Total Number Of Cars Research Articles

Company cars and household car choices

Tax systems that favour company cars for personal use could cause households to have more cars. It could also affect the choice of fuel type. We investigate the relationship between household car choices and access to a company car through a difference-in-differences design using Norwegian microdata. We find that access to a company car is associated with an increase in the total number of cars and the number of combustion-engine cars. For electric cars, the results are inconclusive. However, wage growth and access to company cars are also positively correlated. Therefore, we cannot interpret the difference in the number of cars between the treatment and control groups as a causal effect of the company car scheme, but as a correlation. Still, existing evidence on the income elasticity of car demand suggests that the increase in the number of cars is unlikely to be driven by wage growth alone.

Electromobility in Poland Compared to the European Union – Results of Preliminary Analysis

The article analyses the trends in the growth of electric vehicles (EVs) in Poland compared to the EU. Verification of the assumed objective required the application of research methods such as analysis of domestic and foreign literature, analysis of statistical data, and statistical inference. This article commences a series of publications on sustainable transport management and electromobility in Poland and selected European countries. The number of electric vehicles (BEV and PHEV) is still increasing in Europe, including Poland. In 2010, there were 591 registered EVs only which was only 0.005% of the whole number of cars registered in Europe. For the first time, the share of EVs exceeded 1% in 2015 (130,900 electric vehicles), and in 2020 more than 10% of EVs were in Europe (in 2021, 17.8%). The largest share of EVs in the total number of cars was recorded in 2021 in Norway (86%), in Iceland (64%), and in Sweden (46%). At the same time, the countries with the highest number of EVs include Germany (more than 2.5 million), France (1.7 m.), and Italy (1.4 m.).

Adaptation and testing of a microscale audit tool to assess liveability using google street view: MAPS-liveability

BackgroundLiveability is a complex, multifaceted concept with various definitions, but with an agreed core set of features (e.g., safety, walkability). Typically, liveability is measured at the macro-level (city or regional-level), and has been used in advocacy by local populations. However, micro-level (street-level) liveability measurements could also/alternatively be used to identify modifiable environmental features impacting health and well-being. To date, no micro-level liveability tools exist. This study investigates the reliability and rater agreement of a new micro-level audit tool designed for use with Google Street View (GSV). MethodsMAPS-Liveability (GSV), was adapted from the Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes (MAPS). This study had two phases: 1) MAPS-Liveability development (rapid literature review identifying core liveability concepts, focus groups confirming liveability concepts and tool adaptation); 2) reliability investigation (researcher agreement). Assessment was made of: total liveability; nine liveability sub-characteristics (e.g., safety, health); and 12 proxy measures of behaviour including active travel (e.g., bicycle racks, presence of bicycles in racks). Inter-rater reliability and sensitivity to change were assessed by percentage agreement, inter-class correlation coefficients (ICC) and Wilcoxon signed-ranked tests (p < 0.05). ResultsInter-rater reliability was excellent (ICC 0.905–0.968) for total liveability, parked cars and total number of cars (moving/parked); good (ICC 0.754–0.885) for health, sustainability, places, number of bicycle racks, bicycle rack capacity, number of bicycles in the racks (time-point 2), cyclists (time-point 2), moving cars (time-point 2) and pedestrians; and moderate (ICC 0.550–0.742) for safety, inclusivity, education, traffic/transport, pavements, roads, cyclists (time-point 1), number of bicycles in the racks (time-point 1) and moving cars (time-point 1). ConclusionMAPS-Liveability provides a reliable assessment of micro-level liveability features. MAPS-Liveability has excellent inter-rater reliability for total liveability and moderate-excellent inter-rater reliability for liveability attributes and behavioural indicators. GSV at street-level supports safe, large-scale objective data collection, and collection of historical data where primary data is unavailable.

Crosstalk: Farming Fish

During the past 50 years, the world's population has grown about 2.1 times, and consumption has grown more; for some goods, much more. Between 1968 and 2018 (the most recent year for which we have global data), production of both primary energy and of steel rose 3.4 times, that of meat grew 3.5 times, and that of grain grew 2.6 times. The total number of cars on the world's roads rose sixfold, and the number of revenue-generating passenger-kilometers flown (an industry metric) grew by about 24 times. But the rise in aquacultural production beats them all.

