Total Number Of Different Types Research Articles

Is having a 20-minute neighbourhood associated with eating out behaviours and takeaway home delivery? A cross-sectional analysis of ProjectPLAN

BackgroundThrough improved service provision and accessibility, 20-min neighbourhoods (20MNs) aim to enable people to meet most of their daily (non-work) needs within 20 min from home. Associations between 20MNs and food practices remain unknown. This study examines links with the frequency and location of eating out behaviours as well as the frequency of home food delivery.MethodsThis cross-sectional study used data from 769 adults from the Places and Locations for Activity and Nutrition study (ProjectPLAN) conducted in Melbourne and Adelaide, Australia, between 2018 and 2019. Outcomes were 1) visit frequency to i) cafés, ii) restaurants, bars or bistros, iii) major chain fast food outlets and iv) takeaway outlets to purchase food; 2) total number of different types of out-of-home food outlets visited; 3) use frequency of home food delivery services; 4) distance from home to the most frequented out-of-home food outlets. Exposure was whether participants had a 20MN (areas with high service/amenity provision) or a non-20MN (areas with low service/amenity provision). Ordinal regression models were fitted for the frequency outcomes. Poisson regression models were fitted for the number of different outlet types. Linear and spatial regression models were fitted for the distance outcomes.ResultsResults suggested no differences in frequency of visitations to out-of-home food outlets and use of food delivery services between those with a 20MN and those with a non-20MN. Yet, those with a 20MN were more likely to use a greater number of different types of outlets on a weekly basis. Where a regular eating out location was reported, it was nearer to home for those with a 20MN.ConclusionsThis study provides evidence supportive of 20MNs potentially facilitating more localised food practices, however, 20MNs may also encourage greater cumulative frequency of meals out across a variety of out-of-home food providers.

Association of Online Risk Factors With Subsequent Youth Suicide-Related Behaviors in the US

The association between online activities and youth suicide is an important issue for parents, clinicians, and policy makers. However, most information exploring potential associations is drawn from survey data and mainly focuses on risk related to overall screen time. To evaluate the association between a variety of online risk factors and youth suicide-related behavior using real-world online activity data. A matched case-control study was conducted from July 27, 2019, to May 26, 2020, with the sample drawn from more than 2600 US schools participating in an online safety monitoring program via the Bark online safety tool. For 227 youths having a severe suicide/self-harm alert requiring notification of school administrators, cases were matched 1:5 to 1135 controls on location, the amount of follow-up time, and general volume of online activity. Eight potential online risk factors (cyberbullying, violence, drug-related, hate speech, profanity, sexual content, depression, and low-severity self-harm) through assessment of text, image, and video data. Severe suicide/self-harm alert requiring notification of school administrators; severe suicide alerts are statements by youths indicating imminent or recent suicide attempts and/or self-harm. The 1362 participants had a mean (SD) age of 13.3 (2.41) years; 699 (51.3%) were male. All 8 online risk factors studied exhibited differences between case and control populations and were significantly associated with subsequent severe suicide/self-harm alerts when examining total direct and indirect pathways. These associations ranged from an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 1.17 (95% CI, 1.09-1.26) for drug-related content to an aOR of 1.82 (95% CI, 1.63-2.03) for depression-related content. When considering the total number of different types of online risk factors among the 8 measured, there was an exponentially larger risk of severe suicide/self-harm alerts; youths with 5 or more of the 8 risk factors present in their online activity had a more than 70-fold increased odds of subsequently having a severe suicide/self-harm alert (aOR, 78.64; 95% CI, 34.39-179.84). The findings of this study suggest that many discrete types of risk factors are identifiable from online data and associated with subsequent youth suicide-related behavior. Although each risk factor carries a specific association with suicide-related behavior, the greatest risk is evident for youths demonstrating multiple types of online risk factors.

