivalents (RE)/g) and bulb (1.83 mg RE/g). Polar extracts of aerial parts were characterized by higher abundance of kaempferol-3-glucoside (≤20,624.27 µg/mg), hyperoside (≤19,722.76 µg/g), isoquercitrin (≤17,270.70 µg/g), delphindin-3,5-diglucoside (≤14,625.21 µg/g), and rutin (≤10,901.61 µg/g) than the bulb. Aerial parts' aqueous extract, prepared by maceration, exerted the highest anti-ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical activity (64.09 mg trolox equivalents (TE)/g), Cu++ (83.03 mg TE/g) and Fe+++ (63.03 mg TE/g) reducing capacity while that prepared by infusion recorded the highest anti-DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical (31.70 mg TE/g) and metal chelating (27.66 mg EDTAE/g) activities. The highest total antioxidant activity (1.46 mmol TE/g) was obtained by maceration of the bulb with water. Extracts obtained by organic solvents showed remarkable enzyme inhibition properties against the tested enzymes. Soxhlet extraction of the bulb with hexane and methanol recorded the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibition (4.75 mg galanthamine equivalents (GALAE)/g) and tyrosinase inhibition (139.95 mg kojic acid equivalents/g) activities, respectively. Extracts obtained by maceration of the bulb with methanol and the aerial parts with hexane exerted the highest glucosidase inhibition (3.25 mmol acarbose equivalents/g) and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition (20.99 mg GALAE/g) activities, respectively. These data indicated that A. lycaonicum is a source of bioactive molecules with potential antioxidant and enzyme inhibition properties. Nonetheless, the extracts obtained through various solvents and extraction techniques showed variations in their phytoconstituent composition and biological properties.

Chemical composition of Dracocephalum kotschyi and Origanum majorana hydrosols and their effect as a natural preservative on the quality of fresh-cut broccoli during storage

Dracocephalum kotschyi and Origanum majorana hydrosols, as a beneficial by-product of steamed-distilled essential oil (EO), are consumed for treating fresh-cut broccoli. The effect of two independent variables, the concentration of hydrosols (50-100%) and the portion of Origanum majorana hydrosol to the sum of Dracocephalum kotschyi and Origanum majorana hydrosol (0-100%) on maintaining the quality of fresh-cut broccoli (content of moisture, L-ascorbic acid, and total phenolic components, antioxidant activity, textural and color features, and microbiological properties) after 14 days of storage at 4°C was assessed and modeled through response surface methodology. Origanum majorana hydrosol was effective in preserving the firmness, color, and ascorbic acid content of fresh-cut broccoli. Origanum majorana hydrosol was more efficient at reducing the mesophilic and fungal populations, while Dracocephalum kotschyi hydrosol was effective in controlling the psychrophilic and lactobacillus count. Increasing the concentration of hydrosols decreased the mesophilic count; however, it had no considerable effect on the psychrophilic, lactobacillus, and fungal populations of the product. Optimum levels of independent variables considering the microbial and physicochemical properties of the product were 47.9% portion of Origanum majorana hydrosol, 52.1% portion of Dracocephalum kotschyi hydrosol, and 73.93% concentration of hydrosols. A comparison of the optimal and control samples’ characteristics revealed that treatment of fresh-cut broccoli with appropriate concentration and the portion of the hydrosols postponed the microbial spoilage and textural, colorimetric, and nutritional changes of fresh-cut broccoli during 20 days of storage.

Changes in bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, and polyphenols of red beetroots dehydrated in oven, microwave, and infrared systems