Parking on supercritical Galton-Watson tree

At each site of a supercritical Galton-Watson tree place a parking spot which can accommodate one car. Initially, an independent and identically distributed number of cars arrive at each vertex. Cars proceed towards the root in discrete time and park in the first available spot they come to. Let $X$ be the total number of cars that arrive to the root. Goldschmidt and Przykucki proved that $X$ undergoes a phase transition from being finite to infinite almost surely as the mean number of cars arriving to each vertex increases. We show that $EX$ is finite at the critical threshold, describe its growth rate above criticality, and prove that it increases as the initial car arrival distribution becomes less concentrated. For the canonical case that either 0 or 2 cars arrive at each vertex of a $d$-ary tree, we give improved bounds on the critical threshold and show that $P(X = 0)$ is discontinuous.

Qualitative assessment of the composition of the traffic flow

The car park is growing at a rapid pace every year. According to the official statistics of the traffic police service, on the roads of the Russian Federation, mainly passenger vehicles prevail, accounting for 80-90% of the total number of cars. Passenger vehicles include a large number of various vehicles that differ from each other in design and technical parameters, with an overall length of 2.5 m to 5.8 m. The difference in overall length affects the value of the dynamic dimension and, accordingly, the throughput of the road network, which requires constant monitoring and improvement, especially when using technical traffic control systems. It is necessary to consider the influence of the main parameters of the traffic flow when calculating the saturation flow at an intersection controlled by a traffic light object.

PROBLEMS OF TRANSPORT FORMATION AND PEDESTRIAN INFRASTRUCTURE OF A LARGEST CITY IN THE XXI CENTURY

The article describes the features of the study of transport infrastructure, which is due to the transformation of socio-economic conditions that cause a change in the role and place of man in the modern world, diversify and lead to a rapid change in his needs in the material and spatial environment. All this determines the need to recon-sider the existing approaches to the architectural and spatial organization of the city environment. The formation of the architectural environment taking into account the different needs of different social groups became the main in architectural and urban planning. However, so far, unfortunately, very little attention is paid to the humanistic and artistic aspects of the formation of the material and spatial environment of modern man, containing the transport and pedestrian infrastructure of the city. Although these objects and problems of formation of the archi-tectural environment the citizen faces daily. New and rather complex problems caused by the action of scientific and technological progress and the development of motorization of the population, which can be formulated as «transport and city», «car and city», «architecture and transport», are becoming more and more important. Rapid spatial growth of cities, a multiple increase in the urban population and the area of built-up areas, extensive de-velopment of suburban areas raise both the problems of organizing transport systems and the problems of parking and storage of individual vehicles. As the territories develop with the help of the city's transport infrastructure, it is becoming increasingly clear that nature's resources are not coping with the extensive use of its lands. The total number of cars tends to increase significantly. Mass motorization creates a huge number of interre-lated problems: social; economic; environmental; sanitary and hygienic, etc. Large and largest cities, which were built in the early to mid-twentieth century in anticipation of the devel-opment of mainly public transport to serve passengers, are not designed to increase the growth of the fleet of indi-vidual vehicles. Individual vehicles are increasingly absorbing the open spaces of the city, making it difficult for people to come into contact with the natural environment. Today, cars are stored in the most inappropriate places: on sidewalks, lawns and even on playgrounds. The population of cities is increasingly feeling the crisis of the architectural environment, covering places for car storage, the inconvenience of using parking lots, the constant conflicts of movable and immovable vehicles. Street injuries are growing. The impact of vehicles, in particular their parking, often leads to the dehumanization of urban spaces, discomfort and the ecological crisis of the urban environment. Keywords: transport, transport and pedestrian infrastructure, modern city, humanization.

Queueing Network with Moving Servers as a Model of Car Sharing Systems

We consider a queueing network with a finite number of nodes and servers moving between the nodes as a model of car sharing. The arrival process of customers to various nodes is defined by a marked Markovian arrival process. The customer that arrives at a certain node when there is no idle server (car) is lost. Otherwise, he/she is able to start the service. With known probability, which depends on the node and the number of available cars, this customer can balk the service and leave the system. The service time of a customer has an exponential distribution. Location of the server in the network after service completion is random with the known probability distribution. The behaviour of the network is described by a multi-dimensional continuous-time Markov chain. The generator of this chain is derived which allows us to compute the stationary distribution of the network states. The formulas for computing the key performance indicators of the system are given. Numerical results are presented. They characterize the dependence of some performance measures of the network and the nodes on the total number of cars (fleet size of the car sharing system) and correlation in the arrival process.

