Total Patent Research Articles

Intellectual property rights protection and foreign direct investment: a study of BRICS countries

Economic implications of intellectual property rights protection have always been a matter of debate among policy makers. It is assumed that FDI inflow in any nation depends upon the level of protection given to the creation of intellectual capital. Studies conducted on developed nations built strong link between IPR protection and foreign direct investment. The debate centred on whether these results can be reciprocated for developing countries. This study adds new dimensions to the existing literature by analysing the impact of IPR protection on FDI inflow in BRICS nations with the help of country specific data for the period of 2000-2015. FDI inflow is considered as dependent variable and charges of IP use, patent granted, patent filed by residents, non-residents and R&D expenditure as the percentage of GDP as an independent variable and proxy to IPR protection. The empirical results suggest that charges of IP use, total patent granted and patent filed by non-residents affects FDI inflow. Further study concludes that stronger IPR protection in developing countries will infuse foreign direct investment in the technology oriented knowledge sectors where probability of loss due to imitation is high.

Regulatory Growth Theory

This research explores and quantifies the downside of technological innovations, especially the negative externality of an innovation interacting with the stock of existing innovations. Using two novel datasets, we make a novel empirical finding that the varieties of innovation-induced risks (e.g. varieties of side effects caused by FDA-approved new drugs) is quadratic in the number of innovations (e.g. number of FDA-approved new drugs) that caused these risks. Based on this new empirical finding, we further develop a Regulatory Growth Theory: a new endogenous growth model with increasing varieties of innovation-induced risks and with a regulator. I model both the innovation-induced risk generating structure and the regulator's endogenous response. This new theory can help to interpret several empirical puzzles beyond the explanatory power of existing models of innovation and growth: (1) skyrocketing expected RD (2) decreasing ratio of Qualified Innovations (i.e. Regulator-approved innovations) to the number of total patents and (3) exponentially increasing regulation over time. Greater expenditures on regulation and corporate R&D are required to assess the net benefit of innovation because of Risk Externality: negative interaction effects between innovations. Theoretically, this new Risk Externality effect we propose counteracts the crucial Knowledge Spillover effect in the Endogenous Growth models. The rise of regulation versus litigation, and broader implications for regulatory reform are also discussed.

Global Food Value Chains and Competition Law - BRICS Draft Report

Global Food Value Chains and Competition Law - BRICS Draft Report

Design patents: A snapshot study of the BRICS economies

This study is an attempt to examine the profile of design patents among the BRICS economies by examining design patents issued by the United States Patents and Trademark Office (USPTO), for the period 2002–2011. During this period, China was granted the most patents followed by Brazil, India, South Africa and Russia. In terms of the proportion of design to the utility patents, three countries, viz. China, Brazil, and South Africa dominated. An analysis of the results showed that China had produced two-third of the total patents in the design category. For all the aforementioned countries, most of the design patents were granted within a period of one year from the date of filing. For India, one-third of the design patents were issued in the jewellery and ornaments category followed by the apparatus tools and equipment category. In the case of Brazil, Russia, China and South Africa, the largest segment for which design patents were issued was the apparatus tools and equipment, followed by goods packaging. Most of the design patents in the BRICS region were issued to individual inventors, and two inventor teams received the second highest number of patents. As the largest percentage of inventors belonged to the BRICS countries, the United States was observed as the most affiliate country, closely followed by the other European countries. However, some prominent Asian countries were also noted for their close ties with the region.

Trends in innovation activities in manufacturing industries across development echelons

<p>This empirical paper explores trends in innovation activities measured by a countries’ total patent application submission intensity relative to its population, and by analyzing U.S. granted patents data for cohorts of developed countries and developing countries. In addition to tabular and graphical analyses, I use a baseline regression model and a variant model thereof to assess the relative influence of a set of aggregate variables on innovation activities in eight manufacturing industries across two cohorts of countries (developed and developing) where each cohort contains eight individual countries. Eight industries included in this study are: Chemical, Petroleum, electrical and electronics equipment, machinery, pharmaceutical, plastic, computer, and textile. The cohort of developed countries includes Australia, Canada, Czech Republic, France, Italy, Poland, Switzerland, and the United States. The cohort of developing countries includes Brazil, China, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, and Turkey. Per regression results, ethnic diversity is a statistically significant positive determinant of innovation for all industry aggregate patent count for both high income and developing countries. Also, per capita electricity usage, R&D expenditure as percent of GDP, and percent of population with internet access are three positive factors of innovation irrespective of industrial subsectors and position of a country in the development echelon. Interestingly, impact of ICT-services export is statistically significant and innovation boosting in developing countries in the cohort relative to countries in the cohort of developed countries. It also appears that trade openness served as a stronger stimulant of innovation activities for developing countries’ but not as much for the cohort of developed or high-income countries. This paper attempts to extend the literature on cross-country comparison of innovation activities by using two measures of innovation activities across developed and developing countries, and by analyzing both aggregate and sector-level data for eight manufacturing industries both graphically and utilizing panel regression models. </p>