Prevalence of chronic diseases in older Palestinian adults and common pharmacological interventions: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundOlder people (aged 60 years and older) are more susceptible than younger people to multiple medical disorders and are therefore more frequently exposed to polypharmacy. We investigated prevalence of chronic diseases and medical conditions, medications used, and associated sociodemographic factors among older adults of the Palestinian population. MethodsA cross-sectional study was done between June, 2013, and January, 2014. The study population was Palestinians aged 60 years and older living in the West Bank and East Jerusalem. Study participants were selected in a stratified random manner. The sample was selected from all governorates (strata) according to the size of the population of each governate on the basis of census data from the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. The research team visited and interviewed older residents in their houses. Questionnaire items were explained in informal language to participants by the interviewer, to ensure complete understanding, and answers were recorded by the interviewer. Informed written consent was obtained from each participant. The study design and protocols were revised and approved by the Research Ethics Committee at Al-Quds University. Findings1574 older Palestinian adults were invited to participate, of whom 1192 (76%) enlisted. The mean age was 70·3 years (SD 8·58, range 60–110 years). 55% (659 of 1192) were female and 45% (533) were male. The majority (84%; 996) were non-workers or retired; monthly income for 78% of participants (930) was less than 2500 NIS, which falls in the low-income group. More participants (78%; 934) had governmental health insurance than had private insurance (8%; 89) or no insurance (14%; 169). 40 chronic diseases and conditions were reported. The mean number of diseases reported per participant was 2·33 (SD 1·68, range 0–11). Cardiovascular, endocrine, and musculoskeletal conditions were the most frequently reported. 66% of participants (787 of 1192) reported at least one cardiovascular condition, 40% (480) at least one endocrine condition, and 32% (385) at least one musculoskeletal condition. The most prevalent cardiovascular condition was hypertension, which affected 54% of participants (647); the most prevalent endocrine condition was diabetes (38·2%, 455); and the most prevalent musculoskeletal condition was arthritis (13·7%, 163). The total number of different types of medication (both prescribed and over-the-counter drugs) was 175. The mean number of medications per participant was 4·54 (SD 2·83), and the highest number of different medications being taken by one participant was 17. Commonly prescribed therapeutic agents were aspirin (prescribed to 48% of participants, 575 of 1192), angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (34%, 403), diuretics (34%, 409), metformin (27%, 323), paracetamol (23%, 270), and protein pump inhibitors (23%, 275). InterpretationThe findings provide insights into the most prevalent chronic diseases and conditions, as well as the most commonly used medications among older Palestinians. Cardiovascular, endocrine, and musculoskeletal conditions were the most prevalent diseases. Older Palestinians adults are subjected to polypharmacy, which should be assessed whenever they are evaluated for health problems, and drug interactions should be carefully checked. Physicians, pharmacists, health professionals, and health policymakers in Palestine should consider increasing citizens’ health awareness and encourage healthy lifestyles to decrease the incidence of these diseases. In addition, intersectoral cooperation between the governmental and non-governmental organisations will be key in the fight against chronic diseases in older Palestinian adults. FundingNone.

Taurine improves follicular survival and function of mice ovarian grafts through increasing CD31 and GDF9 expression and reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis

Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a major limitation of ovarian transplantation which threatens the follicular and graft survival. Taurine as a potent anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory agent, can prevent graft damages due to IR. We aimed to investigate the effect of taurine on the follicular survival and function of autotransplanted mouse ovaries. Female mice (4–5 weeks old) were divided into: control, autograft and autograft + taurine (200 mg/kg/day). The level of CD31 expression was evaluated two days (48 h) post transplantation. In addition, on day 7 post transplantation the serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were assessed. Also, 28 days post transplantation; ovaries were studied stereologically and the percentage of apoptotic follicles, level of GDF9 expression and the serum concentrations of progesterone and estradiol were measured. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test and the means were considered significantly different at P < 0.05. The total volume of the ovary (P < 0.01), volume of the cortex (P < 0.01) and medulla (P < 0.04), total number of different types of follicles, expression of GDF9 and CD31 and also the levels of progesterone, estradiol and TAC increased significantly in the autograft + taurine group compared to the autograft group (P < 0.001). The MDA level and apoptosis rate decreased significantly in the autograft + taurine group compared to the autograft group (P < 0.001). Taurine could significantly improve follicular survival and the function of grafted ovaries by accelerating the angiogenesis and reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Self-reported morbidity profile among geriatric population in ICMR-model rural health research unit, Kallur, Tirunelveli

