Total Number Of Microorganisms Research Articles

The Effect of Apple Vinegar Addition on the Quality and Shelf Life of Cooked Sausage during Chilling Storage

As more and more consumers are becoming conscious of the safety and taste of meat products, the use of natural additives and innovative processing techniques has gained significant attention. Naturally fermented fruit vinegar is rich in organic acids and antioxidant phenolic compounds. In addition, it contains amino acids, minerals, vitamins, and provitamin beta-carotene, and the presence of acetic acid bacteria may have a positive effect on consumer health. The study aimed to assess the impact of different concentrations of apple vinegar addition on the quality of cooked sausage, focusing on physicochemical parameters, including fatty acid profile and oxidative stability, as well as microbiological quality and sensory changes after production and during chilling storage. Four variants of sausage were prepared: C—sausage without apple vinegar; V1—sausage with 1% of apple vinegar; V3—sausage with 3% of apple vinegar; and V5—sausage with 5% of apple vinegar. All of the tests were carried out after production, as well as after 7 and 14 days of refrigeration storage. The addition of apple vinegar decreased the pH value and increased the oxidation-reduction potential and lipid oxidation in the samples V1, V3, and V5. The sausage with the 5% addition of apple vinegar (V5) was characterized by significantly more intensive brightness (parameter L* = 54.67) in comparison to the C sample (parameter L* = 52.78). The sausages that were tested showed good microbiological quality concerning the total number of microorganisms, lactic acid bacteria, and the absence of pathogenic bacteria. The addition of apple vinegar contributed to the reduction in the intensity of the cured meat flavor and the fatty flavor. Therefore, according to the results presented in this work, it can be concluded that 3% of vinegar is the optimal addition, which may be used in the next step of investigation, taking into account color formation abilities as well as microbiological quality and lipid oxidation processes.

Reduction of microorganisms in carious dentin by photodynamic therapy mediated by potassium iodide added to methylene blue and red laser

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of the association of potassium iodide to antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on human carious dentin produced with a microcosm biofilm model. MethodsA microcosm biofilm model was used to generate a caries lesion on human dentin. Pooled human saliva diluted with glycerol was used as an inoculum on specimens immersed on McBain artificial saliva enriched with 1 % sucrose (24 h at 37 °C in 5 % CO2). After refreshing culture media for 7 days, the dentin specimens were divided in 5 groups (3 specimens per group, in triplicate; n = 9): C (NaCl 0.9 %), CX (2 % chlorhexidine), PKI (0.01 % methylene blue photosensitizer+50 mM KI), L (laser at 15 J, 180 s, 22.7 J/cm2), and PKIL (methylene blue + KI + Laser). After the treatments, dentin was collected, and a 10-fold serial dilution was performed. The number of total microorganisms, total lactobacilli, total streptococci, and Streptococcus mutans was analyzed by microbial counts (CFU/mL). After normality and homoscedasticity analysis, the Welch's ANOVA and Dunnett's tests were used for CFU. All tests used a 5 % significance level. ResultsCX and PKIL groups showed significant bacterial decontamination of dentin, compared to group C (p < 0.05) reaching reductions up to 3.8 log10 for CX for all microorganisms’ groups and PKIL showed 0.93, 1.30, 1.45, and 1.22 log10 for total microorganisms, total lactobacilli, total streptococci, and S. mutans, respectively. ConclusionaPDT mediated by the association of KI and methylene blue with red laser reduced the viability of microorganisms from carious dentin and could be a promising option for cavity decontamination.

Impact of Inoculation of rumen fluid of Awassi lambs with ruminal fluid of Iraqi buffalo on in vitro digestion of Iraqi wild Reeds and some ruminal fluid characteristics