Innovation Trends and Development Strategies in the Significant Scientific Instrument—A Case of Mass Spectrometry

Understanding innovation trends and strategies of significant scientific instrument is an important issue not only for researchers in technology development, but also for company directors for their successful management of product competitiveness. Therefore, we took mass spectrometry as case study. Multiple patent quantitative indexes and several quality indicators were introduced. The methods of patent bibliometrics, technology field analysis, technology decomposition, scenarios of growth were chose to investigate the trends for this technology. Patent layout was expressed from micro (inventors), meso (organizations), macro (countries)-three levels. The results show that key points for the research of mass spectrometry are focused on ionization and separation of mass analyzer. The application of mass spectrometry was the major area. US owned the most patents in raising the efficiency and expanding application for mass spectrometry, while Japan owned the most patents in improving reliability and convenient usage. The forecasting showed that this technology has entered fast growth stage, a lot of accumulating for mass spectrometry has been achieved, it would be another 20 years before the limit could be reached for mass spectrometry technology. Total patent collaborative ratio was 74.84%: inventors kept a close cooperation in the field of mass spectrometry and inventor’s cooperation is a common form for the research and development of mass spectrometry worldwide. All the organizations from US had higher external collaborative ratios, but Japan pay less attention on the external cooperation. US, Japan, and developed European countries were the focused technological market.

Indian medical device sector: insights from patent filing trends

In this study, patent application filing trends in India for the last decade (2005–2014) were analysed to understand the medical device patent filing profile. As India is the key emerging...

Implementation of Research and Development Based on Patent Natural Ingredients and Potential Utilization of Tradition Medicine

The results of research and development based on natural ingredients for traditional medicines become an interesting topic to discuss at this point; it’s shown from increasing number in utilization. The use of traditional medicine especially on natural ingredients at this moment becomes effective solution to increase the level of market acceptance in herbal extracts, including an affordable purchase from potential utilization of natural resources which are owned. By using Matheo Patent XE Ver 10.2 as methodology of searching, we can know potentials useful through strategy, research and development, patent analysis and patent collaboration among users in utilization of Natural Ingredient for Traditional Medicine. From the data result shows majority in the field of chemistry for human necessity related to Health; Amusement; Medical or Veterinary Science; Hygiene sectors with total patent 108, family 65. The use of patent analysis is a way to find how the development of technology and products that have been produced and how commercial processes connecting with technology users, especially in traditional medicine. From the data that exist in particular of patents, it is critical to identify the number of patents that has been registered through the innovation process development including technology dissemination is used.

Is the prominent scientist the one who becomes an inventor? A matching of Swedish academic pairs in nanoscience to examine the effect of publishing on patenting

Nanoscience is an interdisciplinary field in which science, in terms of publications, and technology, in terms of inventions, are closely related. Sweden represents an interesting setting to examine how they are related because a high proportion of the total Swedish academic patents can be classified as nanoscience. Combining bibliometric data from the Web of Science, patent data from European Patent Office and data from Swedish universities, this article identifies all authors and all inventors listed on patents who work at universities in Sweden within nanotechnology. The main question we address is whether prominent academic scientists in terms of scientific publications are also the ones who become academic inventors. The article uses a semi-parametric technique, namely a conditional regression in a matched sample, to isolate the effect of publishing on patenting. One novelty of this article is that it applies a conditional logistic regression in matched pairs of academics, to isolate the relationship between patenting and publishing in nanoscience. The empirical results show that academics who both publish and patent have, on average, more publications as well as more citations. Furthermore, having a higher number of citations can increase the probability of having a patent. Interdisciplinarity is also positively correlated with patenting. Thus, by isolating the effects of publishing on patenting, this article demonstrates that scientific prominence, indicated both by the number of articles and citations, positively impacts the propensity to take patents.

Measurement of Scientific Productivity in R&D Sector: Changing paradigm.