AbstractBackroundThe antioxidant capacity of red beetroot has an important role in promoting human health and preventing degenerative diseases and cancer. Beetroot and colorful root vegetables are rich in phenol compounds with antioxidant properties.ResultsIn this study, changes in total phenolic and flavonoid amounts and antioxidant activities and phenolic constituents of red beets heated in oven, microwave (MW), and infrared (IR) systems were investigated. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the red beetroots heated in oven, MW, and IR were determined between 327.85 (IR) and 619.27 mg GAE/100 g (oven) to 674.03 (IR) and 1089.24 mg/100 g (MW), respectively. Also, the antioxidant activity values of dehydrated red beet samples varied between 0.02 (IR) and 4.73 mmol/kg (Oven). The values of total phenolic, total flavonoid values, and antioxidant activities of the red beet samples were most affected by infrared. Gallic acid and 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid amounts of red beet samples were identified between 47.54 (Oven) and 438.65 mg/100 g (MW) to 15.98 (IR) and 45.44 mg/100 g (MW), respectively. Also, the highest p‐coumaric acid (8.50 mg/100 g), ferulic acid (6.26 mg/100 g), resveratrol (2.55 mg/100 g), quercetin (4.69 mg/1000 g), cinnamic acid (0.21 mg/100 g), and kaempferol (0.64 mg/100 g) were established in red beets dehydrated in MW system.ConclusionWhen the red beet is desired to be rich in total phenolic and total flavonoid components, conventional and microwave oven cooking should be preferred, respectively. The phenolic components of the red beets dehydrated in the microwave were found to be high (except caffeic acid) compared with oven and IR.

Antitumor Activity of Ziziphus Jujube Fruit Extracts in KG-1 and NALM-6 Acute Leukemia Cell Lines

Background: Ziziphus jujube Mill. belongs to the Rhamnaceae family. It has been reported to have a variety of biological activities such as antitumor, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. This study investigates the antiproliferative effect of Ziziphus jujube on KG-1 and NALM-6 acute leukemia cell lines.
 Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, the aqueous, ethyl acetate, and hydroalcoholic extracts of the Ziziphus jujube were prepared. Total phenolic and flavonoid components were detected because the presence of these compounds is associated with antioxidant and anticancer effects. Different concentrations of extracts were prepared, and KG-1 and NALM-6 cell lines were treated with them at 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours. Cell viability and IC50 values of the extracts were calculated using MTT assays. BD Cycle TEST PLUS DNA Kit was used for cell cycle progression analysis. Bcl2, Bax, and caspase-3 mRNA expressions were also assessed.
 Results: Cell viability decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. The best efficacy belonged to the ethyl acetate extract. Investigation of cell cycle progression demonstrated that the number of G0/G1 cells enhanced and the number of G2/M cells decreased when the ethyl acetate extract was applied in its IC50 concentration. A considerable increase in Caspase-3 and Bax and a decrease in Bcl2 gene expression were detected in molecular examination.
 Conclusion: According to our research, Ziziphus jujube ethyl acetate extract has antitumor properties on KG-1 and NALM-6 cell lines, possibly through induction of apoptosis and cell cycle regulation.

Comparative Investigation of Drying and Quality Characteristics of Organic and Conventional Black Carrots Dried by Intermittent Microwave and Hot Air

The quality of agricultural crops is influenced by growing conditions and post-harvest processes, including drying. Moreover, the total phenolic and total antioxidant content in the product's structure and composition can be either positively or negatively affected by the heat treatments applied during drying. Additionally, the specific growing conditions and methods of water removal can lead to the development of distinct drying characteristics. There was no study comparing the drying kinetics and quality parameters of organic (OBC) and conventional (CBC) black carrot in the literature studies. In this study were aimed that mathematically modelling the drying kinetics for OBC and CBC with IMW (150, 300, 450 W) and HA (60, 70, 80°C), determining their differences and evaluating the effects of methods on quality properties. The results showed that L* and ΔE values of the final products increased significantly by increasing the power and temperature levels applied during drying and the powder samples were lighter in color compared to the fresh samples. The total phenolic and total antioxidant capacity values were higher in fresh OBC samples compared to the conventional variety. This result shows that OBC is superior to the CBC in terms of higher total phenolic and total antioxidant content. The activation energy (Ea) values of OBC and CBC dried by IMW and HA were calculated as 8.41x10-3; 8.40x10-3 Wg-1 and 25.50; 19.72 kJ mol-1, respectively. The Logistic and Verma were the best fit models for describing IMW and HA drying kinetics, respectively. The samples obtained with IMW drying, which resulted in a shorter drying time, were more effect in terms of preserving and increasing the total phenolic and antioxidant content compared to dried samples with HA. The results showed that that the temperature/power levels applied to the products during the drying process, thus the drying times and the methods of removing moisture from the product are effective in the preservation of the total phenolic components.