The study was conducted at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad for the period from 3-30-2022 until 4-10-2022 to determine the extent of improvement or change in the rumen fluid of Awassi lambs after inoculation with Iraqi buffalo rumen fluid, and 5 different percentages of Iraqi buffalo rumen fluid were used. Which was collected immediately after slaughter and (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8) represented the parameters (T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5). It was added to the rumen fluid of Awassi lambs in in vitro digestion tubes to estimate the in vitro digestibility coefficient for the dry and organic matter of the Iraqi wild Reeds, pH, and total number of microorganisms in rumen fluid. The results showed a highly significant increase (P&lt;0.01) for the two treatments (T4 and T5) in the in vitro digestibility coefficient of organic matter and dry matter compared to the treatments (T1, T2, and T3). While the digestibility coefficient of organic matter improved significantly compared to dry matter. The pH values recorded a highly significant increase (P&lt;0.01) after 9 and 12 hours for all treatments compared to their values after 6 hours of in vitro digestion. The results showed a highly significant (P&lt;0.01) superiority of the two treatments (T2 and T4) with buffalo rumen fluid in the pH values compared. With parameters (T1, T3, and T5) with different times during which the pH was measured. The treatments (T3, T4, and T5) were highly significantly (P&lt;0.01) superior in terms of the total number of microorganisms compared to the two inoculation treatments with buffalo rumen fluid (T1 and T2), while the two inoculation treatments (T3 and T5) recorded a highly significant (P&lt;0.01) superiority in The total number of microorganisms in rumen fluid compared to other treatments. From the results achieved above, we conclude that the treatments (T3, T4, and T5) are considered the best rates for inoculation with buffalo rumen fluid, and the T4 treatment is considered the best compared to other inoculation treatments.

Effect of inoculating the Awassi rumen fluid with its counterpart from Iraqi buffaloes on in vitro digestibility coefficient of barley straw and some characteristics of the rumen fluid

The study was conducted at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad for the period from 3-30-2022 to 4-10-2022 with the aim of determining the extent of improvement or change in the rumen fluid of Awassi lambs after inoculation with Iraqi buffalo rumen fluid. 5 ratios of Iraqi buffalo rumen fluid were used. Which was collected immediately after slaughter and (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8) represented the treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5) were added to the rumen fluid of Awassi lambs in in vitro digestion tubes to estimate the in vitro digestibility coefficient of the dry and organic matter of barley straw, pH, and total number of microorganisms in rumen fluid. The results showed a highly significant improvement (P&lt;0.01) for the treatments (T3, T4, and T5) in the in vitro digestibility coefficient of organic matter and dry matter compared to the two treatments (T1 and T2). The results also indicated a highly significant (P&lt;0.01) superiority in the pH value of the two treatments (T2 and T4) with buffalo rumen fluid compared to the other treatments depending on the timing during which the pH was measured. In the same context, the treatments (T3, T4, and T5) outperformed the total number of microorganisms, and the results showed highly significant differences (P&lt;0.01) for the two treatments (T3 and T4) in the total number of microorganisms compared to the treatments (T1, T2, and T5).From the results achieved above, we conclude that the two treatments (T3 and T4) for inoculation with buffalo rumen fluid were significantly superior in improving the in vitro digestibility coefficient of dry and organic matter and improving the characteristics of the rumen fluid in light of the results achieved above. This study is one of the first studies to improve the rumen environment in Awassi lambs through inoculation with different proportions of rumen fluid taken from Iraqi buffaloes after slaughter.

Microbiological substantiation of the effectiveness of quercitin and its combination with ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate in the complex treatment of odontogenic phlegmon and maxillofacial abscesses.

The cross-sectional study included 75 patients. Purulent exudate was collected from the infection site. The number of colony-forming units was counted using the standard plate method. The microbiological examination of purulent exudate obtained from the patients revealed the general prevalence of Gram-positive cocci. On the seventh day of treatment, the total number of microorganisms in the purulent exudate of patients in group I, whose treatment included a combination of the standard protocol with quercitin, significantly decreased compared to the first day of the same group. The results of treatment of patients in group II, which included the standard protocol in combination with quercitin and 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine succinate, demonstrate a significant decrease in the total number of bacteria in the infection focus on the fifth day of treatment compared to this indicator of the group at the beginning of the study. When quercitin was used as part of complex treatment, the total treatment period was reduced by 1.4 days. However, the combined use of quercitin and ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate against the background of standard treatment of patients with odontogenic infection contributed to a reduction in hospital stay by 2 days.

Combined effect of cover crops and bio-fertilizer on sustainable popcorn maize production.