Scientific Productivity is a demand of policy makers for a judicious utilization of massive R&D budget allocated and utilized. A huge mass of intellectual assets is employed, which after investing manpower, infrastructure and lab consumables demand for a major outcome which contributes towards building nation's economy. Scientific productivity was only measured through publications or patents. Patents, earmarked as a strong parameter for innovation generation, where, Word Intellectual Property Organisation generated a data on applications for the top 20 offices for patents, where Australia, Brazil and Canada occupied top 3 positions. India ranked 9th with the total patent applications rising from 39762 (2010) to 42854 (2014) i.e. 15%, whereas, it contributes around 2% Patents (innovative productivity) on global scale. Many studies have come forward interestingly within scientific and academic domains in the form of measurement of scientific performance, however, development of productivity indicators and calculation of Scientific Productivity (SP) as a holistic evaluation system is a significant demand. SP, a herculean task is envisaged for productivity analysis and would submit significant factors towards fabricating an effective measurement engine in a holistic manner viable for an individual and organization, being supplementary to each other. This review projects the significance of performance measurement system in R&D through identification and standardization of key parameters. It also includes emphasis on inclusion of standardized parameters, effective for performance measurement which is applicable for scientists, technical staff as well as lab as a facility. This review aims at providing an insight to the evaluators, policy makers, and high level scientific panels to stimulate the scientific intellects on identified indicators so that their work proceeds to generate productive outcome contributing to the economic growth.

BENCHMARKING ANALYSIS OF PATENT AND TRADEMARK APPLICATIONS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: COMPREHENSIVE INNOVATION POLICY EVALUATION FOR YEARS 1960-2013

This study provides benchmarking analysis of patent and trademark applications in the European Union. The objectives of benchmarking are (1) to determine what and where improvements are called for, (2) to analyze how other nations achieve their high performance levels, and (3) to use this information to improve performance in favor of the EU Internal Market. The benchmarking study provides benchmarking results about (1) patent applications of residents and nonresidents, (2) trademark applications of residents and nonresidents, (3) total patent applications, and (4) total trademark applications. The study also provides benchmarking analyses about patent and trademark application in relation to population and gross domestic product. The results of benchmarking cover the time period 1960-2013. The study provides some comparative statistical analyses and discusses whether there has been convergence in patent and trademark activity in the European Union. The study identifies top 10 champions in the different categories of patent and trademark activity. Key results will be reported in the forms of descriptive statistics, Pareto charts, and key statistical indicators. Some special indicators of innovation activity will be reported. The study provides some policy relevant results for the EU Internal Market developmentDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eis.0.10.14611

Analysis of Linkages between Environmental Policy Instruments and Innovation: A Case Study of End-of-Life Vehicles Technologies in Japan

<p>Environmental policies are designed to deal with externalities either by internalizing environmental costs or imposing specific standards for environmental pollution. This study aims to examine the impact of environmental regulations related to End-of-Life Vehicles (ELV) on innovation in Japan. We determined whether there is any statistical difference in patent activity comparing the periods before and after the regulations were enacted. In order to control for exogenous factors such as business cycles, we also analyzed the ratios of ELV and total environmental patents during the same periods. Results showed that environmental regulations drive innovations and the number of ELV-related patents were larger even after controlling for such exogenous factors. We concluded that environmental policy for ELV in Japan was effective in inducing innovation. However, we also found that the weakness in these types of command and control policy is the lack of incentives for further innovation.</p>

An econometric study of the determinants of high tech private equity investment in Europe

Our paper aims at identifying the main determinants of high tech private equity (HTPE) investment in Europe. From an analysis of the basic conditions in the PE industry, we have performed an econometric study based on a sample of 17 European countries. The explanatory variables reflect the macroeconomic, institutional, exit, and innovation environments. The results underline the positive impact of the interest rate which shows the prevalence of a demand effect. A favourable tax and legal framework also has a positive influence as has the exit context which degree of impact varies according to the exit channel in favour of public offering (PO) compared to trade sale (TS). Business enterprise research and development (BERD) expenditure, total RD staff, researchers and patents applications have a positive impact on HTPE investment, which is stronger when variables are focused on the HT area.

A Predictive Model of Technology Transfer Using Patent Analysis

The rapid pace of technological advances creates many difficulties for R&D practitioners in analyzing emerging technologies. Patent information analysis is an effective tool in this situation. Conventional patent information analysis has focused on the extraction of vacant, promising, or core technologies and the monitoring of technological trends. From a technology management perspective, the ultimate purpose of R&D is technology commercialization. The core of technology commercialization is the technology transfer phase. Although a great number of patents are filed, publicized, and registered every year, many commercially relevant patents are filtered through registration processes that examine novelty, creativity, and industrial applicability. Despite the efforts of these selection processes, the number of patents being transferred is low when compared with total annual patent registrations. To deal with this problem, this study proposes a predictive model for technology transfer using patent analysis. In the predictive model, patent analysis is conducted to reveal the quantitative relations between technology transfer and a range of variables included in the patent data.

