Total Omega-3 Research Articles

Identifying women who may benefit from higher dose omega-3 supplementation during pregnancy to reduce their risk of prematurity: exploratory analyses from the ORIP trial

ObjectivesThe risk factors for prematurity are multifactorial and include low omega-3 status. Omega-3 supplementation in pregnancy has been found to reduce prematurity risk, particularly among women with low omega-3 levels....

Lower omega-3 status associated with higher erythrocyte distribution width and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in UK Biobank cohort

High red blood distribution width (RDW) is associated with decreased red blood cell deformability, and high neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a biomarker of systemic inflammation and innate-adaptive immune system imbalance. Both RDW and NLR are predictors of chronic disease risk and mortality. Omega-3 index (O3I) values have previously been shown to be inversely associated with RDW and NLR levels. Our objective was to determine if total plasma long chain omega-3 fatty acids (Omega3%) measured in the UK Biobank cohort were associated with RDW and NLR values. RDW- and NLR- relationships with Omega3% were characterized in 109,191 adults (58.4% female). RDW- and NLR-Omega3% relationships were inversely associated with Omega3% (both p < 0.0001). These cross-sectional associations confirm previous findings that increasing RDW and NLR values are associated with low O3I. The hypothesis that RDW and/or NLR values can be reduced in individuals with less-than optimal long chain omega 3 values need to be tested in randomized controlled intervention trials using EPA and/or DHA.

P862 Dietary risk factors associated with onset of IBD: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis

Abstract Background Several potential risk factors for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) have been highlighted, including dietary factors. Previous evidence has highlighted associations between high fibre, fruit, and vegetable intake and decreased risk of IBD. Conversely, low intake of dietary fibre, and low vitamin D levels are associated with incident IBD. One systematic review reported that high intake of total fats, PUFAs, and omega-6 fatty acids, were associated with an increased risk of Crohn’s Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC), whereas high fibre and fruit intakes were associated with decreased CD risk, and high vegetable intake was associated with decreased UC risk. Despite this evidence, there remains a paucity of literature reporting on the various dietary risk factors for IBD systematically and quantitatively. Thus, the purpose of this systematic review is to determine whether dietary factors are associated with risk of developing IBD Methods We conducted searches in the following electronic databases: Ovid MEDLINE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Keywords and search terms related to ‘diet’ and ‘inflammatory bowel disease’ were applied. This review includes case-control, cohort studies, and RCTs investigating the association between dietary factors and onset of IBD. Study protocol details have been published on the International prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO). Available from: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022290798Databases Results Our search identified 14,809 relevant articles to include, outlined in Figure 1. After title and abstract screening there were 119 articles that met the eligibility criteria. Overall, 24 articles were deemed suitable for study synthesis. When compared with those consuming the highest intake of carbohydrates, those consuming the lowest levels of carbohydrates had an overall reduced risk of IBD of 30% (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.51-0.89) and a reduced risk of CD of 37% (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.32-0.94). When compared with those consuming the lowest intake of vegetables, those consuming the highest levels of vegetables had an overall reduced risk of IBD of 42% (RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.53-0.63). When stratified by sub-group, those consuming the highest intake of vegetables compared with the lowest had a reduced risk of 87% of IBD (RR 0.13, 95% CI 0.04-0.22), 52% of UC (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.24-0.71) and a reduced risk of CD of 18% (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.76-0.88). Conclusion This systematic review provides a detailed summary of dietary factors associated with the onset of IBD. This evidence will inform on potential preventative strategies for IBD and will inform the academic community, patients, and policy makers about the role of dietary factors in the development of IBD.

Omega-3 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intakes, Determinants and Dietary Sources in the Spanish Population: Findings from the ANIBES Study.