Cover crops play an important role in low-input cropping systems, increasing the use of agro-ecosystem services. Due to the lack of information about the impact of cover crops and bio-fertilizers on popcorn maize (Zea mays everta Sturt.) growth and yield quality, especially the popping volume and nutritive quality, such as concentrations of protein and mineral elements, this research aimed to provide essential information. The interrelation between popcorn maize productivity and quality with important groups of soil microorganisms presents additional novelty. The results demonstrated that field pea is a beneficial cover crop, especially when combined with a bio-fertilizer, supporting the accumulation of maize biomass, chlorophyll, yield potential, and the concentrations of protein, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Zn. In addition, field pea residues promoted N-fixing bacteria, and the number of total microorganisms, especially actinomycetes and decomposing bacteria, which could promote nutrient uptake and grain quality. Residues of cover crop mixtures, common vetch + winter oats and field pea + winter oats, promoted the total number of microorganisms in the soil, and up to the end of vegetation, a greater number of decomposition and ammonification microorganisms were found, especially when the bio-fertilizer was applied, which consequently could support greater maize biomass. Popping volume, as a main trait of popcorn maize, had the highest value in the common vetch + winter oats variant, supporting again the statement that quality traits could be enhanced in sustainable production. Unlike living cover crops, mulch mainly affected soil microbial communities and promoted the development of actinomycetes and cellulolytic microorganisms during the growing season. The results of this research could contribute to the development of sustainable popcorn maize production for improved grain quality. They could also serve as a basis for isolating beneficial soil microorganisms to develop new bio-fertilizers that could improve maize production in synergy with cover crops.

EFFECTS OF THE LONG-TIME RIPENING OF BEEF UPON ITS QUALITY PARAMETERS

Subject. The subject is beef obtained from young bulls of the Aberdeen-Angus beef breed. Purpose. The purpose is to investigate the effects of dry ripening of beef upon its quality and safety parameters. Methods. The content of protein (by mass) was determined by the content of total nitrogen according to Kjeldahl followed by distillation of ammonia; the content of water (by mass) – by drying the portion to constant weight at the temperature of 105ºС; content of fat (by mass) – Soxhlet method; pH – potentiometric method; water-binding ability – by pressing the test sample; sensorial parameters – consumer assessment using a hedonic scale of 9 levels; rheological parameters – using a universal electromechanical testing machine; microbiological parameters – based on the total number of microorganisms in 1 g of product. Results. The quality parameters of long-ripened meat (within 21 days) were studied in comparison with traditionally ripened meat (within 5 days). Sensorial assessment has shown the benefits of long-ripened meat. It was found that in long-ripened beef samples the content (by mass) of protein and fat is higher by 12.97% and 21.41%, respectively; water-binding capacity is 10.69% higher. This leads to a reduction in meat moisture loss during heat treatment by 6%. It has been determined that the penetration force of long-ripened meat is less important compared to similar parameters of traditionally ripened meat. Microbiological studies have shown that meat on the 21st day of ripening corresponds to standard values. Scope of results. A technological instruction for the production of fermented meat has been developed. The developed solution was tested in industrial conditions, and a production inspection certificate was obtained.

The role of pre-disinfection measures in reducing the microbial load of pig house facilities

Premises for keeping animals and objects in them are constantly exposed to significant contamination with organic substances, substantially impacting the disinfection quality. To achieve its maximum effectiveness, it is essential to consistently perform pre-disinfection measures that create optimal conditions for the destruction of microorganisms. However, due to a lack of awareness, poor risk management, time and resource constraints, and lack of systematic controls, many livestock producers underestimate the importance of pre-disinfection measures, which include mechanical cleaning, detergent treatment, hydro-cleaning, and drying. Improper implementation or complete absence of pre-disinfection measures can create favorable conditions for the development of pathogenic microorganisms, which threatens the health and productivity of animals. The work aimed to establish the effect of pre-disinfection measures on the microbial load of piggery facilities. As a result of the conducted research, it was established that before the pre-disinfection measures were carried out at the facilities of pig farms, the total number of microorganisms in honey was from 5.12 ± 0.49 to 6.83 ± 0.54 log CFU/cm3 of washing. The least covered with microflora were feeding troughs, 5.5 % more feeders, 17 % walls, 19 % intercellular partitions, and 25.1 % floors. Carrying out mechanical cleaning of the researched objects of animal husbandry premises ensured a reduction of microflora on their surface from 1.6 to 8.1 % and treatment with the “Grass” agent – from 15.3 to 18.5 %. A decrease in the amount of microflora from 23.7 to 30.9 % on the floor, inter-cage partitions, walls, feeders, and drinking troughs was established after their hydro-cleaning with the high-pressure device “Aqua Master”, and the specified differences were probable (P &lt; 0.05). It has been proven that the proper implementation of all stages of pre-disinfection requirements leads to a possible (P &lt; 0.05) decrease in the microbial load, which was 28.7 % on the floor, 38.3 % on the intercellular partitions, 36.1 % on the walls, 32.0 % in the feeders, 8 %, and 34 % on water supply.