Marketing analysis of the electromobile market as a factor in the innovation of the national economy

The marketing development of the electric vehicle market can be considered as a key element of innovative changes in the national economy. Object of research is the development of the electric vehicle market. The purpose of this article is the theoretical substantiation and development of guidelines for determining the rating of countries by the level of development of this market as a determining factor in the innovative development of the national economy. In the study, expert survey methods, logical generalization and comparison of results, statistical analysis and graphical presentation of results were used. The study conducted a marketing analysis of sales and production of electric cars, government programs to stimulate them, existing rating indicators of countries for the development of the electric vehicle market, and based on the results, a method for determining the integrated rating indicator of national economy innovativeness was developed. The article established that in countries that are world economic leaders, the growing interest of consumers and manufacturers of cars to electric vehicles, which is actively supported by government programs and incentives. It is proposed to use a integrated indicator of innovative development of the national economy, which are directly related to the market of electric vehicles. This indicator consists of the following factors: share of investments in the development of branches related to the national production of electric vehicles; level of growth of electric transport in the country’s total fleet; the share of electric vehicles in total number of cars produced in the country; level of increase in the amount of electricity produced based on RES in total; infrastructure development; level of state support for the market. The use of these integrated factors in marketing analysis will determine the level of the world leader in the country, its innovative development.

Exploring the effects of the rural built environment on household car ownership after controlling for preference and attitude: Evidence from Sichuan, China

With the rapid infrastructure development and economic growth in China, household car ownership in the country's rural areas has changed dramatically in the past 16 years. The total number of cars owned by households in rural areas is currently 12 times higher than it was 16 years ago. The exploration of the effects of the built environment on household car ownership in China's rural areas is worthwhile. However, few studies have investigated this topic. To fill in the research gap, this work collected 374 household data from rural areas in China to examine the effects of the built environment in Sichuan's rural areas on the number of cars in a household. It considered family structure, socioeconomic characteristics, and individual's perceptions of the built environment, preferences towards the built environment and attitudes towards car ownership (shortened to perceptions, preferences and attitudes from now on). Geographic information system (GIS) technology, combined with on-site measurement, was used for data collection. The multinomial logit model was applied for estimation. Household structure and the built environment (including the perceived built environment and the objective built environment) significantly influence the number of cars in a household. By contrast, preference and attitude attributes have less influence on car ownership. Most of the findings are in line with the literature in the context of Chinese cities. Nevertheless, new results are also found. For example, rural hukou, and building density have significant positive impacts on household car ownership in China's rural areas, which is in contrast with their effects on cities. As the first study on rural areas in China, this research provides some insights for rural planners and policymakers to understand better the relationship between built environment and household car ownership.

Modelling toll traffic pattern: the Jagorawi toll case study

The aim of this study is to investigate the impacts of, such as conventional, automatic toll gate with e-toll card (GTO) and On-Board Unit with Multi Lane Free Flow (MLFF) payment system on the level of queuing, such as the number of cars in queue, the amount of queue time, and the congestion costs due to queue. The queuing theory was used to compare the performance of different payment system on Jagorawi toll roads as a case study. A model was developed to understand the pattern of queue and the relationship between queuing pattern, the toll’s gate volume, and the number of booth. This study found that congestion occurred in the majority of the toll gate, which heavily due to unreliability of the booth services. Rather than increasing the number of booth, simulation of queuing models showed that optimization of toll gate could be achieved with GTO systems. The findings showed that the total number of cars and time in queue at cash payment system is almost 540% higher and annual congestion cost is almost 284% higher than GTO.