The multiple roles of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in growth and general health are well documented. However, available intake data for the Spanish population are limited and lack gender and age considerations. Therefore, our goal was to assess dietary intake adequacy of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA, their determinants and their major food sources among the Spanish population. Due to their influence on various beneficial functions attributed to omega-3 PUFA, combined intake adequacy with folic acid (FA), vitamin B₁₂ and choline was also assessed. Intake data were obtained from the ANIBES cross-sectional study on a representative sample of the Spanish population (9-75 years; n = 2009), where dietary intake was analysed with a three-day dietary record. Median intake of total omega-3 PUFA stood at 0.81 g/day (0.56-1.19 g/day), with α-linolenic acid (ALA) at 0.61 g/day (0.45-0.85 g/day), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) at 0.03 g/day (0.01-0.12 g/day) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at 0.06 g/day (0.0-0.20 g/day). Accordingly, 65% of the Spanish population showed insufficient intakes for total omega-3 PUFA; 87% for ALA, and 83% for combined EPA and DHA. Inadequate intakes were significantly higher in children, adolescents, and younger women of childbearing age (18-30 years). In contrast, inadequacy due to excessive intakes was almost negligible. Regarding omega-6 PUFA, total intake was 10.1 g/day (7.0-14.0 g/day), 10.0 g/day (6.9-13.9 g/day) for linoleic acid (LA) and 0.08 g/day (0.05-0.13 g/day) for arachidonic acid (AA). Non-compliance due to either insufficient or excessive intakes of LA stood at around 5% of the sample, with the elderly showing significantly higher degrees of inadequacy due to insufficient intakes (10%; p ≤ 0.05). Median omega-6 to omega-3 ratio was 12:1, and significantly higher in men compared to women (p ≤ 0.05); in children, adolescents and adults compared to the elderly (p ≤ 0.05); and in younger women of childbearing age compared to the older group (31-45 years) (p ≤ 0.001). Oils and fats and meat and meat products were the main dietary sources for the essential fatty acids LA and ALA, respectively. Meat and meat products were as well the main providers of AA, while fish and shellfish were almost exclusively the only sources of EPA and DHA. However, main food sources identified showed important differences across age groups. Finally, the total combined degree of inadequacy observed for omega-3 PUFA, FA, vitamin B₁₂ and choline reached 21.3% of the ANIBES population. The observed degree of inadequacy of omega-3 PUFA intakes among the Spanish population makes it urgent to increase its consumption and to consider the need for supplementation. This should also be the main strategy for the optimization of the omega-6/omega-3 ratio, as the adequacy observed for omega-6 intakes is relatively acceptable. Additional improvement of the dietary intake of FA, vitamin B12 and choline could contribute to the beneficial effects of omega-3 PUFA.

Evaluating Rice Bran Oil as a Dietary Energy Source on Production Performance, Nutritional Properties and Fatty Acid Deposition of Breast Meat in Broiler Chickens.

The effects of rice bran oil (RBO) as an alternative dietary energy source on nutritional properties and fatty acid deposition in broiler chickens are scarce in the literature. One-day-old chickens (broiler Ross 308) were assigned in a completely randomized design with three treatment diets and nine replicates of four chickens per replicate. A basal control diet contained 4~5% palm oil (T1) in the starter and finisher phases, respectively. Treatments 2 to 3 were fed diets formulated with 50% (T2) and 100% (T3) of RBO as a fat source instead of palm oil (PO). Replacing dietary PO with RBO improved the feed conversion ratio (FCR) by 6% (p = 0.017) over the total period of the experiment (1−38 d of age). The feeding of RBO (T3) showed the highest (p < 0.001) cooking loss values in the breast meat. However, compared with other groups, the blend of PO and RBO group (T2) displayed a lower cooking loss value in the thigh meat. In breast meat, the protein content was lowered (p = 0.007), while the fat content was higher (p < 0.001) in male broiler chickens fed dietary RBO (T2 and T3). Total inclusion of dietary RBO (T3) decreased (p = 0.034) the proportion of saturated fatty acids (ΣSFAs) but increased (p = 0.02) linoleic acid. In addition, α-linolenic acid (ALA) increased (p < 0.001) in male broiler chickens fed dietary RBO (T2 and T3), and the highest deposit level occurred by the total inclusion of RBO (T3). Total omega 3 fatty acids (∑n-3) increased (p = 0.013), while the ratio of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) decreased (p = 0.046) in male broiler chickens fed dietary RBO (T3) as compared with the control diet (PO; T1). In conclusion, compared with dietary PO (control diet, T1), the total inclusion of dietary RBO at 50 kg/metric ton feed (T3) increased ∑n-3, ALA, and reduced n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio in the breast meat, but cooking loss values were larger in breast and thigh meats. The blend of dietary PO and RBO (T2) was better for both production performance targets (feed intake and FCR), cooking loss values, and deposition of ALA in the breast meat. The inclusion of dietary RBO into broiler diets needs further study, but the present experiment aids in expanding research knowledge to make that possible.