Current state of bacterioplankton of Lake Ilmen

Objective: Determination of the quantitative level of the Lake Ilmen bacterial community in a retrospective. Assessment of lake water quality by microbiological indicators based on the results of seasonal microbiological studies in 2022Research material and methods used: The material was samples of bacterioplankton from the surface water layer of the Lake Ilmen, collected in May, August and September 2022. The total numbers of microorganisms was determined by the epifluorescence method using DAPI fluorochrome. Standard methods were used to determine the number of saprophytic microorganisms at two temperature regimes.Originality: For the first time in the last 25 years, the quantitative characteristics of the bacterial community of Lake Ilmen were determined. A quality assessment of lake waters has been carried out, and the values of self-purification coefficients were calculated.Results: The microbiological characteristic of the water masses of Lake Ilmen, as a habitat for bioresources, is presented. The maximum values of the total bacterial numbers (TBN) were observed in May (average 5.05±0.52×106 cells/ml) during the spring flood, the minimum — at the end of September (average 3.21±0.89×106 cells/ml) during the cooling period of the lake. Coccoid cells prevailed in the bacterioplankton, which indirectly indicates the absence of contamination of the lake waters with organic matter of various origins. According to the average for the observation period TBN (4.10±1.05×106 cells/ml), the trophic state of the lake corresponded to weakly eutrophic. The number of saprophytic bacteria growing at 22 °С always exceeded that at 37oC, which indicated active self-purification processes. According to the quantitative ratios of the TBN and the number of saprophytic bacteria growing at 22 °С (OMH 22 °С), the water masses of the lake, with rare exceptions, belonged to the conditional category of “pure” (oligosaprobic)

Physicochemical characteristics and sensory preference of chicken ball with unripe jackfruit

This study evaluated the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of chicken balls substituted with unripe jackfruit (JF). The JF was sliced, boiled, chopped, and substituted at 0, 50, 100, and 150 g/kg of boneless breast. The mixtures were processed, and the meat batter and chicken balls were measured in properties. Increasing levels of JF resulted in decreased lightness, redness, and yellowness values of meat better and chicken balls. Texture profile analysis showed that increasing levels of JF resulted in lower stickiness and cohesiveness of the meat batter and lower hardness and springiness values of the chicken ball. Sensory evaluation showed that chicken balls with JF at 100 g/kg had preference levels for overall acceptability that were not significantly different. Thus, the chicken balls with JF at 100 g/kg substitution was chosen for proximate analysis and microbiology testing. An analysis of the chemical composition of the chosen chicken balls substituted found that the moisture, protein, fat, crude fibre, ash, and carbohydrate contents were 77.44, 11.80, 0.53, 14.28, 2.12, and 6.09%, respectively. The total number of microorganisms was 1.9 × 102 colonies/g. These final chicken balls were safe. This study demonstrated that JF could be substituted in meat emulsion to produce appropriate chicken balls.