Background: The Model Rural Health Research Unit at Kallur, Tirunelveli, established by the Department of Health Research, Government of India, is linked to Tirunelveli Medical College. It is mentored by the ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai. The key objective was to develop area-specific models to undertake field health research depending on the disease profile, topography, morbidity patterns, and better health-care services. As a part of the ongoing activity, we constructed a cohort of 36,289 people and analyzed the self-reported information on morbidities experienced by the registered population from different aspects. In this communication, we report some of the findings extracted from the data sets as descriptive epidemiology on the self-reported magnitude of illness and their utilization of health services in the rural cohort of a primary health center among the geriatric population 60 years or more. Methods: A demographic health database of 11,006 households (HH) with 36,289 individuals was constructed in the study area under the Primary Health Centre, Nadu Kallur, Tirunelveli. This database consists of self-reported morbidity data collected at baseline, pertaining to the cohort members with age 60 years or more and analyzed it. Results: The study area's total geriatric population with 60 years of age or more was 4891 (13.5%). In this cohort, the gender ratio was 824 males for every 1000 females, with an average of 0.4 geriatric persons per HH, and 37% of them were illiterates. About 38% of the study population were either widowed or separated. Nearly 65% of the people in the cohort lived in the same house for more than 10 years. Around 10% were pensioners, and almost 36% had to work for their daily living. Only 27% had health insurance or were covered by a health scheme. About 52% (2564) of the individuals reported about their one or more ailments. The total number of different types of ailments reported was 3704. Among them, 402 (11%) were not treated. For the remaining (3302 ailments) one or more treatments were taken, i.e., in all 4705 instances, treatment was taken either consulting a physician or self-treatment. Hypertension (25%) and diabetes mellitus (21%) were the major cause of morbidity among the elderly in this cohort. Conclusion: The above rural baseline survey portrays the commonly reported morbidities and their treatment-seeking behavior of a cohort of elderly people living in the area under Government Primary Health Centre, Nadu Kallur, South India. The findings indicate that the commonly reported morbidity and their treatment-seeking behavior remain unchanged even after rapid strides in India's health-care delivery. This study's data strengthen the need to increase the services for the geriatric population to improve their quality of life.

Studying the load jam modes within the framework of a flat model of the rotor with an auto­balancer

This paper reports the analytically investigated load jam modes (balls, rollers, pendulums) within a flat model of the balanced rotor on isotropic elastic-viscous supports carrying the auto-balancer with many identical loads. A physical-mathematical model of the rotor-auto-balancer system is described. The differential equations have been recorded for the system motion with respect to the coordinate system that rotates at constant speed. We have found all the steady modes of motion under which loads get stuck at a constant speed of rotation. In the coordinate system that rotates synchronously with loads, these movements are stationary. Our theoretical study has demonstrated that the load jam modes in the rotor-auto-balancer system are the single-parametric families of steady movements. Each jam mode is characterized by a certain load configuration and the appropriate frequency of jams. In the coordinate system that synchronously rotates with loads: – the rotor displacement is constant; – the parameter is the angle defining the direction of the rotor displacement vector; – loads take certain fixed positions relative to the rotor displacement vector; these positions depend on the rotor rotation speed. The auto-balancer with n b identical loads of different configurations has n b +1 loads. The total number of different types of load jam modes: – 2(n b +1), if n b is odd; – 2n b +1, if n b is even. The total number of different jam frequencies: – 3(n b +1)/2, if n b is odd; – 3n b /2+1, if n b is even. The total number of different characteristic speeds is n b +2. The characteristic speeds are the points of movement bifurcations because their transitions give rise to the emergence or disappearance of single-parametric families of movements that correspond to a certain jam mode. At these points, jam modes can acquire or lose stability.