Growth performance, meat quality, and blood characteristics of finisher crossbred pigs fed diets supplemented with different levels of green tea (Camellia sinensis) by-products.

Dietary supplementation with green tea by-product shows special effects on animal parameters. This study aimed to assess the effects of green tea by-products (GTBP) in the diet on some blood parameters, growth performance, and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs and on meat quality, and nutritional composition of pork. One hundred and sixty crossbred pigs with an initial body weight of 65.15 ± 0.38 kg, were distributed into four dietary treatments, with four replicates of 10 pigs each. The dietary treatments were a basal diet (control diet, CON), and three experimental diets (GTBP8, GTBP16, and GTBP24) based on the CON diet supplemented with GTBP at 8, 16, and 24 g/kg of feed. The studied parameters were examined during the experimental period of 10 weeks. No statistical differences in average daily feed intake, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio were observed between the diet treatments (p > 0.05). Backfat thickness decreased (linear, p < 0.05) according to the GTBP levels but no other carcass parameters. Meat quality was not influenced by the GTBP levels (p > 0.05). However, pigs fed with GTBP had a decrease in cholesterol content and an increase in crude protein and total omega-3 content of pork compared to the CON diet (p < 0.05). Moreover, dietary supplementation with GTBP significantly decreased plasma cholesterol (p < 0.05), and trends for the decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and urea nitrogen were observed (linear, p = 0.08). Up to 24 g/kg GTBP in the diet for finishing pigs does not impair animal performance and makes carcass leaner with softer meat as well as positive effects on cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism. Further experiments are needed to determine the optimal levels of GTBP addition in finishing pig diet to produce higher meat quality.

Adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese and Latin-American Spanish and psychometric properties of the Mental Illness Clinicians' Attitudes Scale (MICA v4).

To describe translation to Spanish and Portuguese and adaptation of the Mental Illness Clinicians' Attitudes Scale version 4 (MICA v4). The questionnaire was administered to primary care physicians (PCPs) from four Latin-American countries, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, and Cuba. The validation process included four phases: 1) translation of the questionnaire to Spanish and Portuguese; 2) assessment of face validity; 3) assessment of reliability; and 4) evaluation of construct validity with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The study sample comprised 427 PCPs. The mean age of the Spanish-speaking sample (n = 252) was 40.1 (S.D = 9.7) years and the mean age of the Portuguese-speaking sample (n = 150) was 40.2 (S.D = 10.9) years. Both models demonstrated "appropriate" internal reliability. Total omega was 0.91 for the Spanish-speaking sample and 0.89 for the Portuguese-speaking sample. The CFA of both questionnaires showed an appropriate fit for a three-factor model (Portuguese: CFI = 0.927; TLI = 0.913; RMSEA = 0.066; Spanish: CFI = 0.945; TLI = 0.935; RMSEA = 0.068). The Latin-American versions of the MICA v4 in Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese have appropriate psychometric properties, good internal consistency, and are applicable to and acceptable in the Latin-American context. The instrument proved its validity for collecting data on stigmatizing attitudes among health professionals in different contexts and cultures.

The degree of food processing can influence serum fatty acid and lipid profiles in women with severe obesity.