GAS COMPOSITION AND MICROORGANISMS OF GROUND ICE IN RUSSIAN ARCTIC

Link for citation: Butakov V.I., Slagoda E.A., Zavatsky M.D., Ivanov V.I. Gas composition and microorganisms of ground ice in Russian Arctic. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 9, рр. 63-75. In Rus. Relevance. The increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is a fundamental problem on a planetary scale. The source of greenhouse gases in the subsurface horizon of soil can be both deep deposits of hydrocarbons and organic matter processed by microorganisms during the thawing of the ice-rich soil. To determine the source of the gas it is necessary to examine both its quantity and composition and the microorganism content in the subsurface ice. Taking into account the dynamic development of the energy complex in the north of Western Siberia it is necessary to take into account the geotechnical risks associated with the release of greenhouse gases from frozen deposits. Purpose: to study the composition and identify the sources of greenhouse gases in the ice and the ice-rich soil on account of the ice formation conditions and the microorganism content. Objects: ice wedge, hydrogenic and segregational genesis of ice, ice-rich soil of northern Western Siberia and Central Yakutia, collected by expeditions Earth Cryosphere Institute, Tyumen scientific center SB RAS in 2011–2021. Methods of research and interpretation of chemical composition. The structure of frozen deposits has been investigated by cryolitological methods. The monoliths of the ice and the frozen deposits were stored at –18 °C. Gas was extracted from the monoliths with the determination of volume fraction by thermovacuum degassing method. The composition of gases is determined by gas chromatography. Normalization of the gas composition with solubility values in water was carried out. Volume fractions of gas in free and dissolved forms was calculated. The data processing were implemented by means of «Geochem Anomaly» program. Cultivated psychrophilic microorganisms were studied by seeding on nutrient media; the total number of microorganisms was determined by epifluorescent microscopy. Results. The contents of N2 (74,9–87,8 %), O2 (11,7–20,3 %), CO2 (0,01–3,28 %), CH4 (0,003–7, 35 %), H2 (0,001–0,035 %) and hydrocarbons with an atom content from 2 to 6 (2,0×10–5–2,8×10–3 %) are determined in ice and ice-rich soil. The value of N2 and O2 in the gas composition of ice is close to atmospheric air. The ice has wide variations in gas saturation (1,1–21,1 %), CH4 and CO2 content. The freezing of gas-saturated solution occurred for the ice formation, part of the air was in a free form (from 30 to 75 %). Calculated indexes CH4/(C2H6+C3H8) and C2H6/C2H4 indicate biogenic hydrocarbon genesis. The composition of gas bubbles is recalculated for the volume of the entire sample: CH4 content is insignificant in ice wedge, closed-cavity ice and icing (averages 51, 81 and 1 ppmV, respectively). The low amounts of CH4 could be produced by forming these types of ice from the sediments of the active layer, as the dependence of the gas composition on the peat element amount is established. CH4, CO2 and H2 contents increased in samples with peat elements. In interbedding ice the CH4 content is high (216 ppmV). CO2 (up to 3007 ppmV) was accumulated in the texturing ice, and hydrogenic wedge-shaped ice showed high levels of CH4 (up to 4032 ppmV) as the ice was frozen in an enclosed volume. The ice of peat mound has a maximum content of CH4 (15545 ppmV) and high CO2 (2466 ppmV); inclosing sediments flooded with marginal-marine waters are the source of high values of CH4 and CO2. The cultivated psychrophilic microorganisms were identified in the surface ice, and their maximum quantities were identified in segregated formations – up to 1680 KOU/ml, in textural ice – up to 1032 KOU/ml. High concentrations of greenhouse gases are found in frozen peat – CO2 (1075 ppmV), H2 (9 ppmV), CH4 (262 ppmV) and other hydrocarbons due to activity of microorganisms, which results in accumulation of these gases. High gas saturation and CH4 and CO2 levels indicate the formation of gaseous composition by both aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms.

Effects of multi-frequency ultrasonic assisted sodium hypochlorite on the cleaning effect and quality of fresh-cut scallion stems