Nutritional and chemical composition of Alpinia zerumbet leaves, a traditional functional food

Alpinia zerumbet, a species of the Zingiberaceae family, is a common plant in tropical and subtropical areas used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases and also included as food in the traditional Okinawan diet (Japan). The leaves and rhizomes of this plant are used as spice and flavoring in foods such as rice, meats, and pasta. Studies of the chemical and nutritional characteristics of fresh leaves and of leaves submitted to thermal treatments such as boiling and steaming are lacking. In the current study, the leaves of A. zerumbet were subjected to boiling or steaming for 10, 20, and 30 min as part of the thermal treatments. The study also provides noteworthy results regarding the proximate composition, physical–chemical data, minerals, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, volatile compounds, and LC-MS chromatographic profiles of the extracts produced with fresh leaves and with thermal treatments. The carbohydrate content of A. zerumbet leaves improved during the thermal treatments, showing an increase after steaming (18.86 to 19.79%) and boiling for 30 min (25.85%). After boiling treatment for 20 min, a significant amount of protein was found (6.79%) and all heat treatments resulted in low content of lipid (<1.0%). The boiling treatment for 10 min (BT10) resulted in the highest concentrations of total phenolic components (TPC), 339.5 mg/g, and flavonoids (TF), 54.6 mg/g, among the three thermal treatments (BT10, BT20 and BT30). The results of the steaming treatments (ST 10, 20, and 30 min) differed, with ST20 leading to higher TPC (150.4 mg/g) and TF (65.0 mg/g). The quantity of total phenolics and flavonoids, as well as the antioxidant activity, were significantly affected by the cooking method and the length of time of sample exposure to heat. The samples boiled for 30 and 10 min had higher concentrations of antioxidant activity as measured by the phosphomolybdenum and DPPH methods (151.5 mg/g of extract and 101.5 μg/mL, respectively). Thirty-eight volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified by chromatographic analysis of fresh and thermally treated leaves of A. zerumbet. Terpenoids were the predominant class of volatile compounds in the fresh leaves and in all thermal treatments. p-Cymene, 1,8-cineole, 4-terpineol, linalool, α-copaene and β-bisabolene have the greatest impact on overall aroma perception, with odor activity values (OAV) greater than five. Among the phenolic compounds identified by LC-HRMS in the extracts of fresh and thermally treated leaves were proanthocyanidins, (+) catechin, (−) epicatechin, quercetin-3-O-glucoronide, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoronide, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, pinocembrin, alpinetin, pinostrobin, and other compounds. The present results support the traditional use of this plant as a potential food with properties that certainly contribute to health improvement.

In vitro production of steroidal saponin, total phenols and antioxidant activity in callus suspension culture of Paris polyphylla Smith: an important Himalayan medicinal plant.

Paris polyphylla Smith (Melanthiaceae) family, which is native to the Himalayan region, has received a lot of attention recently due to its extensive history of usage in traditional medicine. The production of steroidal saponin from callus suspension cultures of P. polyphylla was observed in the current study. The current study attempted to develop a P. polyphylla plant callus suspension culture through optimization of cultivation technique for callus suspension, quantification of total phenolic components and estimation of the extract's antioxidant activity. A light-yellow callus was formed within six weeks of cultivating rhizomes on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with Thidiazuron (TDZ). Furthermore, the effect of TDZ, Methyl Jasmonate (MeJA), and Yeast Extract (YE) on callus growth, steroidal saponin (dioscin and diosgenin), total phenolic content, total flavonoids, total tannin, and total antioxidant activity was also measured. The medium containing 0.5 μM TDZ depicted the maximum callus biomass (2.98 g fresh weight). Significantly high phenolic and tannin content was observed in the MS medium containing 50 μM MeJA, whereas, no significant increase was observed in total tannin production in any treatment. Three in vitro assays, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid)) and FRAP (ferric ion reducing antioxidant potential) and FC (Folin-Ciocalteu), were used to assess antioxidant potential of callus. Maximum antioxidant analysis reported in 1.0 μM TDZ (6.89 mM AAE/100 g) containing medium followed by 50 μM MeJA (6.44 mM AAE/100g). The HPLC analysis showed a high presence of dioscin and diosgenin (5.43% and 21.09%, respectively) compared to the wild sample (2.56% and 15.05%, respectively). According to the results, callus produced on media supplemented with 50 μM MeJA have significant phenolic contents and elevated antioxidant activity; nevertheless, callus growth was greater in the presence of 0.5 μM TDZ. The findings of the current study have commercial implications since greater biomass production will result in active phytochemicals that the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical sectors are in need desperately.