The increase in the prevalence of obesity is associated with the increase in the consumption of ultra-processed foods and may be related to the increase in the disorders involving metabolism and the transport and storage of fatty acids. To evaluate the effect of processed food consumption according to the degree of processing on the serum fatty acid levels and lipid profile of women with severe obesity. This was a cross-sectional study. Data were collected from anthropometric assessments, the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and blood tests for lipidogram studies and serum fatty acid measurements. The foods consumed were identified through the FFQ and classified according to the degree of processing based on the NOVA rating, and the frequencies of consumption were transformed into scores, as proposed by Fornés methodology. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics, version 21. The significance level for the analysis was set at 5%. This study included 44 women with a mean age of 40.59 years and mean body mass index of 48.61 kg/m2. An inverse association was observed between the consumption of unprocessed and the occurrence of hypertriglyceridemia (p = 0.021) and levels of triglycerides (p = 0.047), total cholesterol (p = 0.030), and very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (p = 0.039). The consumption of processed foods was positively associated with the presence of hypertriglyceridemia (p = 0.044) and omega 6/3 ratio (p = 0.001) and negatively associated with total omega 3 levels (p = 0.011). The consumption of processed foods was positively associated with total cholesterol (p = 0.041) and negatively associated with the omega 3/6 ratio (p = 0.001). A negative correlation was found between the average consumption of ultra-processed foods (at least once a week) and serum level of high-density lipoprotein (p = 0.035). The consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods was associated with unfavorable lipid profiles and fatty acid levels in women with severe obesity. These results emphasize the importance of promoting the consumption of unprocessed food to mitigate metabolic disorders linked to processed food intake.

РОЛЬ ЖИРНЫХ КИСЛОТ В МЕХАНИЗМАХ НАРУШЕНИЙ ЛИПИДНОГО ОБМЕНА У ЛИЦ С СИНДРОМОМ ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ АЛКОГОЛЯ

Abstract. Introduction. The determination of blood serum fatty acid composition is promising in lipid metabolism disorders study in narcological patients. Aim. The study aim was to establish the fatty acids role in lipid metabolism disorders mechanisms in patients with alcohol dependence syndrome. Material and methods. 208 people were examined, including 96 patients with the second stage alcohol dependence syndrome; 112 people were practically healthy persons during professional examinations. Saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated fatty acids were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The total polyunsaturated content, omega-3 and omega-6 acids was calculated. Statistical processing was carried out using the SPSS 15.0 application software package. Results and discussion. In narcological patients, a low saturated fatty acids content was revealed, which, against the liver dysfunction background, leads to their insufficient inclusion in the triglycerides and low-density lipoproteins structure. The low content of ω-3 α-linolenic, docosahexaenoic and ω-6-linoleic, arachidonic acids helps to reduce the biologically active substances synthesis with pro- and anti-inflammatory activity. The necessity of blood serum fatty acid composition purposeful study to clarify the comorbid alcohol-attributive morbidity development is substantiated. Conclusion. To identify the lipid metabolism disorders mechanisms in narcological patients, it is more important to determine not the lipid metabolism «traditional» parameters, but the blood serum fatty acid composition. The low ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids content affects the biologically active substances synthesis with pro- and anti-inflammatory activity, which may explain the decrease in reactivity in patients with somatic pathology. The identified alcohol-associated violation the fatty acid composition signs can be considered as chronic alcohol intoxication screening markers when conducting lipid metabolism study in drug-related risk groups, for example, when they are in somatic hospitals.

Larval morphology, life cycle and nutritional values of Lepidostoma abruptum Banks 1931 (Trichoptera: Lepidostomatidae) from Lower-Hill Evergreen Forests of Southern Thailand

The larval morphology, life cycle, and nutritional values of Lepidostoma abruptum Banks 1931 are described and discussed. The larval case is rectangular in cross section, made of rectangular pieces of leaf. The larva of L. abruptum shares the morphological characteristics of other Lepidostoma spp. which have been described from different countries and continents. The head capsule widths of 74 specimens were measured and plotted to determine the instars of the larvae. This species is non-seasonal. In addition, the moisture (68.87%) and dry-weight nutritional values of the specimens were determined: protein (49.08%), total fat (27.13%), total dietary fiber (5.9%), omega-3 (0.15%), omega-6 (6.04%), and omega-9 (11.7%). Larvae of this species live in small debris pools dominated with leaf litter and small branches.