This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of multi-frequency ultrasound-assisted sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) on fresh-cut scallion stem (FCS) cleaning. Ultrasonic cleaning parameters (frequency mode, frequency amplitude, and the sample to water ratios) were optimized against cleanliness and microbial biomass as evaluation indexes. Under the optimum conditions, the free chlorine residues and quality attributes of FCS were also investigated. The results showed that the cleanliness of FCS improved significantly (p < 0.05) and the total number of microorganisms, especially Escherichia coli, decreased dramatically under the optimized cleaning condition with the simultaneous ultrasound (US) at the sweep frequency (SF) combination of 20 + 28 kHz, the ultrasonic density of 60 W/L, pulse time of 10 s, which indicated that the shelf life of FCS would be extended. Compared to FCS after the 250 ppm NaClO cleaning, the retention of ascorbic acid (AA), color, and texture structure of FCS had no significant difference after ultrasound-assisted NaClO treatment. Meanwhile, the content of allicin increased by 52.5% under ultrasound-assisted cleaning. The integration of US into the cleaning process resulted in a notably reduction of 68% in NaClO concentration, as well as the weight loss and respiration rate (RR) of the scallion stems. Therefore, ultrasound-assisted NaClO cleaning was regarded as a promising and effective approach for cleaning fresh-cut vegetables.

The effect of form and method of flavoring on microbiota of olive oil.

Flavoring olive oil is an increasing trend in olive oil processing. Growing consumer interest in flavored olive oils by natural material brings the need to evaluate the key limiting factors which is its microbiological stability. The present research compares the microbiological quality of olive oil flavored by 3 flavors (rosemary, garlic, and lemon), prepared by 3 methods to determine changes during storage. The comprehensive microbiological analyses (total number of microorganisms [TCM], anaerobic sporulates, yeasts, molds, bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae, bacteria of the genus Salmonella spp., Clostridium botulinum, and lactic acid bacteria) were conducted during 12 months of storage. The best results in TCM were observed in the oil flavored by fresh garlic (0.24 log CFU/mL). The highest counts of anaerobic sporulates were detected in the dried rosemary olive oil (1.10 log CFU/mL). The flavoring materials have significantly higher counts of microorganism than flavored oils (p < .05). The obtained results demonstrated that microorganisms are capable to survive in flavored olive oil and the method of flavoring can affect their growth in a selective way according to the chemical characteristics.

Bacterial abundance of cacao agroforestry, cacao monoculture and secondary forest land uses in north Luwu, South Sulawesi

Expanding the agricultural sector in North Luwu influences land use modification to enhance plantation output. Continuous land use and clearance can jeopardize the survival of native land vegetation, altering C and N cycles, community composition, population, and soil microbial activity. Microorganisms are essential for maintaining the health and quality of the soil. The abundance of soil microorganisms significantly impacts ecosystem function, so it can help boost agricultural output. This demonstrates that data on the abundance and diversity of soil microorganisms can be used to determine soil fertility. However, more information is needed about the diversity of soil microbes in North Luwu. This study seeks to determine the abundance of soil microorganisms, particularly for various land uses. Random soil samples were collected from cacao monoculture, cacao agroforestry, and secondary forest. The C: N ratio and the total number of microorganisms were then measured in the collected soil samples. Cacao agroforestry with the highest C: N ratio had 1.8 x 108 CFU/g of total soil bacterial, the highest bacterial abundance among the three land covers, followed by secondary forest and cacao monoculture with the lowest C: N ratio and lowest bacterial abundance 2 x 107 CFU/g. These results indicated that the soil C: N ratio influences the bacterial abundance of various land uses. The highest abundance of nitrate-fixing bacteria was found in secondary forests and the lowest in cacao agroforestry, even though the %N indicated by both was the same.

Nutritional Quality and Overall Acceptability Optimization of Ultra-Fast Air-Superchilled Golden Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Stevanovski) Using the Response Surface Methodology

Temperatures below the cryoscopic point help to partially freeze most of the water in the fish muscle tissue. This reduces water activity and makes the remaining free water hardly accessible to microorganisms. The objective of this study was to determine the best process regime of ultra-fast air-superchilling, giving us the optimal quality of golden rainbow trout. Two hundred and thirty-four live golden rainbow trout (Oncorchynchus mykiss, Stevanovski) (18 groups of 13 fish in a group) were caught and immediately stunned by an electric current (P = 42 W). The stunned fish was placed in styrofoam cans and covered with flaked ice. The sensory analysis, total nitrogen volatile bases (TVB-N), total number of microorganisms (TVC), and presence of biogenic amines were determined. According to the optimized values for TVB-N, TVC, and sensory scores, giving us a better quality of ultra-fast air-superchilled golden rainbow, the process regime has been found at the following parameters: air temperature T = −11.3 °C; airflow velocity υ = 6.5 m s−1; and packaging layer thickness D = 79.2 μ. The superchilled golden rainbow trout processed by this regime has the lowest degree of proteolytic degradation, delayed development of the microflora, and retains the best possible sensory properties and freshness.