Administrative and Taxation Mechanisms Supporting the Purchase and Maintenance of Electric Vehicles Based on the Example of Poland and other Selected European Countries

Abstract Subject and purpose of work: The aim of this article is to review the current mechanisms of supporting the purchase of electric cars, with particular emphasis on tax reliefs and exemptions. Materials and methods: The research method consists of a review of literature, legal regulations and industry reports regarding the presented subject. Results: The authors analyzed the global electric car market, presenting the examples of the countries in which the share of electric vehicles has recently increased significantly in the total number of cars. In addition, current discounts and other preferences for the purchase of electric cars in European countries are presented together with future potential mechanism for buyers of electric in Poland. Conclusions: The price is the main economic determinate for buying the particular type of a car. The costs of acquiring and operating an electric car are currently higher than the costs for traditional combustion vehicles. However, the EU and European states’ authorities are processing to increase the popularity of electric cars, offering tax reliefs and other preferences with noticeably effects.

Comparison of Analytical Methods on Staged Pedestrian Crossings at Crosswalks with a Rectangular Rapid Flashing Beacon

Previous studies of rectangular rapid-flashing beacons have found a wide range of driver yielding rates (19% to 98%). As part of the efforts to study yielding at different types of crosswalk locations better, this research compared alternative statistical methods to analyze staged crossing data. A database was compiled of 12,040 individual crossings at 73 sites representing 128 crossing periods, which included a set of 27 potentially influential variables. Analysis of this data set began with considering the hypothesis that negative binomial regression could be the most appropriate method of analysis, given the characteristics of the data collected at each staged crossing. However, alternative methods—in particular, logistic regression and analysis of variance—also appear appropriate. Even when these alternative methods may not explicitly account for some theoretical implications of staged-crossing data, the methods may prove to model yielding rates acceptably. A potential benefit of using the alternative methods is that the results may be easier to interpret in the context of decision making in regard to pedestrian crosswalk treatments. This research investigated the methodological aspect of analysis to advance the understanding of the explanatory factors, the results, and the phenomena under study. Results from various analyses indicated that logistic regression tended to yield results that were more accurate. Additionally, this research found that the statistical power of two of the techniques evaluated increased when explicitly accounting for the total number of cars observed at each crossing.

RATING ASSESSMENT OF KEY INDICATORS OF WORKOF THE EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICE

In article the rating assessment of 51 indicators influencing work of an emergency medical service for identification of the most actual for increase of efficiency of its work is carried out. Indicators are considered on three characterologic signs (the directions of influence): from the point of view of its influence on achievement of optimum volume indicators of work of service (number of departures; number of the persons who received medical care including on 1000 population); from the point of view of its influence on achievement of availability (efficiency) of work (increase of a share of departures with "arrival time" to the patient in the range of 20 min) ; from the point of view of its influence on achievement of quality of rendering an emergency medical service (improvement of quality of medical and diagnostic process, decrease in a share of a divergence of diagnoses of an emergency medical service with clinical diagnoses of hospitals). The method of expert evaluations with calculation of weight coefficients is used. The most significant indicators of work of an emergency medical service (in the all 3rd directions of influence) became: compliance of total of crews of population of the served territory (first of all - medical all-profile and medical assistant's); average daily load of crew of an emergency medical service; compliance of total number of cars of an emergency medical service to settlement indicators. Thus, the conducted research directed on determination of the importance of indicators of work of an emergency medical service with use of method of expert evaluations allowed to allocate the most actual, to recommend them further as indicators of work of an emergency medical service.

Performance Comparison of Reservation Based and Instant Access One-Way Car Sharing Service through Discrete Event Simulation

A car sharing service has been highlighted as a new urban transport alternative for an environmentally friendly economy. As the demand for the service from customers increases, car sharing operators need to introduce a new service such as a one-way option that will allow customers to return the car to different stations. Due to the complexity of the one-way system, it needs to be managed and optimized for real cases. This paper focuses on developing a simulation model in order to help operators evaluate the performance of the one-way service. In addition, this research demonstrates a strategy for an open one-way service that can increase revenue and customer satisfaction. A real case dataset is used for investigation to find the best result from the simulation. The result showed that the total number of cars, number of one-way reservations and station size have an impact on one-way performance. Thus, company profit and customer satisfaction can be maximized by optimizing these factors.