Associations between omega-3 fatty acids and insulin resistance and body composition in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

BackgroundPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is strongly associated with abdominal obesity and insulin resistance and effective approaches to nutrition (e.g., omega-3 fatty acids intake) might improve the cardiometabolic risk profile. This study aimed to examine the associations of dietary and serum omega-3 fatty acids with insulin resistance (IR) and body composition among PCOS patients.MethodsA total of 185 patients with PCOS were included in our analysis. Dietary information was collected through face-to-face interviews using a 102-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Serum omega-3 fatty acid levels were measured with the gas chromatography method. Body composition was measured by both dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and bioelectrical impedance (BIA) methods. The multivariable linear regression model was applied to analyze the associations of dietary and serum omega-3 fatty acids with the levels of Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and body composition parameters among PCOS patients.ResultsOur results indicated that the dietary long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intakes were negatively associated with HOMA-IR (β = –0.089, P = 0.040), fat mass (β = –0.022, P = 0.047), and body fat percentage (β = –0.026, P = 0.032). For serum biomarkers, higher total omega-3 PUFAs levels (β = –0.158, P = 0.021) and long-chain omega-3 PUFAs levels (β = –0.187, P < 0.001), particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (β = –164, P = 0.011) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (β = –0.158, P = 0.001) were also associated with decreased HOMA-IR. In addition, generally, dietary and serum long-chain omega-3 PUFA levels, DPA, and DHA levels were both positively associated with muscle mass measured by DXA; whereas serum total, long-chain and individual omega-3 PUFA levels (e.g., DPA, EPA, and DHA) were all negatively associated with fat mass and body fat percentage. These findings were further confirmed by the findings for body composition measured by the BIA method.ConclusionHigher levels of dietary and serum omega-3 PUFAs, particularly long-chain omega PUFAs (DPA and DHA), might have beneficial effects on metabolic parameters and body composition among PCOS patients.

Association Between Omega-3 Fatty Acid Levels and Aortic Valve Calcium (from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis)

Calcific aortic valve disease, a condition of chronic inflammation, is associated with increased cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. Omega-3 fatty acids (O3FAs) reduce both acute and chronic inflammation, but their associations with aortic valve calcium (AVC) have not been studied. The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis is a prospective cohort study of 6,814 adults without clinical cardiovascular disease. Plasma fatty acid levels and cardiac computed tomography (CT) scans were performed at baseline, and CT scans were performed at subsequent clinical visits over a median 9-year period. We assessed whether plasma levels of O3FAs and their species correlate with the presence, severity, and progression of AVC measured by CT in Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. The mean age of the 6,510 included participants with baseline fatty acid levels, AVC, and covariate data was 62.1 ± 10.2years, and 47.1% of the participants were male. Race distribution was 38.6% White, 27.2% Black, 22.1% Hispanic/Latino, and 12.1% Chinese. Among the 6,510 participants, 5,884 had a subsequent CT scan, and 3,304 had a third CT scan with AVC measurements. At baseline, 862 participants (13.2%) had prevalent AVC (Agatston score >0), and were more likely to be of older age, male, of the White race, have a lower education level, and have co-morbidities that are associated with a higher risk for AVC. Plasma tertiles of eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and total O3FA were not associated with prevalent AVC at baseline, incident AVC, or change in AVC. In conclusion, plasma levels of O3FAs in subjects not routinely supplemented with O3FAs are not useful for predicting the presence or development of AVC. Whether high plasma O3FA levels, achievable by high-dose O3FA over-the-counter supplementation or pharmacotherapy, is associated with AVC requires further investigation.

Are total omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids predictors of fatal stroke in the Adventist Health Study 2 prospective cohort?