The influence of agrotechnical measures on the number of melanin-synthesizing microorganisms

In connection with the growing scale of soil dehumification, studies of the patterns of synthesis of the precursors of humus molecules – melanins of bacterial origin – are becoming increasingly relevant. The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of the main factors of agricultural production on the spread of melaninsynthesizing microorganisms: the method of basic soil cultivation, mineral fertilizers, and the type of agricultural crop. Research methods: microbiological, laboratory-analytical, statistical, correlational. As a result, the study found for the first time that the main cultivation of the soil affects the number of melaninsynthesizing microorganisms: micromycetes, bacteria, аzotobacter. In the variant without the application of mineral fertilizers (control), the soil was characterized by the minimum amount of melanin-synthesizing bacteria using the No-till technology, 28.8% more – using disking, and 2.4 times more – using ploughing. The number of melaninsynthesizing micromycetes in the variant without fertilizers was also maximum upon ploughing, the average number was observed with No-till technologies, and the minimum number – using shallow disk tillage. Application of mineral fertilizers in a dose of N30P30K65 leads to an increase in the number of melanin-synthesizing bacteria in the ploughing option by 3.58 times, disking by 3.53 times, No-till technology by 2.28 times. An increase in the dose of mineral fertilizers to N150P100K120 contributes to an increase in the number of melanin-synthesizing bacteria by 5.04 times upon ploughing, 5.78 times upon disking, and 2.24 times upon no-till technologies. The medium-significant nature of the relationship between the content of humus and the number of melanin-synthesizing bacteria (r=0.528) and their share in the total number of microorganisms (r=0.470) suggested that in chernozem inherent in growing sunflowers, humus is formed mainly with the participation melanins of bacterial origin. Metabolites of polysaccharide-synthesizing bacteria take part in the formation of the resistance of humus molecules to microbial mineralization, the probability of the formation of colonies of which has a moderately significant relationship with the content of humus (r=0.532). The results of these studies can be used in the development of recommendations for regulating the content of humus in agricultural soils, preventing its excessive mineralization, which will allow preserving and increasing soil fertility

Bioactive Substances and Microbiological Quality of Milk Thistle Fruits from Organic and Conventional Farming

The agricultural policy of the European Union is currently focused on increasing the area of organic farming. Medicinal plants, including milk thistle (Silybum marianum [L.] Gaertn.), are particularly suitable for this type of cultivation. The aim of this study was to compare milk thistle fruits from organic and conventional farming in terms of the content of silymarin and individual flavonolignans, oil content, microbiological purity, as well as antimicrobial activity of the silymarin extract, mainly in relation to microorganisms responsible for skin infections. The raw material of Silybi mariani fructus obtained from organic farming did not differ in terms of silymarin and oil content compared to the raw material from conventional cultivation. However, it differed in the composition of silymarin and the level of microbiological contamination. Raw material from organic farming was mostly characterized by a higher proportion of the sum of silydianin and silychristin in the silymarin complex than the sum of silybinin A and silybinin B. In the samples from conventional cultivation, only genotypes with a predominance of silybinins were present. Although the total number of microorganisms (TAMC) and yeasts and molds (TYMC) on fruit from organic farming were several times higher than on fruit from conventional farming, it was still within the standards set for food products. All raw materials were free of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. In addition, it was shown that the silymarin extract from organic farming was generally characterized by greater antimicrobial activity, especially in relation to Staphylococcus aureus, which is resistant and troublesome in skin infections.