Effect of different fermentation conditions on bioactive properties, phenolic component and sensory properties of caper (Capparis ovata desf. var. ovata) buds

In this study, the antioxidant activities of caper buds, total phenolic acid content, carotenoid, flavonoid, phenolic components and total phenolic acid content of caper buds after fermentation of caper flower buds in separately 10% brine (NaCl2) containing 5% flower honey, 5% pine honey, 5% granulated sugar and 5% glucose syrup and to reveal their sensory properties were investigated. The difference of this study from other studies is the use of honey, glucose and saccharide (sugar) in addition to the use of salt in lactic acid fermentation, the main difference being the use of caper buds and the innovation. Total carotenoid contents of raw (control) and fermented caper buds were determined between 0.27 µg/g (Glucose supplemented) and 9.40 µg/g (control (raw)). In addition, the total phenolic content of raw and fermented caper buds was measured between 106.45 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g (raw) and 231.07 mg GAE/100 g (with added sugar), while the total flavonoid values of raw and fermented caper buds are determined between 242.26 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/100 g (raw) to 453.48 mg QE/100 g (sugar added). In addition, antioxidant activity values of raw and fermented caper buds were measured between 6.04 mmol trolox equivalent (TE)/kg (with added salt) and 7.75 mmol TE/kg (with added sugar). Gallic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and catechin were the dominant phenolic components of raw and fermented caper buds. Caper buds fermented in brine with added sugar and glucose were the most appreciated.

Comparative analysis of physicochemical characteristics, bioactive components, and volatile profile of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus)

This study provides a detailed report on the physicochemical, bioactive components, and volatile profiles of diverse sour cherry ( Prunus cerasus) cultivars to identify the cultivar(s) containing high health-promoting components. Physiological characteristics (fruit weight, size dimensions, moisture, color attributes, total soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, maturity index, nutritional bioactive components (total phenolic, total anthocyanin content, and total flavonoids), antioxidant activity, and volatile profile of 10 sour-cherry cultivars, consisting of dark red Morello type and clear fruit flesh Amarelle type, were studied. The total phenolic content was in the range of 123.24–289.91 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g FW (fresh weight), total flavonoids (1340.23–2831.91 mg quercetin equivalent/100 g FW), and total anthocyanins (225.43–485.66 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent (CGE)/100 g FW) in different sour-cherry cultivars, showing significant diversity in such health-promoting compounds. In vitro antioxidant activity assessed by ferric reducing antioxidant potential was observed in the range of 658.18–1483.37 mg Trolox equivalent (TE)/100 g FW and by 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) at 384.36 and 931.85 mg TE/100 g FW. A total of 10 phenolic components, including five hydroxycinnamic acids, three flavonoids (flavanols), and one anthocyanin, have been identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Hydroxycinnamic acids represented 40%–60% of total phenolic components, while flavonoids and anthocyanins amounted to 20% each in total phenolic composition. The volatile profile of sour-cherry cultivars revealed that aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, esters, monoterpenes, acids, sugars, and hydrocarbons were the predominant volatiles present in sour cherry.

Ultrasonic assisted propolis extraction: characterization by ATR-FTIR and determination of its total antioxidant capacity and radical scavenging ability

In the current study, ultrasonic assisted ethanolic extract of propolis was discussed in detail, including their total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity and radical scavenging capacity. For this purpose, we determined the total antioxidant capacity of propolis extract by CUPRAC and FRAP) assay. At the same time, the free radical scavenging capacity of propolis extracts was investigated via the DPPH• and CUPRAC- hydroxyl radical scavenging (HRS) methods. The chemical constituents of propolis extract were characterized by ATR-FTIR. The results revealed that propolis is rich in total phenolic components (189 mg GAE /g extract). According to the CUPRAC assay, the total antioxidant capacity of propolis extract was calculated to be 2.43 ± 0.07 mmol TE/g-propolis extract. FRAP value of propolis extract was determined as 1.11 mmol TE/g-propolis extract. DPPH• scavenging activity of propolis extract was calculated to be 0.71± 0.002 mmol TE / g - extract. On the other hand, according to the CUPRAC method, HRS capacity of propolis extract at different concentrations (5-10 μg/mL) was determined as 68.1% and 77.64 %, respectively. Research findings showed that propolis extract has a strong radical scavenging potential. The FTIR spectra of the functional groups originating from the phenolic compounds in the propolis extract were as expected.