Do or Die for Hearing Aid Industry

Do or Die for Hearing Aid Industry

초연결시대 기술융합을 위한 사물 인터넷 기술의 특허동향 분석

Internet of Things (IoT) is possibly the most widely discussed technological concept in today's technology circles. This technology is expected to dramatically change not only how we work but also how we live. The concept of IoT basically means a web of connected devices which can be controlled over a data network. With cost of technology required to control these devices going down and increasing internet connectivity through smartphones, IoT is expected to be an all pervasive technology in the next 10 years. In this paper, we study the technological landscape of this fast growing technology domain from an Intellectual Property (Patents) perspective. We find that the patent distribution in this domain is very fragmented with the top patent applicants in the field holding around 5% of the total patents. Especially, the US geography has seen the maximum patent filings and is closely followed by the big Asian markets of Japan and Korea.

Open innovation of knowledge cities

This research seeks to answer the basic question, “As a city evolves from an industrial city to a knowledge one, are its open innovation activities vitalized?” In this research, we compare the total number of patent applications, the number of joint applicants of each patent, and the ratio of patents jointly applied, in four Korean cities—Daegu, Kwangju, Cheonann total, top 10 % patent applicants group among total patent applicants, and the lower 70 % patent applicant group among total patent applicants. The research included 144,625 patents submitted to the Korea Patent Office from 1981 to 2010. As knowledge-based urbanization proceeds, the size of a knowledge city increases. The lowest 70 % of patent applicants (rather than the top 10 %) apply for more patents, and the breadth and depth of open innovation rises. This research is limited to mutual patent applications as a target of open innovation. In the future, additional research will need to be conducted on various open innovation channels such as patent citation, intellectual property right transfer, licensing, and M&A. To maximize the beneficial characteristics of a knowledge city in a large city, the improvement of open innovation across the city is essential. If strengthening open innovation by SMEs or start-ups is set as a corporate strategy or a government policy, it will be a source of development of knowledge-based urbanization and continued economic development of a knowledge city, as well as of the total knowledge assets.

The academic advantage: gender disparities in patenting.

We analyzed gender disparities in patenting by country, technological area, and type of assignee using the 4.6 million utility patents issued between 1976 and 2013 by the United States Patent and Trade Office (USPTO). Our analyses of fractionalized inventorships demonstrate that women’s rate of patenting has increased from 2.7% of total patenting activity to 10.8% over the nearly 40-year period. Our results show that, in every technological area, female patenting is proportionally more likely to occur in academic institutions than in corporate or government environments. However, women’s patents have a lower technological impact than that of men, and that gap is wider in the case of academic patents. We also provide evidence that patents to which women—and in particular academic women—contributed are associated with a higher number of International Patent Classification (IPC) codes and co-inventors than men. The policy implications of these disparities and academic setting advantages are discussed.

The Lack of Local Large Corporations as an Important Explanation for the Low Level of Generation of Technology in Latin America

The objective of this paper is to show that the great inducer of R&D in the world is the large company and this fact is an important issue for Latin American countries because this continent has a small number of really large companies. Despite representing approximately 8.5% of the world population, Latin America as a whole, corresponds to 1.2% of the total invested globally in Research and Technology. In other words in 2011 the world invested 1.4 trillion dollars and Latin America as a whole only 17 billion dollars. In other important countries these figures are invested mostly by large companiessuch as the USA that has 27% of the 500 largest companies in the world and is responsible for 33% of the world expenditure in R&D and has more than 50% of the total patents registered in USPTO- United State patent Trade Office.

Does the mobility of R&D labor increase innovation?

We investigate the effect of mobility of R&D workers on the total patenting activity of their employers. Our study documents how mobile workers affect the patenting activity of the firm they join and the firm they leave. The effect of labor mobility is strongest if workers join from patent-active firms. We also find evidence of a positive feedback effect on the former employer's patenting from workers who have left for another patent-active firm. Summing up the effects of joining and leaving workers, we show that labor mobility increases the total innovative activity of the new and the old employer. Our study which is based on the population of R&D active Danish firms observed between 1999 and 2004 thus provides firm-level support for the notion that labor mobility stimulates overall innovation of a country or region due to knowledge transfer.