Study of the Clinical Profile and Site Proclivity of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis at Tertiary Care Center of Rohilkhand Region, Bareilly

ABSTRACT Aim To study the clinical profile and site proclivity of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) at tertiary care center of Rohilkhand region, Bareilly. Materials and methods Among 329 patients, the study was conducted on 108 patients with EPTB. The analysis included patients who were diagnosed for EPTB between May 1, 2015 and October 31, 2015 in a tertiary care hospital, Rohilkhand region, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh. Results Among the EPTB cases studied, 62 (57.4%) were males. About 96 (88.8%) patients received Category (CAT)1 treatment and 12 (11.1%) patients received CAT2 treatment. Overall, the total number of different types of EPTB cases included lymph node (n = 44, 40.7%), human gastrointestinal tract (n = 18, 16.6%), pleura (n = 34, 31.4%), skeletal (n = 5, 4.6%), central nervous system (n = 3, 2.7%); other sites included mainly breast (n = 2, 3.2%), genitourinary (n = 1, 2.6%), and skin (n = 1, 2.6%). Conclusion Extrapulmonary tuberculosis still constitutes an important clinical problem. In this study, we assessed the site of predilection of EPTB patients, which constituted 32.8% of all tuberculosis cases presented to our center during the study period. Lymph node tuberculosis is the most common type. How to cite this article Tiwari VK, Agarwal R, Bansal S, Saini RK, Kumar A, Khan J. Study of the Clinical Profile and Site Proclivity of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis at Tertiary Care Center of Rohilkhand Region, Bareilly. Int J Adv Integ Med Sci 2016;1(3):95-97.

Cumulative trauma and symptom complexity in children: A path analysis

Multiple trauma exposures during childhood are associated with a range of psychological symptoms later in life. In this study, we examined whether the total number of different types of trauma experienced by children (cumulative trauma) is associated with the complexity of their subsequent symptomatology, where complexity is defined as the number of different symptom clusters simultaneously elevated into the clinical range. Children's symptoms in six different trauma-related areas (e.g., depression, anger, posttraumatic stress) were reported both by child clients and their caretakers in a clinical sample of 318 children. Path analysis revealed that accumulated exposure to multiple different trauma types predicts symptom complexity as reported by both children and their caretakers.

Somatic Symptoms Among US Adolescent Females: Associations with Sexual and Physical Violence Exposure

The objective of this study is to examine the association between physical and sexual violence exposure and somatic symptoms among female adolescents. We studied a nationally representative sample of 8,531 females, aged 11-21 years, who participated in the 1994-1995 Wave I of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Female adolescents were asked how often they had experienced 16 specific somatic symptoms during the past 12 months. Two summary categorical measures were constructed based on tertiles of the distributions for the entire female sample: (a) total number of different types of symptoms experienced, and (b) number of frequent (once a week or more often) different symptoms experienced. Groups were mutually exclusive. We examined associations between adolescents' violence exposure and somatic symptoms using multinomial logistic regression analyses. About 5 % of adolescent females reported both sexual and non-sexual violence, 3 % reported sexual violence only, 36 % reported non-sexual violence only, and 57 % reported no violence. Adolescents who experienced both sexual and non-sexual violence were the most likely to report many different symptoms and to experience very frequent or chronic symptoms. Likelihood of high symptomatology was next highest among adolescents who experienced sexual violence only, followed by females who experienced non-sexual violence only. Findings support an exposure-response association between violence exposure and somatic symptoms, suggesting that symptoms can be markers of victimization. Treating symptoms alone, without addressing the potential violence experienced, may not adequately improve adolescents' somatic complaints and well-being.

Number of childhood abuse perpetrators and the occurrence of depressive episodes in adulthood

