Total Number Of Charges Research Articles

Surface mobility of holes in thermally oxidized silicon measured by the field effect and the hall effect

A comparison of the surface Hall and field effect mobilities indicates few, if any, surface states within ·13V of the valence band. By combining changes in the field plate voltage and a bias voltage between the surface layer and the bulk crystal, it is possible to vary independently the total number of charges in the surface channel and the effective thickness of the channel. The dependence of the surface mobility upon these parameters can be explained by a combination of enhanced lattice scattering and screened charged impurity scattering at the surface. A possible surface quantization effect is described.

The precipitation reaction of carrageenan with gelatin

1. 1. The precipitation reaction of carrageenan and gelatin is due to electrostatic interaction of the oppositely charged molecules. 2. 2. The stoichiometric relation of gelatin to carrageenan is determined by the net positive charge on the gelatin and not by the total number of positive charges. 3. 3. The stoichiometry is strongly affected by pH and Ca ++ concentration. Adding Ca ++ has the same effect as lowering pH, which is to lower the weight of gelatin needed to neutralize the unit weight of carrageenan. There is strong evidence that the mechanism is the same in both cases, i.e., removal of charges from carboxyl groups.

Female Homicides

Female homicides can be conveniently considered under three headings: (i) Those who kill their children, (2) those who kill adults, and (3) abortionists. The last group has not been included in the 126 cases under review, because the mental condition of the abortionists is of little interest for our present purpose. I have never known a prisoner charged with this offence raise the subject in mitigation of punishment. The 126 cases are not in any way selected, but are the total number of murder charges I have had under my care at Holloway prison during the years 1923 to 1932, excluding cases of abortion. I have selected the year 1923 because the Legislature introduced the Infanticide Act in the previous year; this Act effected certain changes in practice to which I shall refer again in some detail.

The Ionization of Mercury Vapor by Electron Impact

Quantitative measurements have been made of the total number of positive charges per electron per centimeter path at a definite pressure and temperature in mercury vapor as a function of the energy of the impacting electrons out to 750 volts. The maximum efficiency 19.40 occurs at about 85 volts."Ultra-ionization potentials" were found at 10.60, 10.76, 10.88, 11.06, 11.27, 11.40, 11.55, 11.70, 11.78, 11.92, 12.00, 12.06, 12.17, 12.28, 12.40, 12.77, 13.55, 18.20, 19.36, 20.40, and 29.50 volts. Most of these agree with those previously observed.

The Ionization of Helium, Neon, and Argon by Electron Impact

Quantitative measurements have been made of the total number of positive charges produced per electron per cm path at a definite pressure, in helium, neon, and argon, as a function of the energy of the impacting electrons out to 4500 volts. In helium the maximum efficiency 1.256 occurs at 110 volts, in neon 3.008 at 170 volts, and in argon 13.01 at 88 volts.An empirical relation has been found which expresses the efficiency of ionization of helium within the experimental error for energies greater than 60 volts.The data obtained differ considerably from that found by previous investigations, but because of the more precise length of path from which the positive ions were measured and the more accurate knowledge of the energy of the electrons as well as the elimination of secondary electrons, it is believed that the results presented here are the most accurate thus far obtained.