The Antioxidant Capacity of Monofloral Eucalyptus Flower Honey and Weed Honey Obtained from Jerash and Al-Zarqa Jordanian Governorates

Honey contains natural antioxidants that can help to get rid of free radicals and improve our health. The antioxidant capacity of honey is determined by its chemical makeup. The antioxidant capacity of Monofloral honey, including Eucalyptus flower honey and Weed honey obtained from different Jordanian governorates (Jerash and al-Zarqa) were examined using the phenolic contents (GAE), DPPH free radical scavenging test (%), and Ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay (FRAP). The Folin–Ciocalteu assay was used to assess the total phenol components in terms of the Gallic acid equivalent (GAE) in mg/g. Results showed that the Eucalyptus flower honey, and weeds honey both obtained from Jerash governorate followed by weeds honey obtained from Al-Zarqa governorate have the highest phenolic contents among the honey samples with the values of (10.6734 + 0.006) mg/g, (10.43889 + 0.012) mg/g and (10.1345+ 0.004) mg/g; respectively. The DPPH scavenging assay as compared to BHT scavenging (reference control) 59.61%, has demonstrated that the eucalyptus flower honey obtained from Al-Zarqa governorate and weeds honey obtained from Jerash governorate have exhibited the highest DPPH scavenging among honey samples with the values (12.8734+ 0.008)% and (11.5635+ 0.006)% respectively. Moreover, the reducing power tests of the reference compound ascorbic acid (0.751 mg/ml) have demonstrated that the weeds honey and eucalyptus honey both obtained from Jerash governorate have exhibited the highest reducing power with values of (15.8857+ 0.002) mg/ml and (16.8787+ 0.004) mg/ml respectively. It is important to note that honey has varying levels of antioxidant activity depending on its source and content.&nbsp

Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Phenolic Component Analysis of Some Edge Medicinal Plants

Objective: The plants, which grow wild in the Eastern Anatolia Region and are known as kari (Arum elongatum;Ae) and mende (Chaerophyllum macrospermum;Cm), are used for treatment purposes such as pain reliever and wound healing properties. It is aimed to determine some biological properties of these plants, which are also used medicinally.&#x0D; Material-Method: Firstly, hexane(H), ethanol(E) and acetone(A) extracts of dried plants were prepared and antimicrobial activities of extracts against 13 indicator microorganisms were determined by agar well diffusion method. Antioxidant activities were determined by DPPH and ABTS analyses and the total phenolic component contents were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. &#x0D; Results: The maximum extract yield was obtained in the ethanol extracts of the plants (AeE;10.4011% CmE;2.4898%), the minimum extract yield was obtained in the acetone extracts (AeA;0.8422% CmA;0.3510%). The hexane extract of A. elongatum has no inhibition activity against E. faecalis and L. monocytogenes, but it has inhibition activity against other indicator microorganisms. The other extracts of A. elongatum and all extracts of C. macrospermum were found to have inhibitory activity against all indicator microorganisms. Furthermore, the highest phenolic content was calculated as 54.60±0.486 µg mL-1 (AeE) and the lowest content as 3.47±0.001 µg mL-1 (CmA). As a result of the DPPH method the highest IC50 was calculated as 32.4140 µg mL-1 (CmH) and the lowest IC50 as 12.7876 µg mL-1 (AeA) and ABTS method the highest IC50 was calculated as 10.3203 µg mL-1 (CmE), and the lowest IC50 as 0.2744 µg mL-1 (CmA). &#x0D; Conclusion: These results show that the plant extracts have strong antimicrobial activity and antioxidant activity.