The effects of omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on cerebrovascular disease remain unsettled. However, most studies have focused on marine sourced n-3 PUFA rather than total n-3 PUFA, of which the majority in the American diet is plant derived. This study therefore intended to investigate these effects in a cohort for which the vegetarian diet was more prevalent than the general public. Cox proportional hazards with fatal stroke as the outcome was performed on the approximately 96,000 subject Adventist Health Study 2 prospective cohort. Stratification by race and sex was performed on models with a priori covariables, comparing 90th to 10th percentile daily intakes of energy-adjusted total n-3 PUFA, total n-6 PUFA, and the n-6 / n-3 PUFA ratio as variables of interest. For the main analytical group (78,335 subjects), the hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for total n-3 PUFA was 0.65 (0.51-0.83), and for total n-6 PUFA was 1.37 (1.02-1.82), while adjusting for both fatty acids in the model. The n-6 / n-3 PUFA ratio was harmful with a HR of 1.40 (1.16-1.69), whereas the inclusion of total n-3 PUFA slightly attenuated the HR to 1.33(1.02-1.74). Effects were similar for the non-black sex-combined and sex-specific analyses. In most analytic groups, subjects with greater total n-3 PUFA intakes have lower risk of fatal stroke, and those with a higher n-6 / n-3 PUFA ratio had higher risk. However, the n-6 / n-3 PUFA ratio remains statistically significant even after adjusting for total n-3 PUFA or total n-6 PUFA, suggesting that the ratio is of epidemiologic interest for cerebrovascular disease research.

Carcass characteristics and meat quality assessment in different quail lines fed on canola seed supplemented diets

The effect of dietary supplementation with canola seed on carcass and meat quality characteristics in three quail lines was studied. Ninety quails aged 4-weeks were selected from three lines (white, black and brown) and randomly allocated to 3 feeding groups. One group was fed a basal diet as control, while the other two groups were fed on basal diet with 1 or 3% canola seed supplementation. Quails were slaughtered at 10 weeks of age. At 24 h postmortem, breast and thigh meat samples were separated; vacuum packaged and stored at -40°C until meat quality analyses. Results showed that carcass characteristics did not differ (P&gt;0.05) between dietary treatments. However, the inclusion of canola seed increased (P&lt;0.05) the concentration of total omega-3 fatty acid in meat and decreased widely the omega-6: omega-3 ratio compared to the control diet. Feeding 3% canola seeds decreased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the breast and thigh muscles of quails at day 5 of post-mortem. Regardless of dietary treatments, no carcass and meat quality characteristics except carcass weight differed between 3 quail lines. Brown quails exhibited significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) carcass weight than white and black ones. These results indicate that feeding canola seed might modify meat fatty acid profile with better shelf life during postmortem aging. Likewise, due to high carcass weight, brown quail lines may be preferred for meat production purposes.

Comparison of Whole Blood Fatty Acid Profiles between Lionfish (Pterois spp.) in Wild and Managed Care Environments

Suboptimal nutrition may contribute to lionfish (Pterois volitans and Pterois miles) health issues in managed care environments. This study’s objective was to establish and compare whole blood fatty acid profiles in wild and aquarium lionfish. Whole blood samples were dried onto specialized high-quality paper cards from wild, invasive lionfish harvested off the North Carolina coast (n = 16) and lionfish managed by the North Carolina Aquariums (n = 12). Blood fatty acid profiles were analyzed from dried blood spots. Aquarium lionfish had significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher linoleic (18:2ω6) and eicosapentaenoic (20:5ω3) acid levels than wild lionfish. Similarly, aquarium lionfish had significantly (p &lt; 0.05) lower saturated fatty acids and arachidonic (20:4ω6) to eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5ω3) ratios than wild lionfish. Total omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, as well as the ratio of these two fatty acid groups, were similar between wild and aquarium lionfish. Gut content analysis of wild lionfish diets included reef-dependent and schooling fish while aquarium lionfish diets were pelagic fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and commercial gel diets with nutrient supplements. This study reports whole blood fatty acid profiles in lionfish, providing comparative macronutrient data that may be useful for improving their nutrition and welfare in aquariums.

Comparison of Fatty Acid Contents and MMP-1 Inhibitory Effects of the Two Antarctic Fish, Notothenia rossii and Champsocephalus gunnari.