Microbiological activity of chernozem depending on the use and size of soil aggregates

The results of the studies of changes in biological and enzymatic activity of soils depending on the anthropogenic influence and the size of soil aggregates are presented. The work was carried out in 2015-2021 in the conditions of the south-east of the Central Chernozem region. The soil of the experimental site is ordinary (segregational) medium–sized medium-humus heavy loamy chernozem. The objects of research are long–used arable land and the layland used for haying since 1882. The quantitative change of individual groups of microorganisms, determined by the nature of the impact on the soil cover, is shown. The total number of microorganisms in both arable land and chernozems under natural vegetation was at the same level of 40.0 and 39.3 million CFU, respectively. Significant differences in the biological activity of chernozems by individual groups of microbial cenosis structure were noted. An increase in the number of ammonification bacteria on the arable analogue was revealed by an average of 30.7%; micromycetes by 4.4%; cellulolytics by 46.4%; nitrifiers by 46.9%; calculated humification coefficient by 45.4%. According to other components of microbial cenosis, the advantage of layland steppe soils is noted: actinomycetes by 18.5%; humus mineralizers by 11.8%. An increase in the activity of most groups of microorganisms was shown in the smaller structural units of 1-5 mm. In larger mesoaggregates, CFU numbers tend to decrease. This pattern is most clearly traced in agrogenically altered soils. In the soils occupied by natural vegetation, there is a higher activity of biochemical processes.

CHANGE CHARACTERISTICS IN SALIVA AND FECES MICROBIOTA OF A DESMINOPATHY T341P PATIENT

Background. A rare muscular disease, desminopathy, is caused by mutations in the DES gene. At present, information about changes in the microbiota of biological media present in such patients is very scarce.&#x0D; Purpose. The aim of the study is to study changes in the saliva and feces microbiota of patients with desminopathy T341P in a heterozygous state.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The retrospective investigation comprised observation of the observation of a proband with the family form of desminopathy T341P. 56 clinically significant microorganisms were numerically analyzed immediately in the obtained biological material by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method.&#x0D; Results. The emergence of Epstein-Barr viruses, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes spp and gram-negative rods was noted in the proband’s biological media under investigation during the desminopathy progression. Excessive bacterial growth of fecal microbiota was observed along with a decrease in saliva microorganisms. There is an excess of the norm in the total number of microorganisms and an increase in their species diversity. Propionibacterium jensenii, Eubacterium spp and Eggerthella lenta predominated in the feces and Clostridium ramosum – in the saliva. An increase in fecal microbiota transient with Peptostreptococcus anaerobius 18623 dominance was observed along with the emergence and rapid 441-time growth of potentially dangerous bacterium Clostridium difficile. The total level of endotoxin in the proband’s saliva and fecal microbiota increases to exceed the norm in 13.7 and 81.8 times, respectively. At the same time, a low level of plasmalogen was noted.&#x0D; Conclusion. The investigation results can be useful for developing complex intervention tactics.

Rationale for the prevention of mastitis in cows during the dry period and after calving

Testing cows for mastitis before starting and treating all milch cows with a long-acting antimicrobial agent is an important component of the preventive preparation of animals for the dry period. In addition, determining the sensitivity of pathogens isolated on the farm and rotating antimicrobials increases the effectiveness of therapy and reduces the risk of resistant strains of microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to determine the preventive and therapeutic effects of preparations based on povidone-iodine and cefquinome sulfate for cows with mastitis. The following methods were used in the study: calculation of the total number of somatic cells by flow cytometry; California test; sensitivity to antimicrobial agents by agar disks; clinical and physiological method; statistical method. During the examination of cows for mastitis, it was identified that in the control group the number of somatic cells averaged 450 thousand/cm3, the total number of microorganisms was 130 thousand. In cows of the experimental group, productivity was 23.6%, the number of somatic cells was 600 thousand/cm3, microorganisms – 550 thousand CFU/cm3. It was identified that the isolated microflora showed high sensitivity to the preparation based on povidone-iodine and cefquinome sulfate. Therefore, udder conservation for cows of the experimental group with signs of mastitis was conducted with a product based on povidone-iodine, which affected the increase in lactation and improvement of milk quality after calving. The criteria for milk in the experimental group at the end of the experiment corresponded to the grade extra – 30%, top – 60%, and first – 10%. As a result of the therapy, lactation improved in cows, and the quality of milk corresponded to the first grade. At the end of the study, the quality of milk in cows of the control group corresponded to the extra Grade – 10%, top – 40%, and first – 50%. The practical value of the study lies in the prevention of mastitis on the farm, improving the quality of the resulting products, reducing the cost of veterinary care and culling animals