ObjectiveAlthough past research has documented a link between adverse childhood experiences – particularly childhood emotional (CEA), physical (CPA), and sexual abuse (CSA) – and depression, relatively few studies have examined the unique impact of each of these highly co-occurring abuse types. Moreover, relatively little is known about the specific aspects of abuse experiences that increase risk for depression (e.g., number of perpetrators). The current study provides a conservative test of the association between the number of CEA, CPA, and CSA perpetrators, and depressive episodes in adulthood. MethodTwo hundred and ninety-nine participants were followed longitudinally for 2.5 years. CEA, CPA, and CSA were measured using the Lifetime Experiences Questionnaire, and depressive episodes were assessed with diagnostic interviews administered every 6 weeks. ResultsAfter statistically controlling for the influence of cognitive risk for depression, baseline depressive symptoms, past history of clinical depression, and total number of different types of CEA, CSA, and CPA events, the number of CEA and CSA, but not CPA, perpetrators were uniquely associated with the number of depressive episodes experienced over the prospective follow-up. ConclusionsThese results indicate that experiencing CEA and CSA from multiple perpetrators increased risk for clinical depression beyond what is accounted for by the total number of types of abuse experiences. This study highlights the need for future research to assess the specific qualities of childhood abuse experiences that uniquely confer risk for clinical depression, as well as possible mechanisms through which they exert their deleterious effect.

Influence on pubertal reproductive function in female rats by immune challenge in early life

To investigate the long-term programming effects on pubertal reproductive function by immunological challenge in early life. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were administered by endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) at a dosage of 50 µg/kg and saline intraperitoneally on postnatal day 3 and 5. Body weight was measured weekly. Puberty onset (vaginal opening) and oestrous cyclicity were monitored from postnatal day 30. At the age of 6 weeks, bilateral ovariectomy was performed. The histological and morphological change of the ovaries (the thickness of the theca interna and the number of different kinds of follicles) were observed and the immunoreactivity of the ovarian sympathetic nerve markers (low affinity receptor of nerve growth factor, p75NGFR) was evaluated by immune staining. Immunological challenge (exposed to LPS) in early life delayed vaginal opening significantly [LPS-treated (40.6 ± 0.7) days versus controls (38.6 ± 0.5) days, P < 0.05], decreased the percentage of normal oestrous cyclicity (LPS-treated 26.1% versus controls 66.8%, P < 0.05), decreased the total number of different types of follicles (primordial follicles: LPS-treated 610 ± 47 versus controls 1181 ± 57, P < 0.05; primary follicles: LPS-treated 624 ± 41 versus controls 960 ± 30, P < 0.05; preantral follicles: LPS-treated 183 ± 16 versus controls 260 ± 14, P < 0.05; antral follicles: LPS-treated 32 ± 4 versus controls 79 ± 7, P < 0.05) and increased the thickness of the theca interna [LPS-treated (15.8 ± 0.4) µm versus controls (11.4 ± 0.3) µm, P < 0.05]. The immunostaining of p75NGFR was obviously enhanced in the LPS-treated ovaries when compared with that of controls (P < 0.05). Immunological stress during early critical developmental windows could have long dysfunctional effects on the pubertal reproductive function. It delayed puberty onset, reduced the percentage of the normal oestrous cycles, decreased follicles reserve and increased the thickness of the theca interna which might involve the up-regulation of the local ovarian sympathetic nerve activity.

Mental health services utilization and driving violations

Objective. The objective of this study was to determine whether there is a relationship between the past utilization of four mental health services (i.e. ever been seen by a psychiatrist, ever been in a psychiatric hospital, ever been in counseling, ever been on psychotropic medication) and different types of driving citations during one's lifetime. Methods. Using a consecutive, cross-sectional, primary care sample, we surveyed participants about their past use of four mental health services and lifetime incidence of 29 different types of driving citations (charges, not convictions). Results. The total number of different types of moving violations was statistically significantly related to a history of psychiatric hospitalization. The total number of different types of non-moving violations was statistically significantly related to all mental health services variables. Conclusions. In this study, general non-specific queries about the past utilization of mental health services were correlated with both moving violations (past psychiatric hospitalization) and non-moving violations (all mental health services variables). These findings suggest that patients who have received mental health treatment are at a higher risk for being cited for driving violations than those who have not received mental health treatment. However, among the mental health variables under study, only past psychiatric hospitalization was associated with moving violations.