Total fatty-acid (FA) contents of different organs (stomach, liver, brain, and skin) of two Antarctic fish, marbled rockcod (Notothenia rossii) and mackerel icefish (Champsocephalus gunnari), were examined using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). N. rossii possessed higher contents of total omega-3, where eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the most represented omega-3 FAs, were distributed throughout all parts of the fish. The highest level of EPA was observed in the skin and that of DHA was observed in the brain of N. rossii. C. gunnari showed organ peculiarity in that most of the omega-3 FAs were found in stomach and skin. Specifically, the highest levels of EPA and DHA were both observed in the stomach. Although N. rossii and C. gunnari both inhabit the Antarctic Southern Oceans, their characteristics in terms of the composition of fatty acids were shown to vary. The extracts were also evaluated for matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1)-inhibitory activities in UVB-induced human dermal fibroblasts, where extracts of the skin and liver of N. rossii showed the most significant inhibition upon MMP-1 production. These findings provide experimental evidence that the extracts of the Antarctic fish could be utilized as bioactive nutrients, particularly in the enhancement of skin health.

Dietary and Plasma Phospholipid Profiles in Vegans and Omnivores-Results from the RBVD Study.

Over the last few years, the vegan diet has become increasingly popular in Germany. It has been proposed that this diet is generally lower in fat, but less is known about the impact on fatty acid (FA) profiles. Therefore, the cross-sectional “Risks and Benefits of a Vegan Diet” (RBVD) study (n = 72) was used to investigate dietary FA intake as well as plasma phospholipid FA in vegans (n = 36) compared to omnivores (n = 36). Vegans had a significantly lower dietary intake of total fat (median 86 g/day, IQR 64–111) in comparison to omnivores (median 104 g/day, IQR 88–143, p = 0.004). Further, vegans had a lower intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA) (p < 0.0001) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (p = 0.001) compared to omnivores. Vegans had a higher intake in total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA compared to omnivores, but without statistical significance after Bonferroni correction. According to plasma phospholipid profiles, relatively lower proportions of SFA (p < 0.0001), total trans fatty acids (TFA) (p = 0.0004) and omega-3-FA (p < 0.0001), but higher proportions of omega-6-FA (p < 0.0001) were observed in vegans. With the exception of omega-3 PUFA, a vegan diet is associated with a more favorable dietary fat intake and more favorable plasma FA profiles and therefore may reduce cardiovascular risk.

The Effects of Fatty Acids on Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a severe relapsing inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The association between fatty acids (FAs) and IBD is controversial and it remains unclear whether there is a causal relationship between them. Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was province/state for affiliations from the same country performed to clarify the causality. Eligible single nucleotide polymorphisms were selected as instrumental variables from six Genome-wide association studies, involving 114,999 individuals in UK Biobank. The summary-level data on IBD, including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), were obtained from the International Inflammatory Bowel Disease Genetics Consortium with 20,883 and 27,432 individuals involved. The primary inverse variance weighted (IVW) method as well as other supplementary analysis ones were adopted to evaluate the causal relationship between diverse FAs and IBD. The tests for heterogeneity and pleiotropy, and Leave-one-out analysis were adopted to verify the stability of the results. Omega-3 FA was found to have a causal effect on UC instead of CD. For each Standard Deviation increase in Omega-3 FA genetic levels, the risk of ulcerative colitis was found to be reduced by 39.9% by the IVW method (p = 1.766 × 10−4), by 57.8% by the MR Egger (p = 1.11 × 10−2), by 51.5% by the Weighted median estimator (p = 7.706 × 10−4), by 39% by the Maximum likelihood estimation (p = 3.262 × 10−4), and by 54.5% by the penalized weighted median estimator (p = 1.628 × 10−4). No causal relationship was found between other FAs (including total FA, saturated FA, polyunsaturated FA, monounsaturated FA and omega-6 FA) and IBD. The pleiotropic test and Leave-one-out analysis both proved the validity and reliability of these MR analyses. Omega-3 FA was observed to have a protective effect against UC, providing a new perspective on the investigation of the associations between FAs and IBD.