Assessment of the Impacts of Urban Rail Transit on Metropolitan Regions Using System Dynamics Model

Urban rail transit system (i.e., metro and light rail) has significant impacts on the mitigation of traffic congestion and sustainable developments of urban traffic system because of the system advantages in terms of speed, land occupation, and low emission. However, considering the complexity and dynamics of the urban traffic system as a whole, it is difficult to achieve effective assessments of a variety of comprehensive impacts. This paper presents the analysis of the impacts of urban rail transit system on metropolitan regions in four aspects: urban traffic, economy, society, and environment, using software Vensim to build a System Dynamics (SD) model on the basis of the system structure analysis. A series of variables are adopted in the model to represent these impacts, which contain congestion degree, GDP (Gross Domestic Product), population, land values, harmful gas emission, accident rate, etc. Construction scale of urban rail transit is selected as the control variable to simulate changes of different indexes under various levels of urban rail transit system scale. A case study of Guangzhou is carried out as a verification of this model to simulate the comprehensive impacts, including congestion degree, total number of cars, land values, and PM10, etc. under different control variables. This paper provides a feasible and effective approach to simulating complex traffic system and references for government decision-making on transportation infrastructure planning.

Machine Learning for Traffic Prediction

Recently, GPS car navigation became popular enough for a significant number of drivers in any large city to be able to potentially send their current GPS positions and velocities to a central traffic-managing server in real time. This data could be used to reconstruct a map of current traffic in the whole city and make predictions for the future, which would be valuable for traffic control, congestion analysis and prevention. The difficulty lying in the traffic reconstruction problem is that the number of cars equipped with a GPS transmitter is a small in comparison with the total number of cars in the road network. Information obtained from GPS transmitters is therefore rare and incomplete, raising the problem of approximating travel velocities from sparse information. In this context, the paper proposes approaches to solving two problems: (1) of reconstruction of routes of the individual cars in a street graph from a temporal stream of its coordinates and (2) of approximating the average velocity on a given street from irregular time series of instantaneous velocities of cars passing through that street. Determining the car's position in the road network is quite expensive computationally when done in a naive way, so we propose a method to speed up the car's localization based on the R-tree data structure [10]. Additionally, a resilient propagation neural network [13] is applied to approximate the average velocity on any edge of a street graph. Our methods were applied to one of the problems announced in the competition organized in June 2010 by Tom-Tom - a company producing automotive navigation systems [15]. The results of experiments show the capacity of our approach to make useful predictions.

Health benefits of traffic-related air pollution reduction in different socioeconomic groups: the effect of low-emission zoning in Rome

ObjectivesFew studies have assessed the effects of policies aimed to reduce traffic-related air pollution. The aims of this study were to evaluate the impact, in terms of air quality and...

Drive left, look right: the political economy of urban transport in Ghana

Car usage in Ghana is growing at an alarming rate. Logically, a growth in total number of cars must be because either (a) population is increasing or (b) car ownership per capita is rising or both. However, these do not sufficiently explain the increasing car population in Ghana. The article argues that the high demand for mobility in the country is an intrinsic part of the political economic track on which Ghana has been travelling since the mid-1980s. This demand is created by, and is in turn stimulated by, the accumulation of capital through economic liberalisation and imperial town planning laws that separate home from work. The result is manifest in human lives lost, environmental conditions worsened and property damaged. The article recommends alternative ways of improving urban transportation in Ghana.

A Model of Energy Demand for Road Vehicles of Japan

A Comprehensive model of energy demand for road vehicles, i.e. automobiles, trucks and buses of Japan has been developed. The model is of econometric type based on yearly data of about 15 years. Road vehicles are here categorized into thirteen types, of which private automobiles, ordinary and small trucks and light vehicles play dominant roles in road transportation. Submodels of these types are of Flow-stock type models, in which demands for new cars are estimated as functions of socio-economic variables, and the total number of cars being used is estimated as the sum of the number of new cars of each year times its survival rate. The fuel demand is determined from the information on fuel economy of cars, average run per year and the age structure of cars being used.One of the most significant feature of the model is introduction of traffic signal densities as one of explanatory variables of the fuel demand for private automobles, which indicates the discrepancy between actual fuel economy and standard one of cars will increase steadily.Forecast of energy demand pattern for road vehicles up to the year 2000 reveals the in inescapability of a large change in supply of petroleum products of Japan.