A developmental approach to complex PTSD: Childhood and adult cumulative trauma as predictors of symptom complexity

Exposure to multiple traumas, particularly in childhood, has been proposed to result in a complex of symptoms that includes posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well as a constrained, but variable group of symptoms that highlight self-regulatory disturbances. The relationship between accumulated exposure to different types of traumatic events and total number of different types of symptoms (symptom complexity) was assessed in an adult clinical sample (N = 582) and a child clinical sample (N = 152). Childhood cumulative trauma but not adulthood trauma predicted increasing symptom complexity in adults. Cumulative trauma predicted increasing symptom complexity in the child sample. Results suggest that Complex PTSD symptoms occur in both adult and child samples in a principled, rule-governed way and that childhood experiences significantly influenced adult symptoms.

Accumulated childhood trauma and symptom complexity

The relationship between accumulated exposure to different types of traumatic events (cumulative trauma) in childhood and the total number of different types of symptomatology reported (symptom complexity) in adulthood was examined in a sample of 2,453 female university students. There was a linear relationship between the number of trauma types experienced by participants before 18 and symptom complexity. This effect remained even when controlling for specific traumatic events, suggesting a generalized effect of cumulative trauma.

Internet Prevention Messages: Targeting the Right Online Behaviors

Internet safety programs urge youth to avoid sharing personal information and talking with "strangers" online. To examine whether sharing personal information and talking with strangers online or other behaviors are associated with the greatest odds for online interpersonal victimization. The Second Youth Internet Safety Survey was a cross-sectional random digit-dial telephone survey. United States. A total of 1500 youth aged 10 to 17 years who had used the Internet at least once a month for the previous 6 months. Online behavior, including disclosure of personal information, aggressive behavior, talking with people met online, sexual behavior, and downloading images using file-sharing programs. Online interpersonal victimization (ie, unwanted sexual solicitation or harassment). Aggressive behavior in the form of making rude or nasty comments (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 2.3; P<.001) or frequently embarrassing others (AOR, 4.6; P = .003), meeting people in multiple ways (AOR, 3.4; P<.001), and talking about sex online with unknown people (AOR, 2.0; P = .02) were significantly related to online interpersonal victimization after adjusting for the total number of different types of online behaviors youth engaged in. Engaging in 4 types of online behaviors seemed to represent a tipping point of increased risk for online interpersonal victimization (OR, 11.3; P<.001). Talking with people known only online ("strangers") under some conditions is related to online interpersonal victimization, but sharing personal information is not. Engaging in a pattern of different kinds of online risky behaviors is more influential in explaining victimization than many specific behaviors alone. Pediatricians should help parents assess their child's online behaviors globally in addition to focusing on specific types of behaviors.

Posttraumatic stress disorder as a reaction to the experience of psychosis and its sequelae

The potentially distressing nature of both the symptoms of psychosis and its treatment (i.e., hospitalisation) can have a traumatic impact upon the individual. This pilot study investigates this relationship in 20 outpatients hospitalised for psychosis within the past year. All participated in a research interview. Five participants (25%) met criteria for Post-Psychotic PTSD. Overall trauma levels were related significantly to the total number of different types of previous traumatic events experienced, the distress associated with police conveyance to their most recent psychiatric hospitalisation, and the total number of experiences related to harm to self/others during their most recent hospitalisation. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Comparison of Findings of the Bone Stain and Tetracycline Labeling in Monkey Ribs

An attempt was made to interpret the chromatic properties of osteoid seams and tetracycline labels in Rhesus monkey bone. Observation included counting the total number of different types of osteoid seams shown by the Bone stain, and the total number of tetracycline labels. Significant differences were found in the number of tetracycline foci adjacent to these seams. Of 734 osteoid seams identified by staining, 648 associated with tetracycline label. Percent labeling of different types of seams was (a) transitional seams, 99%; (b) green seams, 91%; and (c) red seams, 81%. Overall, there are 88% osteoid seams labeled by the antibiotic. The remaining 12% unlabeled may reflect quiescent bone mineralization during the period of tetracycline administration. Possibly in some instances the seams had just begun forming, and mineralization had not started.While tetracycline labeling seemed to be an index of bone formation, it was also observed that osteoid seams appeared to be another measure of this activity. These comparative studies may provide useful information for studies relating to such factors as osteoblastic activity, along with some metabolic bone disorders, fracture healing, growth, aging, and mechanical stress response.