Comparison of Biochemical Composition and Non-Volatile Taste Active Compounds of Back and Abdominal Muscles in Three Marine Perciform Fishes, Chromileptes altivelis, Epinephelus akaara and Acanthopagrus schlegelii.

Humpback grouper Chromileptes altivelis (HG), red-spotted grouper Epinephelus akaara (RG) and black seabream Acanthopagrus schlegelii (BS) are three popular perciform fishes with an increasingly important farming industry. The prices of BS are much lower than other grouper species; however, the differences in the nutritive values of these three perciform fishes with commercial specifications have not been reported. In this study, the biochemical composition and non-volatile taste active compounds of adult HG, RG and BS were investigated. Moisture contents in BS were significantly higher than in HG and RG (p < 0.05), and relatively lower crude protein contents in BS were observed. Lipid contents of back muscle were lower than that of abdomen muscle in the three fish species. C22:6n-3 (DHA) was the major poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in HG and BS, while the main PUFA in RG was C18:2n-6. The total healthy omega-3 fatty acid (Σn-3) profiles in HG were the highest (24.08–24.59%), followed by RG (18.24–19.06%) and BS (13.63–15.91%) (p < 0.05). Glycine was the most abundant free amino acid (FAA) in HG and RG, while lysine was the major FAA in BS. Equivalent umami concentration (EUC) values in BS were the highest, followed by HG and RG (p < 0.05). Lactic acid and PO43− were the major organic acids and inorganic ions, respectively. In conclusion, HG and RG provided more protein and healthy omega-3 fatty acids than BS, while BS had a stronger umami taste according to the EUC values.

Abstract 3370: Fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) is associated with cancer survival via altering cell growth and can be a novel drug target for cancer treatment

Abstract Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) plays an important role in cancer biology. Fatty acid desaturase1 (FADS1) is a key rate-limiting enzyme in omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA metabolism. We aim to investigate the association between FADS1 and survival outcomes among cancer patients. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression models were performed for FADS1 mRNA expression levels on disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) public datasets. We also investigated the pathways associated with altered FADS1 expression in the TCGA dataset. A FADS1 inhibitor (D5D-IN-326) was used to study the proliferation in vitro in 6 different cancer cell lines. FADS1-shRNA knockdown system was introduced in the renal cell carcinoma (RCC) 786-O cell line to further study the signaling pathway associated with proliferation. Transcriptomic, metabolomic, and lipidomic profiles of stable cell lines were studied. Our analysis showed that among all cancer patients (N=11,490), those with a higher FADS1 mRNA expression in their tumor have a significantly worse DFS and OS (p.value &amp;lt;0.001 and 0.01, respectively). This association was particularly significant in RCC subtypes. Pathway analysis demonstrated that cell cycle and DNA replication were significantly enriched as the top pathways associated with FADS1 expression. Administration of FADS1 inhibitor compound 326 decreased cell proliferation in cell lines of several major cancers in a dose-dependent manner. The proliferation result was confirmed in RCC FADS1 knockdown model. RNA-seq analysis of FADS1 knockdown stable cells also showed downregulation of DNA biosynthesis, cell division, and cell proliferation. In our metabolomic study, 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) was significantly reduced in FADS1 knockdown (KD) cells which may be attributed to altered purine metabolism (p-value &amp;lt; 0.001). As we expected, the total omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids were lower in KD cells. We further identified lower P38 phosphorylation in KD cells which is consistent with lower cell proliferation. These results suggest that FADS1 overexpression is prognostic to lower survival in cancer patients via changing cancer metabolism, which is potentially mediated via altering cell proliferation through MAPK pathway. This study has a potential to discover a new mechanism of cancer biology and develop a novel precision treatment for cancer patients. The detailed causal relationship is warranted for continued investigation. Citation Format: Gioia Heravi, Hyejeong Jang, Seongho Kim, Wanqing Liu. Fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) is associated with cancer survival via altering cell growth and can be a novel drug target for cancer treatment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 3370.