Effects of Different Drying Methods on Drying Characteristics and Quality of Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Licorice).

Large amounts of waste result from licorice mold rot; moreover, prompt drying directly influences product quality and value. This study compared various glycyrrhiza drying methods (Hot air drying (HAD), infrared combined hot air drying (IR-HAD), vacuum freeze drying (VFD), microwave vacuum drying (MVD), and vacuum pulsation drying (VPD)) that are used in the processing of traditional Chinese medicine. To investigate the effects of various drying methods on the drying characteristics and internal quality of licorice slices, their color, browning, total phenol, total flavonoid, and active components (liquiritin and glycyrrhizic acid) were chosen as qualitative and quantitative evaluation indices. Our results revealed that VFD had the longest drying time, but it could effectively maintain the contents of total phenol, total flavonoid, and liquiritin and glycyrrhizic acid. The results also showed that VFD samples had the best color and the lowest degree of browning, followed by HAD, IR-HAD, and VPD. We think that VFD is the best approach to ensure that licorice is dry.

The Effects of Foliar Spray of Chitosan Nanoparticles on Tomato Resistance Against of Cuscuta Campestris Yunck

Background: Crop yield is limited by several factors. One of these factors is biotic stress. Among biotic stresses, parasitic plants have the greatest role in reducing plant growth and productivity. On the other hand, the multiple uses of pesticides and herbicides have a negative impact on the environment and agricultural products. As an eco-friendly compound, chitosan stimulates the defense system, increases plant resistance to biotic and abiotics stresses, and increases crop growth and productivity. Methods: In this study, the tomato plant was infected with Cuscuta campestris Yunck and sprayed with chitosan nanoparticles with a molecular weight of 50 kDa for 4 weeks and once a week. Four weeks after the infection, plants biomass, protein concentrations, antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, CAT, APX, POD), and phenolic metabolism (PAL, PPO, total phenolic components, lignin) were measured. Results: In this study, chitosan application increased biomass in Dodder-infected and non-infected plants. The concentration of soluble proteins also increased. In Dodder-infected plants, the activity of antioxidant enzymes increased and the application of chitosan further increased the activity of these enzymes. Phenol metabolism as a defense mechanism in Dodder-infected plants increased compared to the control and chitosan application intensified phenol metabolism. SDS-PAGE analysis investigated that strong bands are formed in the range of 200 and 60 kDa in chitosan treatments and chitosan-treated infected plants. Conclusion: These bands were also observed in Dodder-infected plants that were not treated with chitosan.

Responses of Colchicum speciosum L. populations to conventional and nano-fertilizers of nitrogen through changes in morphological and biochemical attributes

There is an increasing interest in the use of nano-fertilizer as an alternative to traditional fertilizers, in order to increase the secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. The present study was conducted to observe the changes in morphological and biochemical properties of three populations of Colchicum speciosum L., from Iran (Filband, Sangdarka, and Kelerd), upon conventional (1.1 and 2.2 mg L-1) and nano-N (1.5 and 3 mg L-1) fertilizers based on completely randomized design (CRD). The anthocyanin and phenolic contents of leaves and corms were determined with a spectrophotometer and corm colchicine was extracted by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results represented different responses of morphological and biochemical attributes to populations due to their different origins. Filband with higher altitude showed increased leaf area, plant length, corn weight and diameter when treated with N fertilizers. Increased total phenolic component (TPC) in leaves and corm and also leaf total flavonoids component (TFC) were reported in Filband upon N fertilizers. All fertilizers led to decreased leaf anthocyanin when N fertilizers were applied. A noticeable increase in colchicine was obtained in Kelerd and Sangdarka when plants were treated with 1.5 mg L-1 nano-N fertilizer. Heat map analysis of corm anthocyanin, leaf anthocyanin, leaf TPC, leaf TPC, and colchicine amount showed higher variability under the treatments. According to principal component analysis (PCA), corm TPC, leaf TFC, corm TFC, leaf area, and corm weight were specific traits of Kelerd. In conclusion, different responses of morphological and biochemical traits were reported between populations, and N fertilizers exerted diverse effects on these traits. The population from higher altitudes showed higher phenolic content and lower anthocyanin accumulation under conventional and nano-N fertilizers.